Charge Battery Research Articles

Анализ динамической характеристической кривой системы электроснабжения автомобилей

Units of modern cars require an uninterrupted supply of electricity of the required quality, therefore, the prompt determination of the technical condition of the power supply system (SE) is an urgent task. During the operation of the car, there is a dynamic redistribution of electricity consumed for the needs of consumers between the car generator and the storage battery (AKB). The efficiency of the balance of electricity on board the car is influenced not only by the power of consumers, the mode of movement of the car, weather and climatic factors, but also by the technical condition of the generator and battery, however, insufficient attention has been paid to this. It has been established that the currents of the generator, the field winding and the battery, as well as the voltage of the on-board network, can serve as indicators of the technical condition of the vehicle’s ESS. The purpose of the article is to develop typical loading modes of a vehicle’s solar cell and a technique for their modeling in laboratory conditions. The leading method for solving this problem is fixing the ESS parameters using an analog data recorder with variations in the load current and the generator rotor speed. In the course of the experiment, the loading modes were changed in the order of increasing the generator rotor speed. The nature of the change in the parameters of the solar cell in the case of a working generator and a charged battery has been determined. The efficiency of the solar cell can be indirectly estimated by the ratio of the areas limited by the charging and discharging currents of the battery of the dynamic characteristic curve. With a load current of 10 A, the energy supplied by the battery generator exceeds the energy consumed for the work of consumers. When the load current increases to 15 A, the energy balance shifts towards the discharge part. The experimentally established dependences of the change in the parameters of the solar cell with variations in the load and speed modes of operation can be considered a scientific novelty. The practical significance of the research carried out is to increase the reliability of diagnosing SE based on the analysis of indicators of its technical condition. Further research will be aimed at determining changes in the parameters of the vehicle’s ESS in the process of occurrence and development of generator and battery malfunctions.

State of Charge and Lithium Manganate Batteries Internal Resistance Estimation at Low Charge/discharge rates

State of Charge and Lithium Manganate Batteries Internal Resistance Estimation at Low Charge/discharge rates

Simulation of solar PV system by FLC based bidirectional DC-DC converter for DC loads

Solar energy is among the abundant forms of energy, it is very important to make the best use of it. But intermittent nature of solar energy makes PV generation unreliable at times. The use of a battery as an energy storage device can help to mitigate this problem to some extent. A Bidirectional DC-DC converter must be used to connect the battery to the DC link in order to maintain a steady voltage. DC link then connected to a load. In this paper, P&O MPPT technique used to get maximum power from PV array. Fuzzy logic control is used for the effective control of Bidirectional DC-DC converter to charge and discharge battery to keep the DC link voltage constant. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB and outcomes are analysed.

Design and development of hybrid electric vehicle

Now a days the air pollution in the major cities has been increased rapidly. This kind of air pollution is mainly caused through gaseous smoke released by the vehicles. In order to reduce these kinds of air pollution we are converting the normal vehicle into modern electric vehicle. The modern electric vehicle is nothing but that the vehicle can operate in dual mode that is it can operate as either normal vehicle or electric vehicle based on our requirement. Initially the battery charging is done based on the inbuilt dynamo present inside the normal vehicle which is related to movement of the wheel. With the help of this charged battery, we can shift the vehicle to electric mode. This helps us in two ways that to reduce air pollution and fuel consumption and also deals with major problem of electric vehicle battery charging problem.

Multi-Battery Block Module Power Converter for Electric Vehicle Driven by Switched Reluctance Motors

To improve the endurance and charging flexibility of electric vehicle battery packs, this paper proposes a multi-battery block module (MBM) topology for four-phase switched reluctance motors (SRMs), which not only allows flexible electric vehicle operation, but also achieves fast demagnetization and excitation. By integrating the multi-battery block module and photovoltaic (PV) panel into an asymmetrical half-bridge (AHB) converter, the MBM topology is designed to supply a multilevel bus voltage for the SRM drive. To improve the endurance of battery packs, a PV panel is also added to the topology to charge battery packs when the system is stationary. According to the different operation requirements, multiple power supply modes and charging modes can be realized by controlling the power devices in the proposed MBM topology. The simulation results based on the MATLAB/Simulink platform and the experimental results on a four-phase 8 / 6 switched reluctance motor verify the effectiveness of the proposed design.

Internal Parameter Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Using AC Ripple With DC Offset Wave in Low and High Frequencies

xEV batteries are not easy to accurately estimate and measure aging parameters for reuse due to continuous charging and discharging. In addition, existing AC-IR measurement methods require high-performance micro-controller units (MCUs) to handle complex operations for parametric estimation. As a cost-effective way to solve this problem, we propose AC-IR estimation techniques and implementation circuits to estimate internal battery parameters using AC ripple with DC offset wave in low and high frequencies. It estimates electrolyte resistance ( $R_{i}$ ) by using band-pass filter (BPF) to extract AC components of a particular frequency voltage and current and by entering very high frequencies that have the effect of shorting the equivalent capacitance by the electrical double layer ( $C_{d}$ ) of the Randls model. The charge transfer resistance ( $R_{d}$ ) and electrical double layer capacitance ( $C_{d}$ ) are estimated by Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), detecting effective and reactive current by inserting low frequencies. To realize the proposed approach, we propose analog power measurements and peak detection circuits, and a circuit configuration of converter supplying AC ripple with DC offset wave to estimate internal parameters at the same time to charge battery. To verify the feasibility and high-performance of the proposed AC-IR estimation method, we carry out PSIM simulations and experiments, and compare results with commercial battery parameter measuring instrument. As a result, we found that the error rate of the proposed method is lower than that of the commercial instrument as $R_{i}$ is 0.24% and $R_{d}$ is 1.18%, respectively.

Automating Estimation of Battery State of Charge Using Experimental Data in MatLab

This paper explains how to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of a battery using implementation of characteristics governing equations and and lookup table. Look up table containing experimental data like charging resistance, discharging resistance and battery voltage in an excel sheet. Estimation of state of charge as a function of voltage is simulated with the help of experimental data in the form of lookup table in Matlab simulink and mscript. A 4V battery was charged and discharged at a 2.3 ampere for an hour. Matlab simulunk model with m.scipt is developed to determine terminal voltage and state of charge is obtained at any given time.

A Wind‐Driven Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Electret and Polylactide Polymer‐Based Hybrid Nanogenerator for Self‐Powered Temperature Detection System

AbstractWith growing interest in artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, self‐powered electronics have gained considerable attention. In this investigation, a wind‐driven hybrid nanogenerator system comprising a poly(l‐lactic acid)‐based piezoelectric nanogenerator and a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) electret‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (E‐TENG) is proposed. At a wind speed of 5.1 m s−1, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current (Isc) of the hybrid nanogenerator (NG) reach ≈140 V and 16 µA, respectively. The maximum output power of the hybrid NG reaches ≈0.49 mW with a matching resistance of 8 MΩ, which is 22% larger than the output power of the E‐TENG. The hybrid NG can charge a lithium battery to 2.9 V in 8 h. Furthermore, the charged battery can be employed to drive an IR remote controlled light‐emitting diode lamp and turn the lamp on and off. In addition, it can be combined with a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) temperature sensor to form a self‐powered BLE temperature detection system. The hybrid NG shows great promise in self‐powered environmental monitoring and detection applications.

Potential Climate Impact Variations Due to Fueling Behavior of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Owners in the US

With the expected rapid growth of renewable electricity generation, charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) from the grid promise ever higher reductions in CO2 emissions. Previous analyses have found that the share that PHEVs are driven in electric mode can differ substantially depending on region, battery size, and trip purpose. Here, we provide a first fleet-wide emissions mitigation potential of US-based PHEV drivers adopting high or low shares of electric driving. Specifically, we illustrate scenarios of different combinations of PHEV uptake, renewable electricity generation shares, and PHEV fueling behavior. Across 21 analyzed scenarios, annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet could differ by an average of 21% (5–43% range) in 2050 depending alone on the fueling behavior of PHEV drivers. This behavior could further determine the discharge of about 1.3 (0.7–1.9) Gt CO2 (or roughly one year of current emissions) over the next three decades, significantly influencing the feasibility of reaching an 80% emission reduction target for the LDV sector. Governments can nudge PHEV drivers toward environmentally favorable fueling behavior. We discuss several options for nudging, including charging infrastructure availability, battery design, and consumer education.

An Optimal Battery Charging Algorithm in Electric Vehicle-Assisted Battery Swapping Environments

In battery swapping environments, electric vehicles (EVs) can play roles as battery providers as well as consumers. In this paper, we propose an optimal battery charging algorithm (OBCA) where a battery swapping station (BSS) charges batteries in its storage with the consideration of the profile of the electricity price and the arrival rates of EVs. To maximize the net profit of BSS while maintaining the battery changing probability above a certain level (i.e., maintaining high quality of service (QoS) of BSS), we formulate a constraint Markov decision process (CMDP) problem and the optimal charging schedule for batteries in BSS is obtained by a linear programming (LP). Evaluation results demonstrate that OBCA with the optimal policy can improve the net profit of BSS up to 418% compared to an electric price-aware scheme while maintaining high QoS of BSS.

Road Test of Selected Electrical Parameters of the Hybrid Vehicle Accumulation System

Increasing energy efficiency in hybrid electric vehicles is associated with the possibility of recovering some of the kinetic energy in the delayed movement phase and converting it to electricity, which can be used to charge batteries. It is structurally possible to implement by using an electric machine operating as a generator and an energy accumulation system. In addition to the widely used lithium-ion energy storage systems, nickel-metal hydride energy accumulation solutions are also an alternative. Battery systems are characterized by specific electrical parameters which include, among others: electrical capacity, open circuit voltage (cells), discharge/charge current, battery state of charge or power of the energy storage system. The article was aimed at determining these parameters of the nickel-metal hydride energy storage system. The actual characteristics of the above-mentioned electric battery indicators were obtained through the measurements carried out during road and bench tests with the use of research apparatus and research object (Toyota Prius the third generation). The tests showed that the battery voltage varied slightly from 203.42 … 203.98 V (cell voltage −14.49 … 14.57 V, link voltage −1.211 … 1.214 V). On the other hand, the values of the charge/discharge current were in a wide range (−87.57 … 132.74 A) and depended on road conditions. This parameter was largely dependent on the torque balance of electric machines (generator, electric motor), but it also had an impact on the battery state of charge and power. To determine the parameters, an electric model of the Three RC Network Model, powered from an open-circuit voltage source and consisted of three resistors and three capacitors, was used. This electric model was characterized by high accuracy (up to 2.93%) and described the behavior of the nickel-metal hydride system of energy accumulation in real conditions in a good way.

Design and performance analysis of a thermoelectric air-conditioning system driven by solar photovoltaic panels

Solar cooling technologies can play a vital role in renewable energy applications development. Thermoelectric systems have shown promising advantages over traditional refrigeration systems such as high thermal comfort, active adaptability, no moving parts, and refrigerants free. In this work, a novel thermoelectric air-conditioning system (TEACS) driven by photovoltaics (PV) is experimentally and theoretically investigated under the hot climate conditions of Sohag city (30°26′N, 42°31′E), Egypt for air conditioning of a typical small-size office room under different thermal loads. During day time, PV panels produce electricity which utilized to drive the TEACS directly and to charge batteries that store electricity to be exploited during nighttime. Moreover, a numerical model implemented in TRNSYS coupled with MATLAB software is developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed TEACS. The influences of varying the input electric current on the coefficient of performance (COP), cooling capacity, and average air room temperature are also studied. The results showed that a design point with an input current of 2.5 A for a cooling capacity of 30 W could be selected to maximize the cooling performance, in which the COP of the TEACS is found to be 2.2. Moreover, the daily average air temperature of the conditioned room was found to be 23.5, 25.5, 27.5, 28.5, and 30.5 °C for internal thermal loads of 0.0 W, 65.0 W,130.0 W, 195.0 W, and 260.0 W, respectively, at average air intake temperature of 36 °C, daily average input current of 4.28 A and air volume flow rate of 14.4 m3/h. It can be concluded that the TEACS powered by PV could be considered as a proper alternative to the traditional vapor compression systems.

An IoT Based Approach to Monitor and Replace Batteries for Battery Operated Vehicle

In today's world of constant connectivity, instant gratification and customer-driven market, immediate availability of battery supply warehouses and replacement are the vast array of challenges faced by the vehicles such as e-rickshaws. Eelectric vehicles, as a new generation of vehicles, are increasingly favoured by the automotive research field because of their incomparable advantages in energy saving and emission reduction and reduction of human dependence on traditional fossil resources. Especially in the issue of safe operation and supervision of electric vehicles, it has received special attention. Therefore, remote monitoring and management of electric vehicles and remote monitoring of battery replacement stations have become an important part of the safe operation of electric vehicles. In the traditional approach, the recharging pattern of batteries of the e-rickshaw drivers is their own household sockets but the proposed system can immediately provide charged batteries and replace the used batteries by tracking the battery life along with storing the necessary data in the cloud so that it can be accessed from anywhere.

Electrochemical Techniques to Detect and Quantify Li Plating after Fast Charge of Li-Ion Batteries

Despite electric vehicles (EVs) gaining a small foothold in the light vehicle market, long charging times and battery safety have been key limitations in EV’s general acceptance. In commercial Li-ion batteries, fast charging is limited by the deposition of metallic lithium on graphite, or ‘Li plating’, which can cause capacity fade and catastrophic cell shorting. The ability to detect plating on-line in vehicles is critical to allow faster charging while maintaining safety standards. Analyzing the cell voltage relaxation after charge is a promising approach for in-situ Li detection. Plated Li can insert into the graphite at rest, which gives a dV/dt feature unique to plating. Our work shows that voltage relaxation can be used to detect small quantities of Li plating immediately after battery charging at any charge rate, including those relevant for fast charging.

Quantitative study on the thermal failure features of lithium iron phosphate batteries under varied heating powers

Insights into thermal failure features under varied heating powers are significant for the safe application of lithium ion batteries. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the thermal failure features of fully charged lithium iron phosphate battery by means of copper slug battery calorimetry. Batteries were given a total quantity of external heat (16 kJ) under various heating powers (20–200 W). Battery temperatures, onset time of venting, mass loss and internal heat generation were measured and analyzed. Results show onset times of venting and thermal runaway both decrease exponentially with increasing heating power. Heat generation of batteries under different heating powers is in the range of 10.38 kJ − 15.07 kJ. The battery maximum temperature and heat generation do not increase monotonically with heating power, but reach the highest at 100 W. Furthermore, the experiments at 20 W with continuous heating were carried out to contrast with the experiments results of fixed heating quantity. It is found that battery maximum temperature, mass loss and heat generation are all higher under continuous heating. These encouraging results could enhance our understanding of thermal failure features and provide references for the safety design and thermal failure propagation prevention in battery module.

State-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on improved H infinity filter algorithm and its novel equalization method

Abstract The state of charge (SOC) estimation and battery equalization method are essential in battery management system (BMS). In this paper, an improved H infinity filter algorithm based on the reverse recursion of historical data which could update the inner parameters of algorithm online is proposed. The battery life decay experiment result shows that open circuit voltage (OCV)–SOC relationship and the actual capacity of battery have a great impact on the SOC estimation accuracy based on H infinity, and the max SOC estimation error can exceed 15%. The improved H infinity algorithm proposed in this paper can keep the SOC error within 3% and its convergence to the true SOC is faster than the sliding mode observer algorithm. On this basis, a novel equalization strategy based on shunting is proposed. The equalization strategy model is simulated in SIMULINK, and as compared with the general cell bypass methods, the proposed method utilizes a redundant cell to achieve a high efficiency beyond 99%. The analysis results show that the 6Ah redundant cell could decrease the inconsistence of SOCs to 2%.

Monitoring Electric Power Wheelchair Battery Consumption Level via Mobile

Nowadays, power wheelchair is one of the most important vehicles for people with physical disabilities such as paralysis, stroke, handicap and many more. Electric wheelchair which is also called electric - power wheelchair or powerchair can be moved by an el ectrically based power source, regularly motor or batteries. It is very important to have frequent monitoring battery level because power wheelchair need sufficient battery level for it to be moved around. Therefore, this project is developed to monitor th e battery consumption level and real time battery monitoring. Current sensor is used to measure the current state of the battery level. In this project, Internet of Things (IoT) concept is applied where sensor and mobile application is integrated and know n as BLife. Blife was designed using the visibility of the system status principles which consist of knowledge is power, appropriate feedback, compel user to action and communication creates trusts. If the battery is in the lower state, the power wheelcha ir users will be informed through mobile application via an indicator informing that it needs to be recharged. Moreover, the current location of the power wheelchair user is also notified to the users’ caretaker. Evaluation of Blife were conducted using fu nctionality and usability testing based on visibility of the system status technique. Most of the respondents are satisfied and gave positive feedback. This project is a great contribution to disable people who has limited access to charge battery and to a lert them on their battery level status.

Improvement means of charge batteries for electric car

This article discusses different means to charge electric car batteries, identifies trends in the development of a non-contact method of energy transfer, the calculation of the electrical parameters of the inductors for the implementation of the contactless charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. Produced simulation magnetically coupled system to confirm the theoretical results.

Preparation of Binary Thermal Silicone Grease and Its Application in Battery Thermal Management.

To improve the problems of large interface thermal resistance and low heat dissipation efficiency in battery thermal management (BTM), this paper uses methyl silicone oil as the matrix, AIN, copper powder (CP), and carbon fiber (CF) as thermally conductive fillers, and acetone and stearic acid as particle surface modification components. A variety of binary thermal silicone greases (TSGs) with different compositions were prepared. Different instruments were used to test the material properties of TSGs, and a better TSG was selected to coat the interface between battery and phase change material (PCM) for battery charging and discharging experiments. Through the analysis of experimental data, it was found that among the TSGs made of three mixed fillers (AIN/CP, AIN/CF, CP/CF), the three TSGs had good thermal stability, and their thermal degradation temperature both exceeded 300 °C. As the ratio of thermally conductive filler was gradually changed from 5:1 to 1:5, the TSG containing CP/CF had higher thermal conductivity and lower volume resistivity, while the TSG containing AIN/CF had the least damage due to interface wear. The acidification treatment of thermally conductive filler can improve the adsorption and compatibility of thermally conductive particles and silicone oil, and reduce the oil separation rate of TSGs. The prepared expanded graphite (EG)/paraffin wax (PW) composite phase change material (CPCM) has a relatively large latent heat of phase change, which can effectively control the temperature of the battery, but coating TSG between the battery and the CPCM can further enhance the heat dissipation effect of the battery.

Scale-up and control the voltage of sediment microbial fuel cell for charging a cell phone

In this research, a power management system (PMS) has been developed to charge a cell phone battery based on sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs). The single SMFC produces a voltage of 1.16 V, which is too low for practical application. The voltage is increased by connecting several SMFCs in series or parallel, but the voltage reversal occurs when it is directly connected to the load. To prevent the voltage reversal, the super capacitor is first charged by the five different stack SMFCs and the charged super capacitor is used to provide the input power to a PMS. This PMS increases and regulates the input voltage of stack SMFCs up to 5.02 V for charging a cell phone battery. The charging and discharging times of the super capacitors have been investigated with five different stack SMFCs. In all five stack SMFCs, only module-5 provides power to PMS for long periods (13 min). Further, the cell phone battery is continuously charged using the two parallel-connected stack SMFCs similar to the module-5. The battery has been fully charged in 26 h using 72 SMFCs. The charged battery is used to perform for three purposes; voice calling, music playing and LED strip lighting. This study is informative for the application of SMFC in an off-grid location.