Charge Imbalance Research Articles

Mechanistic insights into photo-assisted DMF cleavage mediated by charge transfer reaction

Mechanistic insights into the synthetically-valued metal-free sustainable N,N-dimethylamination of perfluoroarenes have been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) have been applied to provide details regarding photo-assisted cleavage of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) for the valued N, N-dimethylamination reaction. The radical reaction mediated by the electron transfer process causes DMF cleavage, which is responsible for the amination reaction. It was found that the energy barrier for the ground state reaction is thermally prohibitive. On the other hand, visible-light irradiation activates the electron-donor properties of DMF and acceptor properties of perfluoronaphthalene (PFN), so that the energy barrier for electron transfer reduces to ∼ 14 kcal/mol. The redistribution of the electronic charge between the DMF and PFN generates an imbalance of charge on the overall molecule. These events prompt the relocation of extraneous charges to some antibonding molecular orbitals so that one of the C-F bonds in PFN gets weakened and is easily broken. The reductive cleavage of the C-F bond enables the radical ions to react quickly to afford the amination products, which eventually deactivate to the ground state.

Boosting the performance in steam electrolysis of solid oxide electrolysis cell by potassium-doping in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ cathode

Doping potassium ions (K+) in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ (SFMO) double perovskite is shown to improve the electrocatalytic activity on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). The K+ dopant replaces the A-site strontium ion (Sr2+) in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ and causes charge imbalance that induced the formation of positively charged defects within Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ and facilitates electrochemical processes in steam electrolysis. The enhanced processes include charge transfer, rate-determining oxide transport and surface hydrogen migration, and steam-dependent water adsorption reactions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results evidently show: (1) Improvement in water adsorption reaction in K0.15Sr1.85Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ (K0.15SFMO) due to increase oxygen vacancy concentration for steam electrolysis.(2) The polarization resistance of the cell using K0.15Sr1.85Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ decreased by 50% compares to the cell using the Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ electrode.

Inhomogeneity of Cleaved Bulk MoS2 and Compensation of Its Charge Imbalances by Room‐Temperature Hydrogen Treatment

AbstractSynthetic single crystals of bulk molybdenum disulphide cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum are mapped across a large (≈25 mm2) area by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, both statically and transiently following above‐bandgap excitation by an ultrafast laser. This work finds that: I) A cleaved surface typically displays spatially inhomogeneous properties, manifested by large (≈1 eV) variations in binding energy and band bending and variable degrees of stability of those over time as a result of variable gas uptakes from the residual atmosphere. II) Moderate (350 °C) annealing and exposure to molecular hydrogen can be cycled to switch between smaller and larger surface band bending, the switch being reversible but strongly sample‐position dependent. III) Upon exposure to atomic hydrogen, the binding energy of the entire surface levels out to a common (within <0.05 eV) value corresponding to a Fermi level pinned close to mid‐bandgap. Such remarkable effect is attributed to the ability of hydrogen atoms to serve as donors and acceptors alike, thus neutralizing local charge imbalances inevitably present at the surface in consequence of intrinsic and/or cleavage‐induced defects. With subsequent moderate annealing, the hydrogenated surface preserves a fairly homogenous electronic state which is however characterized by a lower binding energy and little to no band bending.

The function of the time constant in RC series circuit signal filtering

Battery storage systems are essential components in the realm of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles, providing critical support in managing power supply and demand. However, a prevalent issue within these systems is charge imbalance among individual battery cells, which can lead to suboptimal power efficiency, reduced reliability, and potential safety hazards. Addressing this challenge, researchers have focused on developing battery equalization techniques to ensure uniform charge distribution. Among the various strategies, switched-capacitor-based battery equalizers have emerged as a promising solution due to their cost-effectiveness, compact design, and controllability. This paper delves into the analysis of several switched-capacitor-based battery equalizers, including conventional, two-level, modular, chain structure types I and II, series-parallel, and single switched-capacitor equalizers. The study begins with the formulation of mathematical models that simulate the charge and discharge cycles of these equalizers, providing insights into their operational mechanisms. The goal is to enhance the understanding of switched-capacitor equalizers, paving the way for advancements in battery management systems that optimize performance and extend battery life.

Validating the Nernst–Planck transport model under reaction-driven flow conditions using RetroPy v1.0

Abstract. Reactive transport processes in natural environments often involve many ionic species. The diffusivities of ionic species vary. Since assigning different diffusivities in the advection–diffusion equation leads to charge imbalance, a single diffusivity is usually used for all species. In this work, we apply the Nernst–Planck equation, which resolves unequal diffusivities of the species in an electroneutral manner, to model reactive transport. To demonstrate the advantages of the Nernst–Planck model, we compare the simulation results of transport under reaction-driven flow conditions using the Nernst–Planck model with those of the commonly used single-diffusivity model. All simulations are also compared to well-defined experiments on the scale of centimeters. Our results show that the Nernst–Planck model is valid and particularly relevant for modeling reactive transport processes with an intricate interplay among diffusion, reaction, electromigration, and density-driven convection.

Anisotropic microstructural evolutions of extruded ZK60 Mg alloy subjected to electropulsing treatment

Electropulsing treatment (EPT) has attracted attentions as an alternative to a conventional furnace heat treatment (FHT). This study investigates the EPT effect on microstructural evolutions in α-Mg alloy. In particular, it clarifies the different kinetics in static recrystallization (SRX) and precipitation depending on the direction of EPT, namely ‘electropulsing anisotropy’, for the first time. EPT process induced an accelerated SRX than FHT in spite of the lower processing temperatures. EPT along the extrusion direction (EPT-ED) exhibited even faster completion of SRX within an hour compared to the process along the transverse direction (EPT-TD). The process also accompanied a faster dissolution of β′2 precipitates. Considering the applied processing temperatures, the athermal effect had a primary contribution to the enhanced microstructural evolutions by the EPT-ED process. EPT-induced charge imbalance improved a dislocation mobility, which increased an atomic diffusive flux. These factors were even intensified in case of EPT-ED than EPT-TD, thereby resulting in the mostly favored SRX and rapid dissolution of precipitates through the former.

Analyzing the role of Ni dopant to change the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles

SnO2 and 5 wt% Ni doped SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2:Ni NPs) were successfully synthesised by a template-free hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns depicted polycrystalline nature of the NPs in rutile-type cassiterite phase with dominant (110) and (101) Bragg diffraction peaks. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns supported single phase tetragonal crystal structure having space group P42/m n m. With Ni doping, crystallite size of NPs decreased from 39 nm to 35 nm whereas lattice strain increased from 3.56 × 10−3 to 3.99 × 10−3. This is attributed to the substitution of Sn4+ ion by Ni2+ ions. The morphology of the SnO2 NPs also changed from regular spherical shape to elongated irregular shape upon Ni doping. The dominant Raman peak obtained at 634 cm−1 matched with the signature peak for rutile SnO2 (Raman A1g mode). Further, we observed disappearance of E g mode due to Ni doping, which indicated the formation of oxygen vacancies. Also, XPS analysis indicated an increase of oxygen vacancy concentration in the doped NPs due to charge imbalance between Sn4+ and Ni2+. The direct optical band gap of SnO2 increased from 3.97 eV to 4.11 eV when doped with 5 wt% Ni and it is ascribed to Burstein–Moss effect. Irrespective of higher optical band gap of SnO2:Ni NPs, they showed enhanced photocatalytic activity to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) dye molecules under UV-visible irradiation. The first order kinetic reaction rate constants for degradation of RhB were found to be 0.014 min−1 and 0.045 min−1 in case of SnO2 and SnO2:Ni NPs respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity in SnO2:Ni NPs is explained by relating to the formation of more oxygen vacancies and chemisorptions of O2 and H2O molecules followed by generation of radicals. This work demonstrates the superiority of SnO2:Ni NPs for use as photocatalytic material for industrial waste water treatment.

Comparative Analysis and Evaluation of the Different Active Cell Balancing Topologies in Lithium Ions Batteries

Series connected batteries must have their cells balanced whenever charging and discharging to extend battery lifespans, assure safe operation, and increase battery pack useful capacity. It also causes charge imbalance issues, which will result in battery cell damage and battery life loss. Several charge/discharge equalization circuits have been suggested however, presently there has been no work regarding the comparison and evaluation of the speed and efficiencies in both modes. In this study, cell balancing on dc-to-dc buck-boost converter and interleaved flyback converter topologies operating in discontinuous current mode are analyzed, designed, and implemented. A simulation model of the converter-based topologies of an active cell balancing system is proposed and designed along with a power loss analysis, efficiencies, and control technique. With the purpose of establishing an energy storage application, the system’s cells are grouped into 8 series cells for SOC balancing and 2 series cells for voltage balancing circuit design. Power loss analysis is performed to analyze the efficiency of these two converter topologies to identify which system performs better. In SOC balancing in charging mode, the buck-boost and interleaved flyback converters’ power efficiencies are 85.596% and 65.1521% respectively and during voltage balancing 93.9078% and 73.1506% respectively.

An Intermodular Active Balancing Topology for Efficient Operation of High Voltage Battery Packs in Li-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems: Switched (Flying) DC/DC Converter

To meet the load voltage and power requirements for various specific needs, a typical lithium–ion battery (LIB) pack consists of different parallel and series combinations of individual cells in modules, which can go as high as tens of series and parallel connections in each module, reaching hundreds and even thousands of cells at high voltage (HV) levels. The inhomogeneity among the cells and modules results in voltage imbalances during operation and reduces the overall system efficiency. In this work, a robust and flexible active balancing topology is presented. It can not only mitigate the charge imbalance within a module, i.e., intramodular equalization, but also help to balance the state of charge (SoC) level of the modules in a high voltage pack, i.e., intermodular equalization, which is an often-overlooked topic. The proposed concept was proven by experimental verification on parallel and series configurations of cells in realistically sized modules and practical battery management system (BMS) hardware, when the LIB was both idle and under load.

Unique electric and dielectric features of dipole-pair substituted barium titanate ferroelectric ceramics (I): electrical characterization

A comparison study of pure barium titanate BaTiO3, dipole-pair [Ga3+, Ta5+] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ga3+, Ta5+)0.005Ti0.99O3 ([Ga3+, Ta5+]: BaTiO3), single ion [Ga3+] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ga3+)0.01Ti0.99O3 ([Ga3+]: BaTiO3), and single ion [Ta5+] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ta5+)0.01Ti0.99O3 ([Ta5+]: BaTiO3) ferroelectric ceramics have been conducted in order to discern the unique electric and dielectric properties derived from dipole-pair substitution. The band gap, DC resistivity, relative permittivity, dissipation factor, and complex impedance have been measured and analyzed. The dipole-pair substituted material is demonstrated to be an excellent dielectric, which possesses high electrical resistivity, high activation energy, significant dielectric diffuseness, high relative permittivity and low dissipation factor, due to charge compensation and creation of dipole-pairs in barium titanate solid solution ceramic matrix. The single substituted (acceptor and donor, respectively) samples behave more like traditional semiconductors, which have lower electrical resistivity, lower activation energy, and exhibit strong dielectric anomaly and large dissipation factor due to charge imbalance (electrons and holes) in part compensated for through additional defect creation. The relaxor-like behavior of the dipole-pair substituted sample is distinguishable from the classic relaxor through electric properties and structural phase diagram and is anticipated to spark more attention and further exploration. The unique features of electric resistivity and dielectric diffuseness of the dipolar-pair engineered BaTiO3 affords opportunity for designing properties of novel relaxor-like ferroelectrics.

Charge Imbalance Tolerance of 4H-SiC Superjunction Devices Featuring Breakdown Path Variation

In this letter, the impact of charge imbalance on silicon carbide (SiC) superjunction (SJ) device is studied thoroughly. The breakdown path variation under different degrees of charge imbalance is revealed for the first time by joint analysis of the SiC anisotropy of impact ionization and the charge-imbalanced SJ two-dimensional electric field distribution. Primarily due to this anisotropy, it is a significant finding that the breakdown voltage could be even higher than the balance case when either P or N pillar is slightly under-doped. Furthermore, an SJ design methodology is proposed based on figure-of-merit (FOM) sensitivity and process tolerance, which guides how to better design low-sensitivity SJ devices within a certain range of charge imbalance degree. It is indicated that the wide pillar is suggested for large process tolerance and the under-doped case is less sensitive to charge imbalance than the over-doped case. In brief, the aforementioned revelation can gain new physics-level insights into various charge-imbalanced SJ cases and the methodology can achieve not only the high FOM based on practical process capability but also the required process tolerance based on target performance.

Confinement of cobalt phosphides in nitrogen-doped carbon hosts for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation: Understanding charge-imbalance induced coordinative radical/non-radical oxidation

Development of a new catalytic system with synergistic multiple active sites to effectively promote the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is crucial for the control of emerging organic pollutants in water, but it is still challenging. Herein, we explore robust CoPx-implanted porous N-doped carbon frameworks (CoPx@NC) to effectively activate PMS and eliminate tetracycline (TC). The cobalt phosphides in CoPx@NC spontaneously create the distinctive charge imbalance to form asymmetrically charged Coδ+ and Pδ− as dual active sites to efficiently enhance catalytic activity, while the positively polarized carbon induced by neighboring electronegative N atoms in CoPx@NC contributes to high catalytic efficiency in parallel. As an advanced catalyst, CoPx@NC displays excellent catalytic performances in PMS activation toward efficient TC degradation with an improved rate constant of 0.137 min−1 and a favorable k-value of 1.43 μmol s−1 g−1. Mechanistic analysis clearly unveils that the non-radical pathway (singlet oxygen 1O2 and direct electron transfer) in CoPx@NC/PMS system dominantly governs the TC degradation along with cooperative radical (SO4·− and ·OH) pathway. This study enriches the charge imbalance strategy for catalyst design and highlights a new catalytic platform to activate PMS for efficient pollutant degradation in water.

P‐161: Late‐News Poster: Non‐Toxic PEIE dual Interfacial layers for efficiency improvement in Quantum dot light‐emitting diodes

Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diode (QD‐LED) has the disadvantage of charge imbalance due to the deep HOMO level of QD itself and layer mixing due to the solution process despite its enormous advantage of high color purity and large display manufacturing. PEIE, introduced to prevent this, uses harmful 2‐ME solvents, and was evaluated to replace them with IPA, a harmless solvent. As a result, IPA secured more than twice the EQE to resolve the charge imbalance compared to 2‐ME, and equivalent EQE to protect EML. Finally, we verify that 2‐ME could be smoothly replaced with IPA.

P‐157: Late‐News Poster: Understanding of degradation process by voltage‐sweep loop method in exciplex host‐based phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes

We analyzed the degradation mechanism by deteriorating the exciplex host‐based phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) while repeatedly applying voltages in the range of several nA to mA. To identify the most significant degradation factors represented by bleaching, quenching, and charge imbalance, the degradation process was described from various perspectives by the capacitance (C)‐voltage (V) curves (CV), and magneto‐electroluminescence (MEL). Comparing the MEL of the non‐doped and the doped devices, the bleaching of the dopant was confirmed as degradation progressed. Since the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the dopant aligns with that of the hole‐transporting layer, the injected holes are easily trapped. As a result, the trap‐induced Shockley‐Read Hall recombination became dominant. Thus, it was identified that the bleaching of the dopant itself acts as the major degradation factor.

69‐3: Late‐News Paper: Enhanced Performance of Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diode via Optimizing PVK and Poly‐TPD Mixture Ratio for Hole Transport Layer

For high‐performance quantum‐dot light‐emitting‐diode (QD‐LED), it is imperative to resolve the charge imbalance. In this paper, the solution to resolve the charge imbalance is introduced to mix two polymer hole transport layer (HTL) materials.

The Effect of Oxygen Vacancies on the Diffusion Characteristics of Zn(II) Ions in the Perovskite SrTiO3 Layer: A Computational Study.

A highly polar perovskite SrTiO3 (STO) layer is considered as one of the promising artificial protective layers for the Zn metal anode of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Although it has been reported that oxygen vacancies tend to promote Zn(II) ion migration in the STO layer and thereby effectively suppress Zn dendrite growth, there is still a lack of a basic understanding of the quantitative effects of oxygen vacancies on the diffusion characteristics of Zn(II) ions. In this regard, we comprehensively studied the structural features of charge imbalances caused by oxygen vacancies and how these charge imbalances affect the diffusion dynamics of Zn(II) ions by utilizing density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the charge imbalances are typically localized close to vacancy sites and those Ti atoms that are closest to them, whereas differential charge densities close to Sr atoms are essentially non-existent. We also demonstrated that there is virtually no difference in structural stability between the different locations of oxygen vacancies by analyzing the electronic total energies of STO crystals with the different vacancy locations. As a result, although the structural aspects of charge distribution strongly rely on the relative vacancy locations within the STO crystal, Zn(II) diffusion characteristics stay almost consistent with changing vacancy locations. No preference for vacancy locations causes isotropic Zn(II) ion transport inside the STO layer, which subsequently inhibits the formation of Zn dendrites. Due to the promoted dynamics of Zn(II) ions induced by charge imbalance near the oxygen vacancies, the Zn(II) ion diffusivity in the STO layer monotonously increases with the increasing vacancy concentration ranging from 0% to 16%. However, the growth rate of Zn(II) ion diffusivity tends to slow down at relatively high vacancy concentrations as the imbalance points become saturated across the entire STO domain. The atomic-level understanding of the characteristics of Zn(II) ion diffusion demonstrated in this study is expected to contribute to developing new long-life anode systems for AZIBs.

Enhancement of the CO2 Sensing/Capture through High Cationic Charge in M-ZrO2 (Li+, Mg2+, or Co3+): Experimental and Theoretical Studies.

The capture and storage of CO2 are of growing interest in atmospheric science since greenhouse gas emission has to be reduced considerably in the near future. The present paper deals with the doping of cations on ZrO2, i.e., M-ZrO2 (M = Li+, Mg2+, or Co3+), defecting the crystalline planes for the adsorption of carbon dioxide. The samples were prepared by the sol-gel method and characterized completely by different analytical methods. The deposition of metal ions on ZrO2 (whose crystalline phases: monoclinic and tetragonal are transformed into a single-phase such as tetragonal for LiZrO2 and cubic for MgZrO2 or CoZrO2) shows a complete disappearance of the XRD monoclinic signal, and it is consistent with HRTEM lattice fringes: 2.957 nm for ZrO2 (101, tetragonal/monoclinic), 3.018 nm for tetragonal LiZrO2, 2.940 nm for cubic MgZrO2, and 1.526 nm for cubic CoZrO2. The samples are thermally stable, resulting an average size of ∼5.0-15 nm. The surface of LiZrO2 creates the oxygen deficiency, while for Mg2+ (0.089 nm), since the size of the atom is relatively greater than that of Zr4+ (0.084 nm), the replacement of Zr4+ by Mg2+ in sublattice is difficult; thus, a decrease of the lattice constant was noticed. Since the high band gap energy (ΔE > 5.0 eV) is suitable for CO2 adsorption, the samples were employed for the selective detection/capture of CO2 by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and direct current resistance (DCR), showing that CoZrO2 is capable of CO2 capture about 75%. If M+ ions are deposited within the ZrO2 matrix, then the charge imbalance allows CO2 to interact with the oxygen species to form CO32- which produces a high resistance (21.04 × 106 (Ω, Ohm)). The adsorption of CO2 with the samples was also theoretically studied showing that the interaction of CO2 with MgZrO2 and CoZrO2 is more feasible than with LiZrO2, subscribing to the experimental data. The temperature effect (273 to 573 K) for the interaction of CO2 with CoZrO2 was also studied by the docking method and observed the cubic structure is more stable at high temperatures as compared to the monoclinic geometry. Thus, CO2 would preferably interact with ZrO2c (ERS = -19.29 kJ/mol) than for ZrO2m (22.4 J/mmol (ZrO2c = cubic; ZrO2m = monoclinic).

Effect of Li+/K+/Zn2+ doping on the optical and temperature sensing properties of Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped YVO4 phosphor

The Pechini sol-gel reaction technique has been used to produce Tm3+, Yb3+ co-doped YVO4 and Li+/K+/Zn2+ codoped YVO4: Tm3+,Yb3+ phosphors. Post-heat treatment (at 800 °C) was given to all the samples to strengthen the material's structural and optical characteristics. Prepared phosphors exhibit blue and near-infrared (NIR) light. The crystalline structure and morphology of the prepared phosphors were studied by using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). All prepared phosphors crystallise in the tetragonal crystal structure having space group I41/amd. Prepared phosphors, when pumped with the laser at 980 nm, give strong upconversion emission in blue and NIR regions that correspond to Tm3+ transitions 1G4→3H6 and 3H4→3H6, respectively. Li+/K+/Zn2+ co-doping enhances the luminescence intensity significantly. Among Li+/K+/Zn2+ ions, Zn2+ co-doping increases the upconversion emission intensity mostly compared to others, the blue emission intensity get increased by ∼7 times and the NIR by ∼6 times. The main cause of enhancement in the emission intensity may be primarily due to the charge imbalance and asymmetry in the crystal field.Further, optical temperature sensing was also investigated by using the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the transitions (3F2,3→3H6) and (3H4→3H6). Co-doping of Li+/K+/Zn2+ ions also affects the temperature sensitivity. The relative sensitivity and absolute sensitivity of the samples were also calculated. This study indicates that this phosphor is a suitable candidate as a blue phosphor for display devices, WLEDs and optical temperature-sensing probes.

The regulation of Lewis acid/basic sites in NaFe bimetal MOXs for the controllable photocatalytic degradation of electron-rich/deficient VOCs

The performance of metal-organic xerogels (MOXs) in the photocatalytic oxidative degradation (PCO) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) relies on their Lewis acid-base interaction and the generation of oxidative radicals. Herein, by engineering the local charge imbalance of carboxyl ligands through synthesizing NaFe bimetal MOXs, the Lewis acidity of MIL-100(Fe) MOX was well tuned for the adsorption-degradation of electron-rich (aromatic hydrocarbons) and electron-deficient (aldehydes) VOCs. Benefiting from the implanted Lewis basic sites, NaFe-MOXs showed increased adsorption-PCO capacity for single acetaldehyde, while Fe-MOX with abundant Lewis acid sites could capture and degrade more o-xylene. The Lewis basic sites promoted the mineralization of single o-xylene and acetaldehyde by altering their interactions with the photocatalysts and improving the generation of oxidative radicals, which extended the lifetime of photocatalysts. By regulating the Lewis acid/basic sites within MOXs, this work provides an effective way for optimizing photocatalysts to enable the photocatalytic degradation of both electron-rich/deficient VOCs.

A novel SiC high-k superjunction power MOSFET integrated Schottky barrier diode with improved forward and reverse performance

A new SiC superjunction power MOSFET device using high-k insulator and p-type pillar with an integrated Schottky barrier diode (Hk-SJ-SBD MOSFET) is proposed, and has been compared with the SiC high-k MOSFET (Hk MOSFET), SiC superjuction MOSFET (SJ MOSFET) and the conventional SiC MOSFET in this article. In the proposed SiC Hk-SJ-SBD MOSFET, under the combined action of the p-type region and the Hk dielectric layer in the drift region, the concentration of the N-drift region and the current spreading layer can be increased to achieve an ultra-low specific on-resistance (R on,sp). The integrated Schottky barrier diode (SBD) also greatly improves the reverse recovery performance of the device. TCAD simulation results indicate that the R on,sp of the proposed SiC Hk-SJ-SBD MOSFET is 0.67 mΩ·cm2 with a 2240 V breakdown voltage (BV), which is more than 72.4%, 23%, 5.6% lower than that of the conventional SiC MOSFET, Hk SiC MOSFET and SJ SiC MOSFET with the 1950, 2220, and 2220 V BV, respectively. The reverse recovery time and reverse recovery charge of the proposed MOSFET is 16 ns and18 nC, which are greatly reduced by more than 74% and 94% in comparison with those of all the conventional SiC MOSFET, Hk SiC MOSFET and SJ SiC MOSFET, due to the integrated SBD in the proposed MOSFET. And the trade-off relationship between the R on,sp and the BV is also significantly improved compared with that of the conventional MOSFET, Hk MOSFET and SJ MOSFET as well as the MOSFETs in other previous literature, respectively. In addition, compared with conventional SJ SiC MOSFET, the proposed SiC MOSFET has better immunity to charge imbalance, which may bring great application prospects.