Chemical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Prediction of the Location of the Sources of Mine Water Influx Based on Cluster Analyses of the Chemical Characteristics of Water

In order to correctly rapidly predict the location of the sources of mine water influx, cluster analysis of the chemical characteristics of water is an effective adjunct way. To contrast hydrochemcial indexes of Mine inflow point and the points of water sampling and draw the A.M.Piper’s three line diagram and observe the area where they are, the location of the sources of mine water influx can be distinguished by analyzing the Similarity of the hydrochemcial indexes of Mine inflow point and the points of water sampling. The results show that the result of predicting the location of the sources of mine water influx through the above method shows high accuracy and has great reference value.

Land-use impacts on fatty acid profiles of suspended particulate organic matter along a larger tropical river

Land-use change, such as agricultural expansion and urbanization, can affect riverine biological diversity and ecosystem functioning. Identifying the major stressors associated with catchment land-use change is a prerequisite for devising successful river conservation and restoration strategies. Here, we analyzed land-use effects on the fatty acid (FA) composition and concentrations in suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) along a fourth-order tropical river, the Rio das Mortes. Thereby, we aimed at testing the potential of fatty acids in riverine suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM-FAs) as indicators of land-use change in tropical catchments, and at identifying major human impacts on the biochemical composition of SPOM, which represents an important basal energy and organic matter resource for aquatic consumers. River water SPOM and total FA concentrations ranged between 2.8 and 10.2mgdryweight(DW)L−1 and between 130.6 and 268.2μgDWL−1, respectively, in our study. Urbanization was the only land-use category correlating with both FA composition and concentrations, despite its low contribution to whole catchment (1.5–5.6%) and riparian buffer land cover (1.7–6.6%). Higher concentrations of saturated FAs, especially C16:0 and C18:0, which are the main components of domestic sewage, were observed at sampling stations downstream of urban centers, and were highly correlated to urbanization, especially within the 60m riparian buffer zone. Compared to water chemical characteristics (inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance) and river habitat structural integrity, FA variables exhibited a higher variability along the investigated river and were more strongly correlated to urban land use, suggesting that SPOM-FA profiles may be an efficient indicator of urban land-use impacts on larger tropical rivers. High total FA concentrations in the SPOM of urbanized tropical rivers may represent high-energy biochemical subsidies to food webs, potentially leading to changes in functional ecosystem characteristics, such as bacterial and suspension-feeder production.

Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Groundwater in Coastal Watershed, Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The objective of this research was to provide hydrological and stable isotopic information to figure out the characteristics of surface water and groundwater in Cu Lao Dung (CLD) Island, a coastal area in the Mekong Delta, South of Vietnam. Water samples were collected in March 2013 during the driest period of the year. The basic tracing elements of water showed that groundwater was characterized by fresh water of Ca-HCO3 type, whilst almost river and canal water samples were categorized in saline water of Na-Cl type. Groundwater is only fresh water source for drinking purpose in this area, because river and canal water cannot be used for that due to serious seawater intrusion. Moreover, the results of inorganic solute concentration and stable isotopic compositions suggest that currently, interaction between river/canal water and groundwater may not occur in CLD Island. This implies that main recharge areas of the groundwater seem to be located outside of the CLD Island. For sustainable groundwater pumping, an appropriate management is necessary in the coastal areas in the Mekong Delta; more investigation, not only in small areas but also in large scale of Mekong Delta, is needed.

Vanishing world: alkaline, saline lakes in Central Europe and their diatom assemblages

European shallow, alkaline, saline lakes are potential indicators of climate change. Diatoms have often been reported as valuable proxies for different kinds of anthropogenic activities. Diatom assemblages and 14 environmental variables from shallow, alkaline lakes from 2 different regions of the Carpathian basin (Europe) were investigated for 3 years to (1) elucidate the physical and chemical parameters and diatom assemblages of these lakes, (2) select the principle variables affecting the diatom communities, and (3) show the relevance of diatoms as ecological bioindicators. Water chemical characteristics of the lakes in the 2 regions differ significantly in anion concentrations (HCO3−, SO42−, and Cl−), platinum (Pt) units (colour), and oxygen saturation. Dominance by the stress-tolerant, motile diatom ecological guild, represented mainly by Nitzschia and Navicula species, was characteristic in these saline, turbid environments. Indicator species of the 2 regions were found to be different. Diatom assemblage composition was chiefly determined by conductivity and HCO3− and SO42−concentrations. Nutrient loads, extreme weather events, and consequences of habitat maintenance management were unequivocally identifiable by variations in the benthic diatom assemblage composition. Diatoms are valuable indicators for assessment of ecological status of these saline, alkaline lakes. Including these organisms in ecological status assessments of inland saline lakes may improve the effectiveness of directives for conservation management and might be useful in preserving these pristine habitats that depend on natural hydrological processes.

Regional distribution of longevity population and chemical characteristics of natural water in Xinjiang, China

Xinjiang Province, China is recognized for the longevity of its inhabitants. To study the temporal and spatial variation of longevity region and chemical characteristics of natural water of longevity region in Xinjiang, three population censuses on county-level and 51 natural water samples from Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang were collected and analyzed. 103 natural water samples were collected from the public papers. Population statistics on county-level showed that the number of centenarians per 100,000 inhabitants (OC) in Southern Xinjiang was 7.4(year 1990), 4.9(year 2000) and 2.1 times (year 2010) more than that of Northern Xinjiang, respectively. And distribution of the longevity index (LI%), centenarity index (CI%) and number of centenarians per 10,000 over 65year-old subjects (UC) on county-level decreased from south to north. Natural water in Northern Xinjiang was mainly fresh soft water, and it was mainly fresh hard water and brackish hard water in Southern Xinjiang. Water quality of natural water in Northern Xinjiang was superior compare to that of Southern Xinjiang, while number of centenarians 65year-old & over per 10,000 subjects in Northern Xinjiang were less than that of Southern Xinjiang before 2010. The research indicates that keeping on drinking water with high total hardness (TH) and Mg/Ca ratio might be good for the health.

Predicting the occurrence of stoneflies (Plecoptera) on the basis of water characteristics, river morphology and land use

Stoneflies are macro-invertebrates that are sensitive water quality indicators. Here, their occurrence was modelled based on physical–chemical water characteristics, river morphology and land use with five different modelling techniques. In a case-study in Flanders, stoneflies were found in 219 samples and two sets of absence data were gathered: 219 random samples from sites without stoneflies and 219 samples from sites downstream of each sampling site where stoneflies were observed. With both random and downstream absences, logistic regressions, artificial neural networks, support vector machines, random forests and classification trees could all successfully predict stonefly occurrence. For most environmental parameters, significant differences were found between sites with and without stoneflies. As stoneflies were only detected in a few percent of the samples, the ecological water quality is obviously still too low in most watercourses. Based on planned water quality improvement measures, an ensemble forecast using the five mentioned modelling techniques predicted that stonefly prevalence will only increase marginally by 2015 and 2027. To meet the European Union Water Framework Directive requirements, which states that all surface waters should obtain a good ecological quality, a more ambitious management plan is needed to decrease nutrient concentrations and improve habitat quality.

The Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Analysis of Geothermal Water in Guihu

Geothermal resources are abundantly available, low-cost, renewable, and clean. Therefore, the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources would exert a great influence on society and economy. Fuzhou geothermal, which is on behalf of the medium and low temperature magmatite rock fissure type geothermal, is often with surface thermal manifestations and distributes zonally along the tectonic fissures. Aiming to investigate the origin of the Fuzhou geothermal field, this paper takes Fuzhou Guihu geothermal field as the research object, analyzing its geothermal background of regional tectonic characteristics. Special analyses of the geothermal water chemical and isotopic characteristics (including the formation and origin mode of ground water constants and trace elements, D/18O isotopes) revealed that the underground hot water of Guihu was originated from precipitation and formed by the heating effect of the deep geothermal circulation. Based on isotopic fractionation, the calculated precipitation infiltration recharge elevation for the Guihu geothermal water is 536.3m. In the light of the surrounding topography, it is reasonably inferred that the Jialiang Mountain is the recharge source of the Guihu geothermal water.

Water softening using caustic soda: privileges and restrictions

The aims of the current study is to investigate the constraint of using caustic soda in water treatment and evaluating its performance in water softening, compared to the other chemical group, including lime and sodium carbonate. Based on mass balance of reactants in the caustic softening process, a mathematical relation for expressing the constraint of using caustic soda in water softening was derived. To evaluate caustic soda performance in water softening and prove the derived relation as well, some experimental works on some water sources including well water and clarifi er’s inlet water in two oil refi neries were performed. The results showed that compared to limesodium carbonate, the caustic soda is the best choice for water softening; however, using caustic soda in water softening, while restrictive mathematical relation does not verify the chemical characteristics of water, could lead to an extreme increase in alkalinity.

English

  The present study was carried out to ascertain the quality of water at western zone of Narmada River of Madhya Pradesh (India). Due to heavy discharge of harmful and deleterious substances in river, the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water have changed to a considerable extent. The objectives of this study were to find out the changes in physico-chemical nature as well as biological health of Narmada River. A thorough study was done on the basis of prevailing seasons. The deterioration of water quality was noticed at lower site of water body in a particular season as low temperature, dissolved oxygen and higher concentration of content of chlorine, etc., all pointing towards the nutrient enrichment. This evaluation will be immensely helpful to estimate the effect of impoundments on the quality of water, fisheries development and reservoir management policy. The microbial analysis was also conducted in terms of most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms in water sample and its highest value (1239) was reported from downstream of Omkareshwar dam site of Narmada River. Water quality index of all sites of Narmada River was calculated for three seasons, viz. summer, monsoon and winter and it was found to be highest (123) at Koteshwar dam site of river in monsoon season and the lowest (70) was observed in water of upstream of Omkareshwar dam during winter. The suitable correlation coefficients were calculated for 7 pairs of variables and correlation matrices were then established seasonally.   Key words: Impoundments, water quality index, dissolved oxygen, most probable number.

Spatial and seasonal variations in the water quality of Jinhae Bay, Korea

The chemical and biological characteristics of surface waters in Jinhae Bay were investigated over four seasons to understand water quality in light of the growing industrialisation occurring within this area. Jinhae Bay includes four smaller bays: Masan; Hangam; Jindong; and Gohyun. The water quality in Jinhae Bay varied spatially and seasonally. The water quality of both Hangam Bay and Masan Bay was highly degraded, demonstrating high concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon. Contamination from sewage was the dominant cause of the water quality deterioration in these bays. Conversely, the water quality in Jindong Bay and Gohyun Bay was not as severely affected as that of the above two bays. Water quality in Jinhae Bay was particularly poor in summer when nutrient loading was highest due to the run-off associated with high precipitation. Principal component analysis indicated that nitrogen contamination was a major factor influencing the water quality of Jinhae Bay. The effective reduction in high-nitrogen discharges is essential to improve water quality in Jinghae Bay.

Continuous Monitoring of Water Quality Using Portable and Low-Cost Approaches

Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water, and it is a measure of the condition of water relative to any human need or purpose. A particular problem with measuring the condition of water quality at drinking water reservoirs is the requirement of collecting a large number of samples. To handle this problem, we focus on the practical use of two different portable and low-cost approaches for continuous monitoring of water quality: miniboats loaded with sondes with probes and wireless sensor network- (WSN-) based monitoring system. These approaches bring several advantages over traditional monitoring systems in terms of cost, portability, and applicability. Our simulation studies show that these systems can be used to monitor water quality at drinking water reservoirs such as dams and holding ponds. Field tests to prove the effectiveness of the proposed systems are in progress.

An effects addition model based on bioaccumulation of metals from exposure to mixtures of metals can predict chronic mortality in the aquatic invertebrate hyalella azteca

Chronic toxicity tests of mixtures of 9 metals and 1 metalloid (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl, and Zn) at equitoxic concentrations over an increasing concentration range were conducted with the epibenthic, freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. The authors conducted 28-d, water-only tests. The bioaccumulation trends changed for 8 of the elements in exposures to mixtures of the metals compared with individual metal exposures. The bioaccumulation of Co and Tl were affected the most. These changes may be due to interactions between all the metals as well as interactions with waterborne ligands. A metal effects addition model (MEAM) is proposed as a more accurate method to assess the impact of mixtures of metals and to predict chronic mortality. The MEAM uses background-corrected body concentration to predict toxicity. This is important because the chemical characteristics of different waters can greatly alter the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of metals, and interactions among metals for binding at the site of action within the organism can affect body concentration. The MEAM accurately predicted toxicity in exposures to mixtures of metals, and predicted results were within a factor of 1.1 of the observed data, using 24-h depurated body concentrations. The traditional concentration addition model overestimated toxicity by a factor of 2.7.

Characteristic of water chemistry and hydrodynamics of deep karst and its influence on deep coal mining

The mining depth of main coal mines could reach around 600 m in eastern North China, and extends to the dept with speed of around 12 m/a. As the basement of eastern North China-type coal mine, the Ordovician karst aquifer is the main water source that influences the carboniferous coal seam mining. As the deep karst water has large buried depth and high water pressure (8–12 MPa), with10–30 m space between high pressure aquifer and coal seam, the geological area of deep coal occurrence is often forbidden for mining. Environmental damage, to a greater or lesser degree, is caused by coal mining. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions of mining areas, this paper introduces the hydrogeological survey work of ultra-high confined karst water deep in the coal seam floor within researched region for preventing and controlling water disaster of the mine. After researching into the hydrogeological investigation data in the researched region, we explored the hydrodynamic and water chemical characteristics of deep karst water by using pumping test, dynamic observation, and dewatering test. Finally, this study suggests that the hydraulic pressure of deep mining could be mined, on the circumstances that reasonable and effective of water prevention measures are taken based on a detailed survey on water abundance of deep karst.

Spatial and temporal variability in interstitial water quality of soft-bottom flats at Bodo Creek, Eastern Lower Niger Delta, Nigeria

Spatio-temporal dynamics of interstitial water physical and chemical characteristics were investigated on 5 intertidal platforms at Bodo Creek for 2 years (May 2006 – April 2008). Temperature and Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) varied, 25 o C - 34 o C and 6.64 - 8.10 respectively. Salinity fluctuated between 5 psu (mesohaline) and 28 psu (polyhaline). Dissolved Oxygen content (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) values were 0-7.60 mg/L and 0.64-38.40 mg/L respectively. Alkalinity ranges from 2.8–64.0 mg/L, while conductivity fluctuated between 1400and 53850 μS/Cm. Inter-site variations (P 0.05). Temporally, all the physico-chemical parameters varied monthly (P<0.05). Seasonal differences (P<0.05) were also recorded in all the parameters, except for DO and BOD. Inter-annual comparison revealed salinity (Anova = 0.06< P (22.11) 0.05 ), BOD (Anova = 1.48 < P (2.11) 0.05 ) and DO (Anova = 0.30 < P (2.11) 0.05 ) were temporally stable. Fluctuation in the water quality is discussed in relation to tidal fluxes, local weather conditions, mangrove services, leaf litter decomposition, allocthonous inputs, and intrinsic activities of zoobenthos. Key words: spatial, temporal variation, interstitial, water quality, soft-bottom flats

Water Quality Assessment of Coastal Waters of Bayabas and Bonbon in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Industrialization and the unhealthy environmental life of people along river communities have threatened the water quality of coastal waters. This research assesses the water quality of selected areas of Macajalar Bay measured using the following parameters: 1) physical water quality in terms of temperature, salinity and color; 2) chemical water quality in terms of pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended solids (TSS); and 3) biological water quality in terms of the total coliform. This study used the descriptive research design. It described the current quality of water of Macajalar Bay. Also, it carried a comparative aspect when the fragmental characteristics of the water and the quality criteria of the DENR and seaweed farming were considered. The samples were collected during the 4th quarter of 2008 and 1st quarter of 2009. The sampling was done once in every quarter of the year particularly in October (2008) and January (2009). Water samples were collected immediately using sterilized bottles/plastic containers and brought to the Department of Science & Technology (DOST) Laboratory for analysis. Except for the total Coliform, all the physical and chemical characteristics of water across all stations were within the Class B standard of the DENR and seaweed farming. Overall, the Macajalar Bay falls under Class “B” indicating that the water’s quality has remained acceptable.

Comparison Tests Determine the Ratio between in the Constituent the Compound Additive and Experimental Study on Fire Extinguishing of Water Mist with this Multi-Component Additive

Abstract A new multi-component additive of water mist is produced through physics process, which can change the spray pattern of water by physical methods and the physical and chemical characteristics of water by chemical methods. Aiming at the main additive material (fluorine surfactant and urea), a laboratory-scale water mist system was built and a series of comparison tests were conducted in this system to determine the optimal ratio between in the constituent the compound additive. Then in order to study the effectiveness of the water mist adding this new multi-component additive in fire suppression, a series of tests were conducted for the typical fire (oil pool fires and wood crib fires). The comparison test results reveal that the optimal ratios of fluorine surfactant and urea are both 6%, and fluorine surfactant improves extinguishing performance by changing the physical properties of water mist and urea improves extinguishing performance by thermal decomposition. The experimental results also reveal that the fire suppression effectiveness of water mist is improved greatly by adding the multi-component additive. Finally, the suppression mechanism is discussed simply so as to find out the relationship between the multi-component additive and suppression effectiveness.

Blood Hemogram Profiles of Farmed Onshore and Offshore Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Sicily, Italy

The aim of the present study was to assess the values of haematological parameters using an automatic method and to evaluate the blood profile in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) reared in different aquaculture systems (offshore cage and onshore tanks). For this reason, 100 fish (5 replicates for each aquaculture system) reared in two Sicilian farms with different management: offshore cages (Farm 1) and onshore open concrete tanks (Farm 2), were used. In both aquaculture farms, physical and chemical characteristics of water were detected. After collection, blood samples were immediately analysed with both manual and automatic methods. Our results showed that sea bream with similar biometric data (in mean 292 g in weight and 27.2 cm in total length for Farm 1; 232 g in weight and 24.6 cm in total length for Farm 2), but rearing in different conditions, have different baseline haematological values and this underline that water quality could influence haematological parameters of fish. In particular, it was seen that Farm 2 showed a lower value of RBC, Hct and WBC and higher value of Hgb, TC, MCV, MCH and MCHC than Farm 1. In particular, mean values of 3.28 and 2.89 in RBC; 7.38 and 45.19 in Hct, 8.31 and 10.66 in Hgb, 62.55 and 53.80 in WBC, 67.92 and 88.66 in TC, 146.3 and 157.5 in MCV, 25.55 and 37.13 in MCH and 17.6 and 23.62 in MCHC were recorded respectively for Farm 1 and Farm 2. The variations in haematological parameters due to different location of farm allow us to claim that changes in blood characteristics are important indices in monitoring the effect of habitat changes and management on the fish physiology.

Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Swimming Pool Water and Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) Coagulation with Inactive Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Pool Water

Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Swimming Pool Water and Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) Coagulation with Inactive Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Pool Water

Differential Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factor Genes in the Skeletal Muscles of TambaquiColossoma macropomum(Cuvier 1818) from Amazonian Black and Clear Water

Hypothesizing that the Amazonian water system differences would affect the expression of muscle growth-related genes in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier 1818), this study aimed to analyze the morphometric data and expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) in the white and red muscle from tambaqui obtained from clear and black Amazonian water systems. All of the MRF transcript levels (myod, myf5, myogenin, and mrf4) were significantly lower in the red muscle from black water fish in comparison to clear water fish. However, in white muscle, only the myod transcript level was significantly decreased in the black water tambaqui. The changes in MRFs gene expression in muscle fibers of tambaqui from black water system provide relevant information about the environmental influence as that of water systems on gene expression of muscle growth related genes in the C. macropomum. Our results showed that the physical and chemical water characteristics change the expression of genes that promote muscle growth, and these results may be also widely applicable to future projects that aim to enhance muscle growth in fish that are of substantial interest to the aquaculture.

Water quality analysis of surface water: a Web approach

The chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability describe its quality. Concentration of pesticides or fertilisers degrades the water quality and affects marine life. A comprehensive environmental data information system helps to perform and complete common tasks in less time with less effort for data verification, data calculations, graph generation, and proper monitoring, which helps in the further mitigation step. In this paper, focus is given to a web-based system developed to express the quality of water in the imprecise environment of monitoring data. Water samples were analyzed for eight different surface water parameters, in which four parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and fecal coliform were used for the water quality index calculation following MPCB Water Quality Standards of class A-II for best designated use. The analysis showed that river points in a particular year were in very bad category with certainty level of 0-38% which is unsuitable for drinking purposes; samples in bad category had certainty level that ranged from 38 to 50%; samples in medium to good category had certainty levels from 50 to 100%, and the remaining samples were in good to excellent category, suitable for drinking purposes, with certainty levels from 63 to 100%.