Charles De Research Articles

How do airlines react to slot displacements? Evidence from a major airport

The main strategic mechanism developed by the aviation industry to manage airport capacity is IATA's Slot Allocation Process. At airports where such mechanism is in place, airlines need to be assigned slots by an independent slot coordinator to schedule their flights. The slot allocation process involves multiple steps spanning several months of negotiations between airlines and slot coordinators. The most critical step is the initial slot allocation during which the coordinators communicate to airlines whether their slot requests have been accepted or need to be displaced (i.e., moved to a different time of the day). In this article, we use logistic regression models to analyze the reactions of airlines to slot displacement decisions by coordinators and the subsequent need to change their flight schedules. We focus our analysis on Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG) Airport, one of the busiest worldwide. Our results indicate that even a small displacement (of less than 30 min) can decrease substantially the odds of a flight being scheduled, but that these odds vary widely with the type of airline involved, the time of the day and several other factors. This information could be used by coordinators to make initial slot allocation decisions that take into account their expected flight scheduling implications. Ultimately, this would contribute to more efficient use of the scarce capacity available at congested airports and increased responsiveness to the mobility needs of air passengers.

Mocking the Fear of Ghosts in Ronsard’s Hymnes (1555–56)

Abstract This article argues that Ronsard’s Hymnes (1555–56) offer an ironic reading of ghost figures and the fear of daimons. Through various strategies that aim to create a form of complicity with the reader, the Hymnes challenge the seriousness of ghosts by mocking the fear they induce. Throughout the Hymnes, which offer a double reading (a cryptic one, to be understood only by a few, and an explicitly allegorical one), the poet pokes fun at the supposed power of ghostly and demonic figures in order to provoke laughter, and specifically to laugh with his own patrons and friends. This article examines the figure of Charles de Lorraine and the well-known poem ‘Les Daimons’ to show that despite the explicit demonological content of the Hymnes, their poetics clearly gesture towards a celebration of playful ‘fantaisie’, which even when intended to provoke fear can be enjoyed with humour and derision.

The Limits of Détente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973

The Limits of Détente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973

Attack by a Turkey: Learning to Write History from Bernard Bailyn

Attack by a Turkey: Learning to Write History from Bernard Bailyn

Dialog and evangelization according to Charles de Foucauld and The Implication for the Church of Indonesia

This qualitative research uses a literature review method with the aim of exploring Charles de Foucauld's thoughts on dialogue and evangelization among Muslims. The ideas of dialogue and evangelization can be traced from his life story as a Catholic priest and missionary. His spiritual life was colored by seeking the last place, as Jesus lived in Nazareth, in several Trappist monasteries, and finally chose to become a missionary priest. He became a missionary in Algeria in preparation for a mission to Morocco. He lived among the Muslims in Beni Abbs - Tuaregh and Tamanrasset. He built a house of brotherhood to build brotherhood with everyone. He testifies to a simple and ascetic life. After Foucauld's death, several groups of followers grew in Europe, namely Piccoli Fratelli and Piccole Sorelle. They form small communities that continue the spirit of dialogue and evangelization by living as a unit in society in the form of an inclusive basic community. The basic community aims to build universal brotherhood, regardless of ethnicity, religion, and race. The inclusive dialogue model is very relevant for the multicultural and multireligious Indonesian society.

The Imperial Precipice: Jurists and Diplomats of the French Empire at the United Nations War Crimes Commission

Abstract Delving into world-spanning legal agencies, histories of exiled diplomats and lawyers, this paper explores how Free France defended at the United Nations War Crimes Commission the vision of the interwar liberal order, one that reached across the global territories of the mandate system administered by the League of Nations, into the colonial territories of the French empire. From London to Chongqing, facing Vichy collaborationist authoritarian dictatorship in metropolitan France and anti-colonial pressures from the turbulent colonial frontiers, a handful of Free French jurists and politicians worked day and night to establish the imperial sovereignty of the French exile committee of general Charles de Gaulle, and restore French republicanism rooted in the legal tradition of Nicolas Fouquet, Jacques de Maleville and Léon Duguit. Drawing upon newly-unsealed UN and French archival materials, this paper documents Free France’s intervention at the UNWCC, the activities of its representatives and reflection on empires, race and international law.

Gestion de l’épidémie de COVID-19 au sein du groupe aéronaval (janvier–avril 2020) par le Centre d’épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées*

ObjectifsFace à l’épidémie de COVID-19 survenue au sein du groupe aéronaval et du porte-avions nucléaire Charles de Gaulle, le centre d’épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées (CESPA) a mis en œuvre une investigation (janvier-avril 2020) dont les objectifs étaient : identifier les voies possibles d’introduction du virus ; décrire les caractéristiques de l’épidémie ; décrire et modéliser la dynamique de diffusion de l’épidémie.MéthodesUne enquête téléphonique a été conduite. Les diagnostics biologiques ont été transmis par les antennes médicales. Une analyse temps/lieu/population a été réalisée, ainsi que la description des tableaux cliniques avec leurs facteurs d’exposition. Le taux de reproduction instantané Rt de l’épidémie a été modélisé. Une analyse spatiale de l’épidémie a bord a été réalisée. Quarante-trois génomes viraux ont été séquencés et comparés aux bases de référence.RésultatsPour 1767 marins, 1568 (89 %) ont participé à l’enquête téléphonique et 1064 (67,9 %) étaient des cas confirmés. Quatre profils de patients ont été décrits : les asymptomatiques (13,0 %) ; les symptomatiques aspécifiques (8,1 %) ; les symptomatiques spécifiques (76,3 %) ; les cas graves (2,6 %). En analyse univariée et multivariée, l’âge, le surpoids et l’obésité étaient associés de manière significative au risque d’avoir une forme grave. Fumer était un facteur protecteur. La cinétique d’évolution du Rt était en faveur d’une introduction du virus dès la fin février avec une réintroduction lors de l’escale de Brest. Une analyse des génomes viraux excluait une introduction et une propagation d’une souche unique.ConclusionMalgré les mesures de contrôle prises, une épidémie est survenue. Les tableaux cliniques souvent pauci-symptomatiques ont entraîné un retard à l’identification. Le CESPA a été en capacité de réaliser cette investigation épidémiologique dans un délai fortement contraint, montrant tout l’intérêt de son modèle de santé publique intégrée.

Published Belgian Style: Albert Lacroix, Charles De Coster, Henry Kistemaeckers, Camille Lemonnier, and the Belgian Contribution to French Decadent Aesthetics

Published Belgian Style: Albert Lacroix, Charles De Coster, Henry Kistemaeckers, Camille Lemonnier, and the Belgian Contribution to French Decadent Aesthetics

Is Russia Fascist? Unravelling Propaganda East and West by Marlene Laruelle

Reviewed by: Is Russia Fascist? Unravelling Propaganda East and West by Marlene Laruelle Sarah Gear Is Russia Fascist? Unravelling Propaganda East and West. By Marlene Laruelle. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2021. vii+251 pp. $39.95; £32. ISBN 978–1–50175–413–5. In Is Russia Fascist?, Marlene Laruelle explores a dichotomy central to the identity of contemporary Russia. Although Russia is regularly accused of fascism by politicians in the West, the country perceives itself as actively anti-fascist. Meanwhile, Russia directs its own charges of fascism towards Europe and the United States. In this carefully constructed study Laruelle critiques populist trends, refuting such accusations against Russia. She contends that the West's indictments of fascism disenfranchise Russia on the world stage, while Russia's counter-accusations allow it to claim moral superiority over the West. For Laruelle, accusations of fascism are a 'discursive struggle' (p. 8) deployed by both Russia and the West in order to define themselves. This interplay between differing ethnocentric perspectives is at the core of Laruelle's work as she contextualizes attitudes towards fascism in both the Soviet and post-Soviet worlds, while exploring the Kremlin's tolerance of conflicting ideologies. After considering the main elements of fascism, the first four chapters describe its status in Russia, investigating the association between fascism and Nazism, and the paradoxical Soviet fascination with Nazi culture. Laruelle demonstrates the two cultures' parallel interest in neo-classical aesthetics and physical perfection and discusses how television programmes such as the hugely popular Seventeen Moments of Spring, with its spy hero Max Otto von Stierlitz, tapped into this interest. Laruelle describes anti-fascism as modern Russia's 'foundational myth' [End Page 528] (p. 43), demonstrated by its role in defeating the Nazi regime in the Great Patriotic War. This victory is promoted by Vladimir Putin's government as contemporary Russia's defining moment because it is one of the few instances of the 'usable past' (p. 49) that the population almost unanimously supports. The indisputable anti-fascist status of post-1940s Russia and the Soviet states is emphasized in schools, where textbooks reaffirm Putin's position, creating a society ill-equipped for open debate. Conflicting views held by Russia and the former Soviet states regarding the Soviet Union's role in the Second World War have provoked the current so-called 'memory wars' in Eastern Europe. These have in turn caused Russia to launch accusations of fascism against Ukraine and the Baltic States in response to anti-Soviet sentiment. From Chapter 5 onwards, Laruelle weighs the competing ideologies permitted by the Kremlin, including those of prominent right-wing political figures such as Alexandr Dugin. She also considers Putin's own support for right-wing groups and discusses how this can be reconciled with Russia's anti-fascist self-image. Laruelle suggests this ideological fluidity is driven by the government's desire to control the population: this approach is improvised primarily to prevent a return to the economic and political chaos of the 1990s. Laruelle concludes that Russia is neither fascist nor totalitarian, but rather illiberal. She argues that fascism is not a useful framework for analysing Russia, suggesting instead that any future studies should examine the prevalence of 'hybrid regimes, paternalism and illiberalism' (p. 155). Her penultimate chapter draws a convincing parallel between Putin and Charles de Gaulle, which provides a helpful counterpoint to the more politically charged comparisons between the Russian president and Hitler or Stalin. She concedes, however, that some elements of fascism are present in Russia, evident in the macho 'militia subculture' (p. 138). Indeed, the prominent position of politician, writer, and former National Bolshevik Zakhar Prilepin is testament to the enduring power of macho, bordering on fascist, ideology. But as this nuanced investigation demonstrates, to label Putin's regime as fascist is to obfuscate the political situation in contemporary Russia. Is Russia Fascist? provides a clear, balanced assessment of contemporary Russian politics, serving not only as a sensible dissection of the status of fascism in Russia, but also as a guide to that country's problematic political structures. Laruelle's thorough contextualization of Russian beliefs about fascism, the Second World War, and attitudes towards the...

Landscape Projection and Its Technological Use in Conceptualising Places and Architecture

The manipulation of landscape and the technological use of its views can be a strategy for place-making and a way of creating architecture and making it original. The methods used for this can be different, for example, by mechanically revealing and obscuring views, optical or film projection, directing the viewer to specific frames, using mirrors, etc. This approach is alternative and somewhat in opposition to the natural incorporation of the object into the landscape. In modernism, different architectural views of the surroundings were tested and used differently. These experiences are now transposed to contemporary architectural objects thanks to technological developments and the scenographic shaping of space. The article refers to the sources of transferring landscape views in popular dioramas and the effects of the development of photography, cinematography, and IT media. It describes the possible consequences of perceiving such a created landscape and more general—the world. An example of such a means of expression being fully and consciously taken is the now-defunct Charles de Beistegui Paris apartment. It was designed by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret in 1929–1931. The apartment was selected for analysing as a case study and confronted with contemporary realisations that use various creative techniques involving the landscape.

Analysis of the solar power plant efficiency installed in the premises of a hospital — Case of the Pediatric Charles De Gaulle of Ouagadougou

A 50 kWp photovoltaic (PV) power plant installed in a hospital had its efficiencies analyzed in this work. Two emergency services of the hospital have been chosen to be fed with produced energy. In the present paper, easy sizing up means were used. The PV system is synchronized to the electrical grid to ensure the solar energy production and the batteries charging in priority. In case of electric grid perturbation, the batteries provide with the stored energy. For the studied system, the month of May is the better energy production month among the eight studied months with almost perfect efficiency in terms of meeting the needs of the two connected services. However, this month is one of the heat wave months in the sahelian strip. The batteries energy is very requested to ensure the energy supply in the two emergency services of the hospital. The best operation month is May. However to find the optimum operation, it well be better to install off-grid system. The temperature and local dust are also degradation factors to take into account. This paper shows that the PV off-grid can be used to improve the resilient of the population in areas with high security challenges. The failure of the PV plant is estimated at 0%. Indeed, once the SONABEL grid is desynchronized, the grid inverters use the energy in batteries to continue the injection. The environmental constraints such as low illumination, high temperature, dust, etc. must be added in the perturbation factors of the solar energy production.

What Makes the Common Good Common? Key Points from Charles De Koninck

What Makes the Common Good Common?Key Points from Charles De Koninck1 Aquinas Guilbeau, O.P. In even the most capable philosophical hands, the common good remains a slippery concept. Its essence eludes the grasp of those who reach for it. This is due in part to the concept's complexity. "Common good" is composed of two rich, philosophically pregnant notions: goodness and commonness. Reflection on these two notions is ancient, of course. How a thing is good has preoccupied philosophers since the dawn of time. How a thing may be common has exercised philosophers less throughout history, but even the ancients recognized that the question of a thing's commonness remains as intricate as the question of a thing's goodness. Despite their long philosophical history, however, the notions of goodness and commonness evade quick and easy description. Because they represent elemental characteristics of being itself, they share in being's fundamental mystery. As a result, millennia of reflection have not exhausted these notions' meanings. Like being, goodness and commonness require careful study by each generation, so that its intellectuals and teachers might clarify these notions' remaining secrets. Thus does each generation contribute to the perennial philosophy. When we modern and post-modern thinkers try to describe the common good, and thereby grapple with its notions of goodness and commonness, we find one of these two notions more elusive than the other. Which of the two might surprise us. It is not the common good's goodness. [End Page 739] Despite the philosophical confusions of our age, we more or less still agree publicly as to what constitutes a good, and as a result what constitutes an evil. We deem health a good, for example, while we deem disease an evil. We embrace one as perfective; we repulse the other as destructive. To my knowledge, no one has yet extolled COVID-19 as a good. So, we moderns and post-moderns have not completely lost hold of reality. We still share a sense of goodness, even if our generation mislabels some evils as goods. When it comes to describing the common good, therefore, it is not the common good's goodness that eludes us. Rather, it is its commonness that we have difficulty grasping. What does it mean for a good to be common? How is a common good common? Are all common goods common in the same way? How is the example of health common? Is health a common good properly speaking, or does it only appear to be common? How do we know the difference? Is there a difference? Unfortunately, few of us can answer these questions well. The reasons may not all be our fault, but we should admit that, along with our secular contemporaries, we remain largely unversed in commonness. A sign of our inexperience with the concept is that we seldom ask questions about commonness. Instead, we take it for granted that we know what commonness involves. When pressed to describe it, however, we quickly discover just how uncommon understanding of commonness is. In the first half of the last century, Charles De Koninck was well aware of modernity's inexperience with commonness. He recognized that individualism and its philosophical prerequisites had so captured the popular imagination, even among Catholics, that the common quality of the common good was disappearing from view. As a result, political discourse—to say nothing of political life—had entered serious difficulty. Between the World Wars, De Koninck spoke up among Catholic philosophers to remind them of the "primacy of the common good," not simply as a practical concept but as a speculative one, in accord with its classical conception. De Koninck recalled for his contemporaries not only that but also how commonness, like goodness, is primarily something objectively real and metaphysically constituted, and only secondarily something subjectively perceived and practically useful. To revive the objective and metaphysical notions of goodness and commonness among Catholic intellectuals—many of whom had traded these for easier subjective and practical notions2—De [End Page 740] Koninck composed his famous essay The Primacy of the Common Good, Against the Personalists.3 In it, De Koninck spends eighty pages reviewing the objective...

Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak on the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier, March to April 2020: a retrospective cohort study.

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 emergence was a threat for armed forces. A COVID-19 outbreak occurred on the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle from mid-March to mid-April 2020.AimTo understand how the virus was introduced, circulated then stopped circulation, risk factors for infection and severity, and effectiveness of preventive measures.MethodsWe considered the entire crew as a cohort and collected personal, clinical, biological, and epidemiological data. We performed viral genome sequencing and searched for SARS-CoV-2 in the environment.ResultsThe attack rate was 65% (1,148/1,767); 1,568 (89%) were included. The male:female ratio was 6.9, and median age was 29 years (IQR: 24–36). We examined four clinical profiles: asymptomatic (13.0%), non-specific symptomatic (8.1%), specific symptomatic (76.3%), and severe (i.e. requiring oxygen therapy, 2.6%). Active smoking was not associated with severe COVID-19; age and obesity were risk factors. The instantaneous reproduction rate (Rt) and viral sequencing suggested several introductions of the virus with 4 of 5 introduced strains from within France, with an acceleration of Rt when lifting preventive measures. Physical distancing prevented infection (adjusted OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40–0.76). Transmission may have stopped when the proportion of infected personnel was large enough to prevent circulation (65%; 95% CI: 62–68).ConclusionNon-specific clinical pictures of COVID-19 delayed detection of the outbreak. The lack of an isolation ward made it difficult to manage transmission; the outbreak spread until a protective threshold was reached. Physical distancing was effective when applied. Early surveillance with adapted prevention measures should prevent such an outbreak.

Translation: History (Geschichte)

J.F. Herbart is a philosopher whose ideas were very influential in many countries, including the USA, until the first quarter of the 20th century, in fields such as educational sciences, teaching methods, social psychology, teacher training, and he transferred the German spirit beyond the continents with his works on education. His writings on history teaching present the approaches of German teachers in the early 19th century as well as his own opinions. In the comments of the leading American Herbartian Charles De Garmo, the differences between German and American history teaching, the equivalents of the approaches in German education in American education, and the differences between the narrative and textbook method of teaching were described. It proposes two different approaches to history teaching by introducing different aspects of these methods. De Garmo was awarded his doctorate from the Herbartians in Germany. As the first president of the "National Herbart Society for the Scientific Study of Education", organized in 1895 "to study and investigate and discuss important problems of education", he pioneered the dissemination of Herbart's ideas in the USA. The original text of this article, which belongs to Johann Friedrich Herbart, includes the part about history teaching of his famous book "Umriß pädagogischer Vorlesungen", published in 1835, on the teaching of different branches. Kehrbach's facsimile was taken as the basis for this part of the translation from German to Turkish. In Herbart's text, the numbering in this edition is followed and added at the end of the paragraphs. The paragraphs given in italics in the sub-texts in addition to the translation presented are the translations of De Garmo’s comments added to the English translation of this Herbart’s book in 1904 under the name "Outlines of Educational Doctrine" by Alexis F. Lange. In this respect, Herbart's own writings were translated from the German original version and De Garmo's comments were translated from his English script.

The Last Good Neighbor: Mexico in the Global Sixties

The Last Good Neighbor: Mexico in the Global Sixties

“A ghost in the system”: French nuclear colonialism and the haunting of republicanism

While France claims to be the nation of universal human rights, its historical intimacy with imperialism would suggest otherwise. The discourse of Republicanism is therefore what allows France to erase and smooth out rhetorical and material incongruities, allowing it to retain its national integrity. This article thus examines the discursive continuities between two constitutive realms of French power: colonialism and nuclearism. I argue that, rather than being separate, these two matrices must be understood as one continuum traversed by the same questions. I analyze their conjoined structure through two historical speeches which both rely on universal Republicanism as justification: Jules Ferry’s 1885 intervention at the National Assembly defending his imperial legacy; and Charles de Gaulle's speeches in Papeete, in 1966, promising a radiant future to Tahiti in the postcolonial era. Republican universalism as a discursive tool, however, is not impervious to porousness: it is always haunted by the violence it inflicts and the peoples it affects. An attention to the ghosts that live inside the social fabric produced by this discourse, thus, helps us critically engage Republican universalism and reorganize the hidden, paradoxical aspects of French (post)colonial memory. Haunting, in other words, becomes a decolonial praxis for recovering what has been negated and interrupting the appearance of narrative cohesion that France relies upon.

Hepatic Markers Profile in Cytolysis and Cholestasis during Antiretroviral Treatment at the Charles de Gaulle University Hospital

Introduction: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a public health problem for sub-Saharan African countries. Systematic antiretroviral treatment at diagnosis is an important step in the evolution of HIV/AIDS management. However, this treatment can be the cause of hepatic adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of hepatic cytolysis and cholestasis markers in children living with HIV under ARV treatment at Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital (CHUP-CDG). Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study from February to June 2018 in which markers of cytolysis (AST, ALT, and LDH) and cholestasis (ALP and γGT) were studied in children living with HIV 1 undergoing ARV treatment at CHUP-CDG. Results: The markers of hepatic cytolysis, ALT, AST and LDH, were elevated in 11.63%, 13.95% and 26.74% of children on ARV treatment, respectively; as were those of hepatic cholestasis (ALP=77.91% and γGT=12.79%). Cytolysis and hepatic cholestasis were more marked in children with CD4 counts below 400/mL. In addition, when the viral load was less than 500 copies/mL and when the duration of treatment was more than 12 months, the proportions of these liver biological disorders were higher in children on ARV treatment. Conclusion: The disturbances observed on cytolysis and cholestasis markers were slightly elevated, but without serious consequences because they were mostly at low toxicity levels.

After the Deportation: Memory Battles in Postwar France by Philip Nord

The historical literature about the memory of the Occupation in France is immense. Since Rousso’s pioneering study, the accepted narrative was that for twenty-five years after 1945, the French lived a consoling Gaullist myth that France had been a nation of resisters.1 This myth not only underplayed the role of collaboration, but its focus on the heroes of the resistance marginalized the experiences of the Holocaust victims: Jews who tried to tell their story were ignored. This heroic narrative, so the argument goes, shattered at the end of the 1960s in the wake of the upheavals of May 1968 and the Six Day War. Increasingly the Holocaust, and Vichy’s role in it, has come to dominate French collective memory.This interpretation has been much contested in recent years, especially, as Azouvi has dubbed it, the “myth of silence” regarding the Holocaust.2 Nord’s new book is a distinguished contribution to this revisionist literature. As he says at the outset, “This will not be a history of the silence-to-voice narrative” (7). He shows that the shadow of deportation, and of the concentration camps, was pervasive in France after 1945. But he distinguishes that deportation memory from the memory of the Holocaust; it focused primarily on resistance deportees who “emblematized the wartime tribulation of the nation as a whole” (230). This does not mean that no Jewish voices were heard: “There was a distinctive Jewish voice in the post-war remembrance of the Deportation” (162). This voice, however, had to find its place in the wider deportation narrative. To the extent that there was ever a “Gaullist myth,” Nord sees it as most prevalent not immediately after the war but in the 1960s during Charles de Gaulle’s presidency. The result was that the post-1968 generation believed that it was discovering for the first time a story that had already been told in different ways during the two decades after the Liberation.The importance of Nord’s subtle book is less his re-writing of a narrative that has already been challenged than his careful attention to the complexity of the debates around the memory of deportation. Three themes stand out. First, he shows that the memory of deportation was never homogeneous. He carefully distinguishes between, for example, the Communist reading of deportation from that of the camp survivor David Rousset, who invented the term “concentrationary universe” in his L’Univers concentrationnaire (Paris, 1946). Nord’s second originality is to pay careful attention to the dialogues between Catholic and Jewish intellectuals in the decades after the war. His analysis of the anguished debates between Catholics like Jacques Maritain, François Mauriac, and Michel Riquet and Jewish writers like Elie Wiesel and Jules Isaac is one of the most illuminating features of this book. Although Maritain’s attempt to incorporate the Holocaust into a Christian salvific framework—a sacrifice that was also part of humanity’s struggle to redemption—was unacceptable to Jewish spokesmen, it did at least help to open a debate about the meaning of the Holocaust.Thirdly, Nord examines the debates about how to represent the deportation experience in literature, film, and painting, and how to memorialize it in monuments. Nord offers subtle analyses of the gestation, conception, and symbolic meanings of several key monuments, such as the Struthof Monument in Alsace and the Deportation Memorial on the Ile de la Cité in Paris. In regard to the Mémorial du Marty Juif inconnu (now the Mémorial de la Shoah), he shows that even though the monument had universalizing aspirations—part of French Jews’ desire to show that they belonged to the national community—this perspective must not blind us to the “affirmative Jewishness of the tomb” (185).This rich, nuanced, and often moving book uses a wide range of sources and methods—literary criticism, art history, and an analysis of philosophical debates—to make a major contribution to our understanding of how the French have remembered one of the most painful periods in their history.

Gaullism and Atlanticism are Main Foreign Policy Paradigms of the Fifth Republic

Gaullism and Atlanticism in the foreign policy of the Fifth Republic appear as two fundamental but mutually exclusive ideological paradigms that, in various combinations, traditionally determined Paris’s behavior on the international stage. A comparative analysis of the ideological constructions of Gaullism and Atlanticism shows the fundamental reason for the conceptual discrepancy between the two doctrines. Gaullism calls on France to preserve its status as a world power at any cost. Atlanticism serves the geostrategic purpose of maintaining American military and political control over Europe. For this reason, Atlanticism does not recognize any other world powers within the Western universe but the United States.A retrospective view of the Gaullist and Atlanticist interaction reveals a steady trend towards a gradual shift of the Fifth Republic from Charles de Gaulle’s diplomacy principles. This trend led to the beginning in 2007 of a new era of the absolute dominance of Atlanticism in French foreign policy compared with the post-war period of the Fourth Republic.The advent of this era was marked by a significant improvement in France’s relations with the United States and NATO and increasing French activism on the track of Euro-federalist integra-tion, but, in general, by the perceptible banalization of France’s voice in international affairs.The results of this study help build future relations between Russia and France.

Demythologizing de Gaulle: History as Myth and Myth as Hermeneutic in France after Vichy and Algerian Independence

History, like fiction, is a narrative interpretation of events, and its writing or telling of the past is always mediated from a present position. The narratological turn in historical discourse from the 1960s challenged the assumption that accounts of the past were the objective accumulation of documented facts and emphasized the ideological mediation of historiography. With a focus on Roland Barthes’s poststructuralist theory of myth as a hermeneutic structure for historical interpretation, this article argues that demythologization is less an elimination of ideological structures than an illumination; a counter- or re-mythologization that perpetuates interpretative work. As a demythologizing critique of Charles de Gaulle’s myth of post-Occupation resistancialism, Michel Déon’s Les Poneys sauvages (1970/2010) undermines the myth of a unanimous and united France and opens up spaces of ambiguity and subjectivity that reveal interpretative conflicts over the historical narratives of the Second World War and the Algerian War of Independence.