Charge-separated State Research Articles

Polymeric triazine/heptazine imide heterostructures enable photocatalytic O2reduction to H2O2

Heptazine-based carbon nitrides are a class of transition metal free semiconductors, which are extensively studied in various photocatalytic processes. The localized nature of the excitons, incomplete exciton conversion into the charge-separated state and the recombination of the charge carriers are the factors that limit performance of the pristine heptazine-based carbon nitrides. Herein, we design heterojunctions composed of poly(triazine imide) intercalated by LiCl and poly(heptazine imide) phases. The donor-acceptor character of the heterojunctions improves the charge separation yield. The heterojunction with the optimal composition of the phases shows an apparent quantum yield of H2O2 formation of 14 % at 365 nm and 7 % at 465 nm, while the H2O2 production rate reaches 7.8 mol L−1 gphotocatalyst−1 h−1 (39 mmol L−1 h−1 produced by 5 mg of photocatalyst) in batch and 15.9 mol kgphotocatalyst−1 h−1 in flow using a packed-bed photoreactor. The heterojunction undergoes photocharging under anaerobic conditions. The charges stored in the material after irradiation enable O2 reduction to H2O2 in the dark with the rate 367 µmol gphotocatalyst−1 h−1 (1.8 µmol h−1 stored in 5 mg of photocatalyst).

DFT-assisted design of curcumin-based donor-π-bridge-acceptor molecular structures: Advancing nonlinear optical materials and sustainable organic solar cells

This study explores the theoretical design of novel curcumin-based structures with enhanced nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics. By systematically substituting hydroxyl (OH) functionalities in bisdemethoxycurcumin (BdMC) with various donor and acceptor functionalities at the edges of the π-bridge backbone, we constructed 12 different derivatives. Density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels to analyze the optoelectronic properties. The introduction of donors and acceptors significantly improved NLO characteristics. Notably, BdMC-1 (N(C2H5)2-π-bridge-NO2) exhibited a remarkable enhancement in NLO responses, with the average polarizability (<α>) and the first hyperpolarizability (βtot) increasing from 465.3 to 660.9 (a.u.) and 14254.4 to 143487.6 (a.u.), respectively. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed BdMC-1 as the most red-shifted compound, with a maximum wavelength (λmax) of 431.1 nm, the lowest optical bandgap of 2.88 eV, and an ultrahigh light harvesting efficiency (LHE) of 97.4%. The designed compounds exhibited narrower HOMO-LUMO electronic bandgaps (as low as 2.08 eV) compared to BdMC (3.32 eV), contributing to the improved NLO responses. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis confirmed the formation of a charge separation state, facilitating effective electron migration from donors to acceptors through the π-bridge. Additionally, using BdMC-based materials as acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs) yielded open-circuit voltages (Voc) from 1.62 to 2.23 V, fill factors (FF) above 90%, and low exciton binding energies (Ee−b) in the range of 0.08 to 0.80 eV.

Non-covalent self-assembly of substituted phthalocyanine with C60, C70, and 9-phenylanthracene: Spectroscopic insights and DFT calculations

Self-assembly of non-covalent donor-acceptor systems based on (octakis-3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)phthalocyanine (H2Pc(3,5-tBuPhO)8) and С60, С70 or 9-phenylanthracene (PhAn) is observed and described using the UV–vis and steady-state/time-resolved fluorescence methods. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the H2Pc(3,5-tBuPhO)8 - С60/С70/PhAn supramolecule was established by Job's method. The fluorescence quenching of phthalocyanine in the mentioned systems in toluene, indicating close bonding between a donor and an acceptor, was observed. The bonding constants are 1.2 × 104 M−1, 2.4 × 104 M−1, and 3.9 × 102 M−1 for the C60, C70, and PhAn derivatives, respectively. Using time-resolved fluorescence measurements, the static mechanism of quenching was established. The H2Pc(3,5-tBuPhO)8 fluorescence lifetimes in the absence and presence of С60/С70/PhAn, the charge separation rate constant (kCS) and the charge-separated state quantum yield (ΦCS) of donor-acceptor systems were calculated. (С70)H2Pc(3,5-tBuPhO)8 displays the highest kCS and ΦCS in good agreement with its stability parameter. Quantum-chemical calculations of the molecular spatial/electronic structure and the HOMO/LUMO composition that were revealed by DFT and TD DFT methods point to the H2Pc(3,5-tBuPhO)8 → fullerenes redistribution of the electron density and to the opposite one in the PhAn complex.

Stepwise Charge/Energy Transfer in MR-TADF Molecule-Doped Exciplex for Ultralong Persistent Luminescence Activated with Visible Light.

Organic long-persistent luminescence (OLPL), which relies on energy storage for delayed light emission by the charge separation state, has attracted intense attention in various optical applications. However, charge separation (CS) is efficient only under ultraviolet excitation in most OLPL systems because it requires a driving force from the large energy difference between the local excited (LE) and charge transfer (CT) states. In this study, a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) molecule is incorporated into an exciplex system to achieve efficient OLPL in a composite material activated by visible light via a stepwise charge/energy transfer process. The enhanced absorption of the composite material facilitated a tenfold increase in the duration of the OLPL, which can last for several hours under visible light excitation. The excited state of the MR-TADF molecule tends to charge transfer to the acceptor, followed by energy transfer to the exciplex, which benefits from the small difference between the LE and CT states owing to the inherent CS characteristics of the opposing resonance effect. Afterglow displays of these composite materials are fabricated to demonstrate their considerable potential in encryption patterns and emergency lights, which take advantage of their excellent processability, visible light activation, and tunable luminescence properties.

Molecular Photoelectrochemical Energy Storage Materials for Coupled Solar Batteries.

ConspectusSolar-to-electrochemical energy storage is one of the essential solar energy utilization pathways alongside solar-to-electricity and solar-to-chemical conversion. A coupled solar battery enables direct solar-to-electrochemical energy storage via photocoupled ion transfer using photoelectrochemical materials with light absorption/charge transfer and redox capabilities. Common photoelectrochemical materials face challenges due to insufficient solar spectrum utilization, which restricts their redox potential window and constrains energy conversion efficiency. In contrast, molecular photoelectrochemical energy storage materials are promising for their mechanism of exciton-involved redox reaction that allows for extra energy utilization from hot excitons generated by superbandgap excitation and localized heat after absorption of sub-bandgap photons. This enables more efficient redox reactions with a less restricted redox potentials window and, thus, better utilization of the full solar spectrum. Despite these advantages, practical application remains elusive due to the mismatch between the short lifetime of the charge separation state (<ns) and the slower redox reaction rate (>μs). This mismatch results in a significant portion of the photogenerated charges recombining before participating in desired electrochemical energy storage reactions, leading to diminished overall efficiency. It is therefore highly important to develop molecular materials with intrinsic prolonged charge separation state and extrinsic effective mass-electron transfer to enable efficient coupled solar batteries for practical applications.In this Account, we begin with an introduction of the general solar-to-electrochemical energy storage concept based on molecular photoelectrochemical energy storage materials, highlighting the advantages of periodic oxidative donor-reductive acceptor porous aggregate structures that have synergistic implications on charge separation state lifetime extension and mass-electron transfer. We then present our earliest trial on the design and application of molecular photoelectrochemical energy storage materials, which stimulated our subsequent studies on tuning electron donor and acceptor structures for enhanced charge separation and diverse photoelectrochemical redox reactions. Moreover, we introduce the best practices in the design and assembly of various coupled solar battery devices, along with our literature contributions and progresses in solar-to-electrochemical energy storage efficiency (ηSES) over nearly the past decade. Finally, we conclude by highlighting the universality of our strategies as essential design principles, spanning from regulating long-lived charge separation states and photocoupled ion transfer processes in molecular materials to the construction of efficient coupled solar batteries. We offer perspectives on the synergy between photovoltage and redox potentials and the practical significance of 3D printing, providing key evaluation indicators for large-scale application. This Account provides molecular level insights for the construction of high-efficiency photoelectrochemical energy storage materials and guidance for practical solar-to-electrochemical energy storage applications.

Molecular Triplet Generation Enabled by Adjacent Metal Nanoparticles.

High-efficiency generation of spin-triplet states in organic molecules is of great interest in diverse areas such as photocatalysis, photodynamic therapy, and upconversion photonics. Recent studies have introduced colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals as a new class of photosensitizers that can efficiently transfer their photoexcitation energy to molecular triplets. Here, we demonstrate that metallic Ag nanoparticles can also assist in the generation of molecular triplets in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but not through a conventional sensitization mechanism. Instead, the triplet formation is mediated by charge-separated states resulting from hole transfer from photoexcited PAHs (anthracene and pyrene) to Ag nanoparticles, which is established through the rapid formation and subsequent decay of molecular anions revealed in our transient absorption measurements. The dominance of hole transfer over electron transfer, while both are energetically allowed, could be attributed to a Marcus inverted region of charge transfer. Owing to the rapid charge separation and the rapid spin-flip in metals, the triplet formation yields are remarkably high, as confirmed by their engagement in production of singlet oxygen with a quantum efficiency reaching 58.5%. This study not only uncovers the fundamental interaction mechanisms between metallic nanoparticles and organic molecules in both charge and spin degrees of freedom but also greatly expands the scope of triplet "sensitization" using inorganic nanomaterials for a variety of emerging applications.

Aggregation-Driven Photoinduced α-C(sp3)-H Bond Hydroxylation/C(sp3)-C(sp3) Coupling of Boron Dipyrromethene Dye in Water Reported by Near-Infrared Emission.

Molecular aggregation is a powerful tool for tuning advanced materials' photophysical and electronic properties. Here we present a novel potential for the aqueous-solvated aggregated state of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) to facilitate phototransformations otherwise achievable only under harsh chemical conditions. We show that the photoinduced symmetry-breaking charge separation state can itself initiate catalyst-free redox chemistry, leading to selective α-C(sp3)-H bond activation/Csp3-Csp3 coupling on the BODIPY backbone. The photoproduction progress was tracked by monitoring the evolution of the strong Stokes-shifted near-infrared emission, resulting from selective self-assembly of the terminal heterodimeric photoproduct into well-ordered J-aggregates, as revealed by X-ray structural analysis. These findings provide a facile and green route to further explore the promising frontier of packing-triggered selective photoconversions via supramolecular engineering.

Excited Charge Separation in a π-Interacting Phenothiazine-Zinc Porphyrin-Fullerene Donor-Acceptor Conjugate.

We have designed, synthesized, and characterized a donor-acceptor triad, SPS-PPY-C60, that consists of a π-interacting phenothiazine-linked porphyrin as a donor and sensitizer and fullerene as an acceptor to seek charge separation upon photoexcitation. The optical absorption spectrum revealed red-shifted Soret and Q-bands of porphyrin due to charge transfer-type interactions involving the two ethynyl bridges carrying electron-rich and electron-poor substituents. The redox properties suggested that the phenothiazine-porphyrin part of the molecule is easier to oxidize and the fullerene part is easier to reduce. DFT calculations supported the redox properties wherein the electron density of the highest molecular orbital (HOMO) was distributed over the donor phenothiazine-porphyrin entity while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was distributed over the fullerene acceptor. TD-DFT studies suggested the involvement of both the S2 and S1 states in the charge transfer process. The steady-state emission spectrum, when excited either at porphyrin Soret or visible band absorption maxima, revealed quenched emission both in nonpolar and polar solvents, suggesting the occurrence of excited state events. Finally, femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies were performed to witness the charge separation by utilizing solvents of different polarities. The transient data was further analyzed by GloTarAn by fitting the data with appropriate models to describe photochemical events. From this, the average lifetime of the charge-separated state calculated was found to be 169 ps in benzonitrile, 319 ps in dichlorobenzene, 1.7 ns in toluene for Soret band excitation, and ∼320 ps for Q-band excitation in benzonitrile.

Long-lived photoinduced charge separation in adamantane-bridged donor-acceptor dyads: A case of adamantane bridge conferring orthogonal donor-acceptor orientation and restricted rotation

Design of compact donor-acceptor dyads that can exhibit charge separated (CS) state lifetimes extending to the microsecond time domain remains a major challenge even today. A simple but effective design strategy that can lead to long CS state lifetimes, in at least a few compact dyads, is still elusive. Herein we propose that use of adamantane (AD) as bridge can enhance CS state lifetimes in small molecule donor-acceptor dyads. This paper reports AD-bridged dyads, AN-AD-NB and PY-AD-NB, wherein the anthracene (or pyrene) donor and nitrobenzene acceptor are attached to bridgehead positions of AD. The singlet CS states generated upon irradiation were long-lived (lifetimes >1 μs) and decayed to the ground and local triplet states, simultaneously. Electron transfer reactions of the CS state with secondary donor and acceptor established that the CS state is sufficiently long-lived to participate in intermolecular reactions. X-ray crystal structure of the AN-AD-NB dyad reveals that the donor and acceptor are orthogonally oriented, which reduces the donor-acceptor interaction, and thereby the charge recombination rate, significantly. By analysing the X-ray structure, we predict that all adamantane-bridged compact dyads will have orthogonal donor-acceptor orientation and exhibit long-lived CS states. We also report studies with bisadamantyl-substituted dyads and the results confirmed that the local triplets are formed from the CS state through hyperfine interaction. Based on our work we propose that the hyperfine interaction, which is not expected to occur in compact dyads because of the short donor-acceptor separation, can indeed occur if the CS state is sufficiently long-lived.

Multimodular Wide-Band Capturing Nanohybrids: Role of Carbon Nanotubes in Slowing Charge Recombination in Supramolecular C60-BisstyrylBODIPY-(Zinc Porphyrin)2 Donor-Acceptor Molecular Cleft.

The importance of diameter-sorted single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) noncovalently bound to a donor-acceptor molecular cleft, 1, in prolonging the lifetime of charge-separated states is successfully demonstrated. For this, using a multistep synthetic procedure, a wide-band capturing, multimodular, C60-bisstyrylBODIPY-(zinc porphyrin)2, molecular cleft 1, was newly synthesized and shown to bind diameter-sorted SWCNTs. The molecular cleft and its supramolecular assemblies were characterized by a suite of physicochemical techniques. Free-energy calculations suggested that both the (6,5) and (7,6) SWCNTs bound to 1 act as hole acceptors during the photoinduced sequential electron transfer events. Consequently, selective excitation of 1 in 1:SWCNT hybrids revealed a two-step electron transfer, leading to the formation of charge-separated states. Due to the distant separation of the cation and anion radical species within the supramolecules, improved lifetimes of the charge-separated states could be achieved. The present supramolecular strategy of improving charge separation involving SWCNTs and donor-acceptor molecular clefts highlights the potential application of these hybrid materials for various light energy harvesting and optoelectronic applications.

Probing Excited State Delocalization and Charge Separation in Hierarchical Perylene Diimide Materials with Time-Resolved Broadband Microscopy

Probing Excited State Delocalization and Charge Separation in Hierarchical Perylene Diimide Materials with Time-Resolved Broadband Microscopy

Intermolecular Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactivity from a Persistent Charge-Transfer State for Reductive Photoelectrocatalysis.

Interest in applying proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagents in reductive electro- and photocatalysis requires strategies that mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Photoexcitation of a PCET donor to a charge-separated state (CSS) can produce a powerful H-atom donor capable of being electrochemically recycled at a comparatively anodic potential corresponding to its ground state. However, the challenge is designing a mediator with a sufficiently long-lived excited state for bimolecular reactivity. Here, we describe a powerful ferrocene-derived photoelectrochemical PCET mediator exhibiting an unusually long-lived CSS (τ ∼ 0.9 μs). In addition to detailed photophysical studies, proof-of-concept stoichiometric and catalytic proton-coupled reductive transformations are presented, which illustrate the promise of this approach.

Ultrafast Excited-State Nonadiabatic Dynamics in Pt(II) Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Assemblies: A Quantum Approach for Optical Control.

The ultrafast nonadiabatic excited state dynamics of (PTZ-N-benzyl-acetylide) (trans-bis-trimethylphosphine) Pt(II) (acetylide-NDI-bis-methyl) 1, representative of a series of Pt(II) donor-bridge-acceptor assemblies experimentally studied by the Weinstein group, University of Sheffield, is investigated by means of wavepacket propagations based on the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method. On the basis of electronic structure data obtained at the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) level, the subpicosecond decay is simulated by solving an 11 electronic states multimode problem, up to 18 vibrational normal modes, including both spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and vibronic coupling. A careful analysis of the results, within the diabatic representation, provides the key features of the spin-vibronic mechanism at work in this complex, distinguishing between the spin-orbit and vibronically activated ultrafast processes within the excited states manifold. The knowledge of the key active normal modes that promote selectively the population of specific electronic excited states opens a route toward optical control by selectively exciting these modes in order to drive the associated nonadiabatic processes. Relevant simulations, over 2 ps, are proposed to assess the impact of these selective vibrational excitations on the branching ratio between the primary photoproducts, namely, bridge-acceptor charge-transfer (CT) and donor-acceptor charge-separated (CS) electronic states. Whereas the excitation of the localized acetylide bridge C≡C bond stretching does not modify drastically the population of the low-lying electronic states within the first two ps, vibrational excitation of the out-of-plane twisting motion of the N-benzyl group linked to the donor entity favors the population of the 1,3CS states at the expense of the lowest 1,3CT states. This quantum study opens the route to IR optical control experiments based on the specific alteration of vibrational normal modes that activate vibronic couplings between key electronic excited states. However, the presence of critical crossings along the PES channels associated with these normal modes and the role of concurrent SOC driven ultrafast transfers of population should not be underestimated.

Photodriven electron-transfer dynamics in a series of heteroleptic Cu(I)-anthraquinone dyads.

Solar fuels catalysis is a promising route to efficiently harvesting, storing, and utilizing abundant solar energy. To achieve this promise, however, molecular systems must be designed with sustainable components that can balance numerous photophysical and chemical processes. To that end, we report on the structural and photophysical characterization of a series of Cu(I)-anthraquinone-based electron donor-acceptor dyads. The dyads utilized a heteroleptic Cu(I) bis-diimine architecture with a copper(I) bis-phenanthroline chromophore donor and anthraquinone electron acceptor. We characterized the structures of the complexes using x-ray crystallography and density functional theory calculations and the photophysical properties via resonance Raman and optical transient absorption spectroscopy. The calculations and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed that excitation of the Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition transfers the electron to a delocalized ligand orbital. The optical transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that each dyad formed the oxidized copper-reduced anthraquinone charge-separated state. Unlike most Cu(I) bis-phenanthroline complexes where increasingly bulky substituents on the phenanthroline ligands lead to longer MLCT excited-state lifetimes, here, we observe a decrease in the long-lived charge-separated state lifetime with increasing steric bulk. The charge-separated state lifetimes were best explained in the context of electron-transfer theory rather than with the energy gap law, which is typical for MLCT excited states, despite the complete conjugation between the phenanthroline and anthraquinone moieties.

Visible Light as a Promising Signal Amplification Tool for the Efficient Electrochemical Detection of Azithromycin Antibiotic by Using Photoactive Spinel Nickel Ferrite Nanoflakes

An efficient photoactive spinel NiFe2O4 nanoflakes (NFO NFs) was successfully prepared and integrated into an electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of Azithromycin (AZM) under visible light illumination. With the introduction of 532 nm laser illumination, NFO NFs could be easily excited and induce the charge-separation state with electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band. Upon illumination, the low band gap value in combination with edge-to-flat-surface/edge-to-edge conjunctions of NFO NFs could form the electron transfer pathway for transferring photogenerated electron-hole pairs to the AZM analyte-NFO electrode interface. Hence, the fabricated visible light-assisted NFO-based electrochemical sensor shows remarkable enhanced analytical performance, with calculated values of electron transfer rate constant, adsorption capacity, diffusion coefficient, and catalytic rate constant under visible light illumination of 1.29, 1.27, 2.08, and 3.40 times higher than in the dark condition, respectively. As a result, the NFO-based electrochemical sensing platform in the presence of visible light illumination possessed a high electrochemical sensitivity of 0.070 μA μM−1 in a wide linear dynamic range of 2.5–150 μM and a detection limit of 1.67 μM and also exhibited excellent anti-interference ability, repeatability, storage stability, reproducibility, and practical feasibility for AZM detection in pharmaceutical tablets.

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Bipolar Compound: Triphenylamine/Diazafluorene-Carbazole.

Carbazole and triphenylamine, are two well-known hole transporting units that are attached to electron transporting unit 4,5-diazafluorene in a fascinating way to bring out non-planar configuration of a molecule. The synthesized compound exhibits good thermal stability (Td > 515°C) and high glass transition temperature (Tg, 191°C). Optical bandgap (Egopt) obtained from solid state absorption spectra was calculated to be 2.93eV. Solid state photoluminescence spectra displays the emission maxima at 473nm. The emission characteristics of the compound observed in solvents of different polarity confirms the existence of intramolecular charge transfer in their excited state. Density functional theory studies reveal that HOMO and HOMO-1 localized on triphenylamine is spatially separated from LUMO of 4,5-diazafluorene, which manifest its bipolar character. The realization of long lived charge separated state upon photo-excitation from time resolved photoluminescence studies ascertains the charge transfer from triphenylamine to 4,5-diazafluorene. The experimental and theoretical analysis of the compound proved it to be a promising candidate for the fabrication of OLED devices.

Excitation transfer and quenching in photosystem II, enlightened by carotenoid triplet state in leaves.

Accumulation of carotenoid (Car) triplet states was investigated by singlet-triplet annihilation, measured as chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence quenching in sunflower and lettuce leaves. The leaves were illuminated by Xe flashes of 4μs length at half-height and 525-565 or 410-490nm spectral band, maximum intensity 2mol quanta m-2s-1, flash photon dose up to 10μmolm-2 or 4-10 PSII excitations. Superimposed upon the non-photochemically unquenched Fmd state, fluorescence was strongly quenched near the flash maximum (minimum yield Fe), but returned to the Fmd level after 30-50μs. The fraction of PSII containing a 3Car in equilibrium with singlet excitation was calculated as Te = (Fmd-Fe)/Fmd. Light dependence of Te was a rectangular hyperbola, whose initial slope and plateau were determined by the quantum yields of triplet formation and annihilation and by the triplet lifetime. The intrinsic lifetime was 9μs, but it was strongly shortened by the presence of O2. The triplet yield was 0.66 without nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) but approached zero when NP-Quenched fluorescence approached 0.2 Fmd. The results show that in the Fmd state a light-adapted charge-separated PSIIL state is formed (Sipka et al., The Plant Cell 33:1286-1302, 2021) in which Pheo-P680+ radical pair formation is hindered, and excitation is terminated in the antenna by 3Car formation. The results confirm that there is no excitonic connectivity between PSII units. In the PSIIL state each PSII is individually turned into the NPQ state, where excess excitation is quenched in the antenna without 3Car formation.

Clicked BODIPY-Fullerene-Peptide Assemblies: Studies of Electron Transfer Processes in Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Surfaces.

Two BODIPY-C60-peptide assemblies were synthesized by CuAAC reactions of BODIPY-C60 dyads and a helical peptide functionalized with a terminal alkyne group and an azide group, respectively. The helical peptide within these assemblies was functionalized at its other end by a disulfide group, allowing formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces. Characterizations of these SAMs, as well as those of reference molecules (BODIPY-C60-alkyl, C60-peptide and BODIPY-peptide), were carried out by PM-IRRAS and cyclic voltammetry. BODIPY-C60-peptide SAMs are more densely packed than BODIPY-C60-alkyl and BODIPY-peptide based SAMs. These findings were attributed to the rigid peptide helical conformation along with peptide-peptide and C60-C60 interactions within the monolayers. However, less dense monolayers were obtained with the target assemblies compared to the C60-peptide, as the BODIPY entity likely disrupts organization within the monolayers. Finally, electron transfer kinetics measurements by ultra-fast electrochemistry experiments demonstrated that the helical peptide is a better electron mediator in comparison to alkyl chains. This property was exploited along with those of the BODIPY-C60 dyads in a photo-current generation experiment by converting the resulting excited and/or charge separated states from photo-illumination of the dyad into electrical energy.

Rational Construction and Efficient Regulation of Stable and Long-Lived Charge-Separation State in Fullerene Materials

Rational Construction and Efficient Regulation of Stable and Long-Lived Charge-Separation State in Fullerene Materials

Long-Lived Charge-Separated States in ZnS/Na-MOR Zeolite upon trans-Stilbene Adsorption

Long-Lived Charge-Separated States in ZnS/Na-MOR Zeolite upon <i>trans</i>-Stilbene Adsorption