Abstract
In this study, a bi-level model is developed to quantify the value of orderly electric vehicle (EV) charging in carbon reduction. Specifically, the upper-level model optimizes each EV driver’s charging schedule to diminish the total carbon emissions without impacting their travel plans, and the lower-level problem aims to fulfill electricity demands with minimal electricity dispatch cost. Based on real-world operation data obtained from 3,777 battery EVs (BEVs) in Shanghai over 11 months and local power plant data, the total carbon emissions generated by BEVs in Shanghai is calculated as 1,176,637 tons over this period, averaging 73 gCO2/km per BEV. By administering charging control to all BEVs in Shanghai, the above emission could be curtailed by 39%. Sensitivity analyses uncover that augmenting battery capacity and integrating wind power can significantly enhance emission reductions, while increasing the flexibility of the power plant might diminish the effectiveness of orderly EV charging.
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