Value Of Charge Research Articles

TMET-13. SPATIAL METABOLOMIC CHANGES OF NUCLEOTIDE IN THE BRAINS OF ORTHOTOPIC MOUSE GLIOMA MODEL AFTER BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY (BNCT)

Abstract Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary brain tumor. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a tumor-selective particle radiation therapy, in which high-LET α-particles and recoil 7Li are produced by the capture reaction between 10B and thermal neutrons and it has extended the prognosis of glioblastomas [Kawabata S, et al., Neuro-Oncology Advances 3(1), 1–9, 2021]. Augmented synthesis and use of nucleotide triphosphates is critical and universal metabolic dependency of tumor cells [Mullen, N.J., Singh, P.K. Nat Rev Cancer 23, 275–294 (2023)]. However, the effects of BNCT on metabolism of purine and pyrimidine in brain tumors and the surrounding normal brain are unknown. We spatially investigated metabolomic change in brains of orthotopic mouse glioma model, before and 2, 7, and 14 days after BNCT using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). By separating tumor and non-tumor areas and performing Partial Least Squares Regression calculations, we have successfully visualized tumor-specific metabolites including adenine (ATP, ADP) and uridine (UTP, UDP-glucose, UDP-GlcNAc) with MSI. Of note, the signal of top-scored tumor specific metabolite, UDP-GlcNAc dramatically decreased and disappeared as the tumor regressed. Furthermore, the signal of ADP which was supposed to be released from tumor, colocalized with invading tumors along with corpus callosum. The value of adenylate energy charge, ([ATP]+0.5[ADP]/[ATP]+[ADP]+[AMP]) in the surrounding normal brain of the untreated tumor-bearing mouse increased up to 0.37 and decreased gradually down to 0.32 with BNCT, approaching to the value of normal control mouse brain, 0.27. These metabolomic changes reflected the tumor-killing effect and restoration of energy charge of surrounding normal brain by BNCT and have potential significance for development of biomarker or diagnosis.

Multi-Time Scale Energy Storage Optimization of DC Microgrid Source-Load Storage Based on Virtual Bus Voltage Control

The energy storage adjustment strategy of source and load storage in a DC microgrid is very important to the economic benefits of a power grid. Therefore, a multi-timescale energy storage optimization method for direct current (DC) microgrid source-load storage based on a virtual bus voltage control is studied. It uses a virtual damping compensation strategy to control the stability of virtual bus voltage and establishes a virtual energy storage model by combining different types of distributed capability units. The design of an optimization process for upper-level daily energy storage has the objective function of maximizing the economic benefits of microgrids to cope with unplanned fluctuations in power. A real-time energy-adjustment scheme for the lower level is introduced, and a real-time energy-adjustment scheme based on virtual energy storage for the short-term partition of the source-load storage is designed to improve the reliability of microgrid operations. The experiment shows that, in response to the constant amplitude oscillation of the power grid after a sudden increase in power, this method introduces a virtual damping compensation strategy at 20 s, which can stabilize the virtual bus voltage. From 00:00 to 09:00, the battery power remains at around 4 MW, and from 12:00 to 21:00, the battery exits the discharge state. The economic benefits from applying this method are significantly higher than before. This method can effectively adjust the source-load energy storage in real time. During peak electricity price periods, the SOC value of supercapacitors is below 0.4, and during normal electricity price periods, the SOC value of supercapacitors can reach up to 1.0, which can make the state of the charge value of supercapacitors meet economic requirements.

Theoretical Investigation of Single-, Double-, and Triple- p-block Metals Anchored on g-CN Monolayer for Oxygen Electrocatalysis.

The design and development of highly active non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are crucial for metal-air batteries. In this work, the electrocatalytic performance of different p-block metal (PM = Sn, Sb, Pb and Bi) atoms embedded in the g-CN monolayer (PMx@g-CN, x = 1-3) for the OER and ORR was systematically investigated by density functional theory (DFT). The strong interaction between PMx atoms and g-CN substrates indicates the good stability of PMx@g-CN catalysts. Among all the designed catalysts, Bi3@g-CN is found to be a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst for both the OER and ORR with the calculated overpotential ηOER and ηORR of 0.23 and 0.25 V, respectively. With the atomic active sites of PMx increasing from x = 1 to 3, the OER and ORR catalytic activity is enhanced. The correlations between the overpotentials of the OER/ORR and Bader charge values of the anchored PMx atoms of the catalysts were established. Our findings contribute to searching for noble metal-free bifunctional electrocatalysts and shed light on the rational design of atomic active sites on electrocatalysts.

Calculate the one – expectation to electronic charge of atomic system contiun two electron

The aim of this work is to calculate the one- electron expectation value of the electronic charge of atomic system Z=2,3….7 and we compare with He atom . the electronic density function D(r1) of He atom and like ions are evaluated . using Hartree –Fock wave.

Study of the properties of Ru-isotopes using the proton-neutron interacting boson model (IBM-2)

The proton-neutron interacting boson model (IBM-2) has been used to make a schematic study of the Ruthenium ( ) isotopes of mass region around with and . For each isotope of the values of the IBM-2 Hamiltonian parameters, which yield an acceptable results for excitation energies in comparison with those of experimental data, have been determined. Fixed values of the effective charges ( ) and of the proton and neutron g factors ( and ) have been chosen for all isotopes under study. The calculated electric quadrupole moments of state, transitions, the magnetic dipole moments transitions and mixing ratios are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

A charge-preserving method for solving graph neural diffusion networks

The aim of this paper is to give a systematic mathematical interpretation of the diffusion problem on which Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) models are based. The starting point of our approach is a dissipative functional leading to dynamical equations which allows us to study the symmetries of the model. We provide a short review of graph theory and its relation with network σ-models adapted to our analysis. We discuss the conserved charges and provide a charge-preserving numerical method for solving the dynamical equations. In any dynamical system and also in GRAph Neural Diffusion (GRAND), knowing the charge values and their conservation along the evolution flow could provide a way to understand how GNNs and other networks work with their learning capabilities.

Role of pulse globulins and albumins in air-water interface and foam stabilization

Pulse protein isolates are promising substitutes for animal protein in foam preparation, but they typically are complex mixtures of multiple proteins, and the contribution of the individual proteins to the behavior of the mixture in air-water interface stabilization is largely unknown. The major protein fractions in isolates are the globulins and albumins, and this study systematically investigated the molecular properties, and interfacial and foaming properties of these two fractions for three different pulses: lentils, faba beans and chickpeas. The key parameters of these pulse proteins in air-water interface and foam stabilization were investigated by correlation analysis. Based on this, low denaturation enthalpy tends to result in both high foamability and foam stability, most likely due to a greater conformational flexibility that allows for a faster adsorption to the air-water interface, and higher degree of structural rearrangement at the interface, which increases interfacial network stiffness. For globulin-rich pulse protein fractions, vicilins and convicilins tend to introduce high surface hydrophobicity, which increases the affinity of the proteins for the interface, and increases protein-protein in-plane interactions through hydrophobic interactions, resulting in the enhancement of interfacial network connectivity and the level of network branching. These factors increase the interfacial resistance to large deformations and increase foam stability. Vicilins and convicilins also tend to have a high value of the surface charge and further promote foam stability by increasing electrostatic repulsion between air bubbles. Legumins tend to reduce foamability since they adsorb to the air-water interface slowly and tend to disrupt the interfacial network structure. These findings provide deeper insights in the role of pulse globulins and albumins in air-water interface and foam stabilization. The proposed key parameters will benefit the predictability of the interfacial and foaming behavior of pulse proteins.

Effect of polymer dispersion characteristics and incorporation methodology on properties of cement asphalt mortar for high-speed rail slab track system

This study investigates the impact of polymer dispersion characteristics and incorporation methods on the polymer modified asphalt emulsion (PMAE) characteristics and, consequently, on the properties of Cement Asphalt Mortar (CAM) for high-speed rail tracks. The results showed that latex-form polymer dispersions with anionic charge and coagulation values below 1 % after 30 minutes provided stable mortars with shorter flow times. Mortar with PMAE produced through terminal blending (TB) method exhibited superior workability characteristics compared to those produced via soap pre-batch (S) and co-milling (C) methods. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies indicated improved polymer integrity in the CAM when produced with PMAE:TB. Mortar containing PMAE:C found to have the highest compressive strengths, with values of 1.49 MPa at 7 days and 2.32 MPa at 28 days, followed by PMAE:S, PMAE:TB, and the control asphalt emulsion (AE). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results on hydrated CA paste were consistent with the compressive strength trend, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis revealed a more uniform polymer distribution in TB method. The study concludes that anionic polymer dispersions having low coagulation values introduced through terminal blending are most suitable for CAM production.

Cork activated carbon as a new sustainable electrode for electrochemical desalination: Customized surface chemistry for improved performance

Capacitive deionization (CDI) desalination has proven to be a promising solution to combat water scarcity, standing out for its efficiency and low energy consumption. In this study we investigated the feasibility and sustainability of using recycled cork stoppers as carbon electrodes for CDI. The cork stoppers underwent carbonization at three different temperatures (500, 700 °C, and 900 °C) and then activation with Potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 850 °C. The as-obtained electrodes (ECAC) demonstrated salt adsorption capacities (SAC) comparable to other biowaste carbon electrodes. The potential of zero charge (EPZC) values of the electrodes reflected the influence of synthesis conditions on their surface properties. Considering the EPZC, symmetric configuration, in which both electrodes (cathode (-) || (+) anode) were made of the same material (ECAC(-)||(+)ECAC), and asymmetric electrodes, using different materials (ECAC(-)||(+)YP80-F) were investigated. The use of asymmetric electrodes proved to be mandatory to obtain high charging efficiency and desalination capacity. It was found that the EPZC determines the correct electrode configuration to prevent the deleterious effect of co-ions repulsion. Herein, we used the carbonization temperature as a new strategy to tune the EPZC in order to obtain electrodes with the desired surface properties for application in CDI, thus avoiding the usual laborious and costly chemical-based approaches. Regarding the desalination performance, asymmetry combined with the appropriate cell potential was optimized to obtain charging efficiencies close to 100 % and maximum SAC, thus resulting in minimized specific energy consumption. This study not only confirms the efficacy of cork stoppers as electrodes for CDI but also promotes the use of recycled materials, contributing to a circular economy and environmental impact mitigation.

Analytical estimate of effective charge and ground-state energies of two to five electron sequences up to atomic number 20 utilizing the variational method

BackgroundThe variational method, a quantum mechanical approach, estimates effective charge distributions and ground-state energy by minimizing the Hamiltonian's expectation value using trial wave functions with adjustable parameters. This method provides valuable insights into system behavior and is widely used in theoretical chemistry and physics. This paper aims to investigate ground-state energies and isoelectronic sequences using the variational method, introducing a novel approach for analyzing multi-electron systems. This technique allows for determining effective charge values and ground-state energies for 2–5 electrons sequence up to Z ≤ 20. Hydrogenic wave functions are used as a trial wave function to calculate effective charge in 1 s, 2 s, and 2p states. Two varying parameters were used to calculate an approximate wave function for the system. These values are then used in non-relativistic Hamiltonian with electron–electron interaction terms to calculate the ground-state energy of an atom.ResultThe results align with the reported experimental values, showing a marginal 1% error.ConclusionA Python algorithm is established based on the variational principle. It was found that, based on a few selected parameters in scripting the program, a very promising result was obtained. Furthermore, adding more variational parameters can minimize the difference between experimental and theoretical values, and this technique can be extended to elements with higher atomic numbers.

Thermodynamics of a newly constructed black hole coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics and cloud of strings

This paper finds an exact singular black hole solution in the presence of nonlinear electrodynamics as the source of matter field surrounded by a cloud of strings in 4DAdS spacetime. Here, the presence of the cloud of string, the usual Bardeen solution, becomes singular. The obtained black hole solution interpolates with the AdS Letelier black hole in the absence of both the deviation parameter and magnetic charge and interpolates with the AdS Bardeen black hole in the absence of the deviation parameter and a cloud of strings parameter. We analyse the horizon structure and thermodynamics properties, including the stability of the resulting black hole, numerically and graphically. Thermodynamical quantities associated with the black hole get modified due to the nonlinear electrodynamics and cloud of strings. Moreover, we study the effect of a cloud of strings parameter, magnetic charge and deviation parameter on critical points and phase transition of the obtained black hole where the cosmological constant is treated as the thermodynamics pressure. The critical radius increases with increasing deviation parameter values and magnetic charge values. In contrast, the critical pressure and temperature decrease with increasing deviation parameters and magnetic charge values.

Statistical study and parallelization of multiplexed single-electron sources

Increasing the electric current from a single-electron source is a main challenge in an effort to establish the standard of the ampere defined by the fixed value of the elementary charge e and the operation frequency f. While the current scales with the frequency, due to an operation frequency limit for maintaining accurate single-electron transfer, parallelization of single-electron sources is expected to be a more practical solution to increase the generated electric current I=Nef, where N is the number of parallelized devices. One way to parallelize single-electron sources without increasing the complexity in device operation is to use a common gate. Such a scheme will require each device to have the same operation parameters for single-electron transfer. In order to investigate this possibility, we study the statistics for operation gate voltages using single-electron sources embedded in a multiplexer circuit. The multiplexer circuit allows us to measure 64 single-electron sources individually in a single cooldown. We also demonstrate the parallelization of three single-electron sources and observe the generated current enhanced by a factor of three.

Research on optimizing focused ultrasonic parameters for Surfactant-Free nanoemulsion with prolonged stability

Stable-state emulsions with no phase separation and dispersed-particle aggregation can be utilized in various fields, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and drug delivery. However, the physicochemical properties and stability of emulsions are significantly affected by factors such as concentration, mixing method, droplet size, and temperature. Surfactants (emulsifiers), which are used to form stable emulsions, adversely affect the human body and environment and influence the properties of emulsions, thereby limiting their development. This study manufactured stable emulsions without a surfactant using ultrasonic equipment. The oil particle size distributions, zeta potentials, microscopic observations, and emulsion stabilities of six emulsions (with an oil content of 1 %) prepared using different frequencies (250–1000 kHz) and output powers (50–150 W) were analyzed, immediately after preparation at 25 °C and 3 d thereafter. Finally, it was possible to manufacture a stable emulsion without particle size change or phase separation with a particle size in the 100 nm range and a surface charge value of −40 mV or more under conditions of 400 kHz and 150 W. This study proposed a method (with the optimum conditions) for manufacturing surfactant-free emulsions by analyzing the stability of emulsions manufactured under various frequencies and output-power conditions. The proposed method could open new frontiers in emulsion development and applications.

Temperature dependent stochastic dynamics mass spectrometric analysis of configurationally locked polyenes

This paper derived relation between mass spectrometric variable intensity of analyte peaks and three-dimensional molecular structures of ions toward temperature utilising innovative stochastic dynamics equations, which provide exact analyte quantification and 3D structural analysis and are attractive formulas for modelling of mass spectrometric phenomena. The same equations are opened to develop new relations accounting for temperature; thus, providing argumentation about temperature dependent variables. High-temperature measurement of vapours are important tool, amongst others and use the Arrhenius’s plot. However, there is a variation between experimental and theoretical linear correlation toward temperature; thus, highlighting soft ionisation methods showing significant standard deviations. It could be explained with temperature perturbation of charge values. Descriptive models, so far, provide semi-quantification. This study, first shows validity of new functional model. Straightforwardly, its empirical proof is obtained determining 3D structurally protomers and isotopomers of configurationally locked polyenes via ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry within the temperature range T=300-450°C. There are used high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics and chemometrics. There are excellent method performances (|r|=0.99978). The tool could be regarded as an actually honest alternative of available theoretical models.

On the value of orderly electric vehicle charging in carbon emission reduction

In this study, a bi-level model is developed to quantify the value of orderly electric vehicle (EV) charging in carbon reduction. Specifically, the upper-level model optimizes each EV driver’s charging schedule to diminish the total carbon emissions without impacting their travel plans, and the lower-level problem aims to fulfill electricity demands with minimal electricity dispatch cost. Based on real-world operation data obtained from 3,777 battery EVs (BEVs) in Shanghai over 11 months and local power plant data, the total carbon emissions generated by BEVs in Shanghai is calculated as 1,176,637 tons over this period, averaging 73 gCO2/km per BEV. By administering charging control to all BEVs in Shanghai, the above emission could be curtailed by 39%. Sensitivity analyses uncover that augmenting battery capacity and integrating wind power can significantly enhance emission reductions, while increasing the flexibility of the power plant might diminish the effectiveness of orderly EV charging.

Constraining the Earth-mass Primordial Black Hole Mergers Model of the Non-repeating FRBs Using the First CHIME/FRB Catalog

In this paper, we upgrade the constraints for the Earth-mass primordial black hole mergers model based on the first Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME)/fast radio burst (FRB) catalog. Assuming the null hypothesis that the observed non-repeating FRBs originate from Earth-mass primordial black hole mergers, we find that how the charges were distributed in the primordial black hole population is well described by a double power-law function with typical charge value of qc/10−5=1.60−0.28+0.28 , where the power-law index α1=2.33−0.18+0.15 for q < q c and α2=4.56−0.26+0.30 for q ≥ q c. Here, q represents the charge of the black hole in units of GM , where M is the mass of the black hole. Furthermore, we infer the local event rate of the bursts is 8.8−2.1+5.7×104Gpc−3yr−1 , which indicates that an abundance of the primordial black hole population f ≳ 10−4 is needed to account for the observed FRBs by CHIME. The results of this paper lay the basis for further research on the electromagnetic radiation background generated by the merger of primordial black hole mergers.

Feed-forward State of Charge estimation of LiFePO[formula omitted] batteries using time-series machine learning prediction with autoregressive models

This paper presents a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model for the State of Charge (SoC) estimation for an Electric Vehicle’s Lithium-Ion battery. A new Autoregressive modification is proposed to improve upon earlier published Machine Learning models to enhance the prediction accuracy and make results less sensitive to varying usage conditions. By building upon earlier published findings, assessing several models’ ability to estimate charge using a history window of sensory data, this work proposes, implements, and reports its methods of improving accuracy by introducing the State of Charge as part of sensory inputs in a Feed-Forward manner. The method is based on the Autoregressive implementation of neural network model training, where successively calculated charge values are used as input in the subsequent predictions, but the potential inaccuracies with those predictions that might otherwise cause significant and rapid divergence are accounted for within a modified recursive training procedure. As a result, with a slight increase in training time, the accuracy of the output prediction for three different realistic charge–discharge driving profiles doubled compared to the two best previously published models. Overall, the test results have demonstrated the usability of the current model in actual driving scenarios, making such models a viable replacement to estimation approaches used in electric vehicle battery management systems.

Measurements of Chemical Potentials in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV.

This Letter presents the most precise measurement to date of the matter-antimatter imbalance at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV. Using the Statistical Hadronization framework, it is possible to obtain the value of the electric charge and baryon chemical potentials, μ_{Q}=-0.18±0.90 MeV and μ_{B}=0.71±0.45 MeV, with unprecedented precision. A centrality-differential study of the antiparticle-to-particle yield ratios of charged pions, protons, Ω baryons, and light (hyper)nuclei is performed. These results indicate that the system created in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC is on average baryon-free and electrically neutral at midrapidity.

Evaluation of counterparty credit risk under netting agreements

We investigate counterparty credit risk and credit valuation adjustments in portfolios including derivatives with early-exercise opportunities, under a netting agreement. We show that credit risk and netting agreements have a significant impact on the way portfolios are managed (that is, on options’ exercise strategies) and, therefore, on the value of the portfolio and on the price of counterparty risk. We derive the value of a netted portfolio as the solution of a zero-sum, finite horizon, discrete-time stochastic game. We show that this dynamic-game interpretation can be used to determine the value of the reglementary capital charges required of financial institutions to cover for counterparty credit risk and we propose a numerical valuation method. Numerical investigations show that currently used numerical approaches can grossly misestimate the value of credit valuation adjustments.

Electric Scooter-related Injuries Are Becoming More Frequent and Costly in Denver, CO.

Electric scooters (e-scooters) have become a widely adopted form of transportation. Information regarding the timing, conditions, and context associated with increased frequency of e-scooter-related injuries could inform policy that may potentially reduce associated injuries and healthcare costs. However, this information is lacking, as most research to date has focused on the injury patterns sustained while using e-scooters rather than context. We sought to evaluate these factors in an urban setting and describe how these are evolving over time, as such information may help guide future safety initiatives. (1) How has the epidemiology of e-scooter-related injuries in Denver, CO, USA, changed over time? (2) What are the associated hospital charges to treat patients with these injuries? (3) What circumstances are associated with an increased frequency of e-scooter-related injuries and higher accompanying hospital charges? A retrospective study at a Level 1 trauma center in Denver, CO, USA, examined trends in e-scooter-related injuries from January 1, 2020, to November 1, 2023. Patients were identified by the key terms "e-scooter crash" or "scooter" within their emergency department/urgent care visit notes. Patient demographic and injury characteristics and hospital data (admission and hospital charges) were analyzed. Patients who sustained injuries from devices other than stand-up e-scooters or who did not have complete records available for analysis were excluded. The epidemiologic data on e-scooter-related injuries were quantified for each year within the study period, and descriptive analyses were performed to assess patient and injury characteristics, including age, gender, and fracture characteristics. Hospital charges were calculated using the mean annual sum of hospital charges associated with the treatment for e-scooter-related injuries. Circumstances influencing the frequency of injury and magnitude of hospital charges were assessed based on the timing of presentation to the emergency department or urgent care. We recognize that charge may have little or no direct relationship to true cost, but we believe that within one hospital system it represents a reasonable metric for comparative resource utilization. Injury frequency by time of the day and day of the week were compared using chi-square goodness-of-fit analyses. The value of hospital charges associated with e-scooter-related injuries was compared between patients presenting with alcohol intoxication and those who were not intoxicated. In all, 2424 patients were identified as having e-scooter-related injuries (58% [1405] men, 42% [1019] women, median (IQR) age 30 years [25 to 37 years]). The number of annual e-scooter-related injuries during the years 2020 to 2023 were 273 in 2020, 736 in 2021, 758 in 2022, and 657 in 2023 (only 10 months). From 2020 to 2023, the mean annual sum of hospital charges for treatment of e-scooter-related injuries was USD 10.4 million; USD 6.4 million in 2020, USD 11.5 million in 2021, USD 11.9 million in 2022, and USD 10.9 million in 2023 (only 10 months). Hospital charges associated with orthopaedic e-scooter-related injuries amounted to a mean annual sum of USD 3.6 million over the 4-year study period; USD 1.5 million in 2020, USD 3.9 million in 2021, USD 4.5 million in 2022, and USD 4.1 million in 2023 (only 10 months). Forty-five percent (1098) of all e-scooter-related injuries occurred between 7 PM and 3 AM, and 44% (1064) of them occurred over the weekend. The treatment of e-scooter-related injuries incurred higher hospital charges if injuries occurred during night hours (median [IQR] USD 10,459 [4779 to 16,423]) compared with early morning (USD 4973 [1178 to 11,671]) or daytime hours (USD 4871 [1059 to 11,673]; p < 0.001), or while patients were intoxicated (USD 13,404 [10,346 to 22,525]) compared with those who were not intoxicated (USD 6132 [2612 to 13,620]; p < 0.001). E-scooter-related injuries are increasing in frequency and occur most commonly during nighttime and weekend hours. Total hospital charges to treat these injuries are also increasing annually, with the highest charges observed during evening hours and in patients presenting with alcohol intoxication. These results may help inform e-scooter awareness initiatives and policy reform to place restrictions on e-scooter use during periods of highest injury frequency and healthcare charges. Further research related to the efficacy of implementing e-scooter restrictions is needed. Future observational studies evaluating time of injury compared with presentation for treatment could help to provide a more precise understanding of the epidemiology of these injuries. Level IV, prognostic study.