Characterization Of Tin Research Articles

Study on lap joining and characterization of tin (Sn) powder on stainless steel SS304 using microwave heating

AbstractMetal bonding via joints of low melting point materials such as zinc and tin has been technically challenging. This paper presents a unique technique for bonding small dimensions and the low melting point of materials through the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process. Joint of stainless steel SS304 was applied to the joint with the tin (Sn) powder with the application of microwave radiation by using domestic microwave oven at 2.45 GHz of constant frequency, 200–360 W of microwave power, 120–180 s of exposure time, and 10–20 % of the epoxy rate. A developed heat chamber was used as a susceptor and insulator in the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process. The tin powder and parent metals were strongly bonded as lap position by the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process at 360 W of microwave power, 180 s of constant exposure time, and 20 % of the constant epoxy rate. Characterization of the joint was evaluated through microhardness and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques. It was found that the intermetallic compounds (phase) of nickel tin (NiSn), iron tin (Fe1.84Sn), sulfur tin (SSn), chromium tin (Cr2Sn3), chromium tin (CrSn2), and tin phosphorus (SnP) at the joint surface with highest microhardness obtained at 498.4 HV 0.05 at 360 W of microwave power.

Antibacterial activity of tin-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited by laser ablation

The main purpose of this research is to assess the potential of doped zinc oxide (ZnO)-based materials in providing antibacterial activity to bioinert implants. Thus, the current study deals with the production and characterization of tin (Sn)-doped ZnO thin films grown by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The coprecipitation method was applied for the synthesis of the primary powders, that were subsequently converted into targets. The latter were employed in several deposition experiments, for which the substrate temperature (room temperature and 400 °C) and oxygen pressure (100 and 700 mTorr) were varied in order to elucidate the influence of the processing parameters on the functional properties. Next, the paper covers a full examination of the compositional, structural, optical, and morphological features of ZnO intermediate or final samples. Moreover, the thin films were characterized in terms of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) gram-negative bacterium, and biocompatibility in the presence of mouse fibroblast cells. The results revealed a finer morphology for the doped target sintered at 1200 °C, consisting of grains several micrometers in size and a large proportion of interconnected pores, as well as the partial integration of Sn in the crystal lattice of ZnO, the rest of the dopant being trapped in a Sn-rich secondary phase (Zn2SnO4). The morphological assessment of the layers obtained by laser ablation revealed the pronounced effect of substrate temperature on the processes of nucleation and crystal growth, namely the occurrence of a denser packing of grains with significant higher dimension. Moreover, a higher oxygen pressure during deposition promoted an increased roughness for the deposited samples. The best antibacterial performance was achieved in the case of Sn-doped samples deposited at 400 °C, which demonstrates the beneficial contribution of the dopant ions.

Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles using root extract of Cassia tora

Synthesis of nanoparticles via green resources is a pollutant free, easy, ecofriendly, and low cost method. Nanoparticles synthesized by using plant materials are generally non-toxic. Aqueous root extract of plant, Cassia tora showed the presence of phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins etc. which are directly involved in the reduction of metal salts hence forming metal nanoparticles. Thermal treatment of these metal nanoparticles changes them to their oxides. Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles prepared via this route were first characterized and then evaluated for their antibacterial potential against three species of Gram negative bacteria viz., Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli &Shigella flexineri and two speices of Gram positive bacteria viz. Bacillus cereus & Staphylococcus aureus. The current study reports the synthesis and characterization of Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles using Cassia tora root extract.Synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Results of antimicrobial activity showed excellent antibacterial property against Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria. Research has proved that green methods are more effective for generation of nanoparticles than the traditional methods, used in past as there are less chances of failure and shows enhanced biological activity.

Preparation and characterisation of tin bronze/steel composites by solid–liquid bonding with vibration

In the present study, mechanical vibration was applied in the preparation of the tin bronze/steel bimetal composite by the solid–liquid bonding, and the effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that mechanical vibration refines the microstructure of tin bronze and accelerates the interdiffusion between the two components, resulting in the improvement of the bonding strength and Brinell hardness. With the vibration frequency of 30 Hz, the composite strength and hardness are significantly improved. The finite element method further shows that the exciting force and homogeneous temperature field caused by the vibration are the main reasons for the microstructure optimisation. HIGHLIGHTS The tin bronze/1010 steel bimetallic layered composites with homogeneous microstructure are prepared by solid–liquid bonding under the mechanical vibration field. The interface thickness can be increased by applying mechanical vibration to the solid–liquid bonding process of the bimetals. Combined with the results of finite element simulation, the effect mechanism of the mechanical vibration in the preparation process was discussed. With the application of mechanical vibration, the hardness and interfacial bonding strength of the bimetals are obviously improved, and there is an optimal vibration parameter.

Improved electrical conductivity and power factor in Sn and Se co-doped melt-grown Bi2Te3 single crystal

In the current work, growth and thermoelectric characterization of tin and selenium co-doped single crystal bismuth telluride have been carried out in the range of temperature 10–400 K. The crystals show hexagonal crystal structure with Roverline{3 }m space group. The direction of growth, quality of the single crystals, the density of dislocation, and dopants effect on the inner plane structure of the crystals have been analyzed through high-resolution X-ray diffraction study. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays approves the elemental composition, and field emission scanning electron microscopy shows uniform growth with micro precipitates on the surface of the crystals. Quasi degenerate and non-degenerate electrical resistivity is observed in the pristine and doped samples, respectively. Temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient measurements confirm the n-type semiconducting nature of the pristine as well as doped samples. Temperature-dependent power factor of (Bi0.96Sn0.04)2Te2.7Se0.3 is found to increase by 1.1 times, and electrical resistivity reduced by 3.3 times as compared to pristine Bi2Te3.

Synthesis and characterization of tin (IV) oxide thin films

Tin (IV) oxide, SnO2 films have been successfully synthesized in argon gas using a magnetron sputtering device. The morphology, structure, optical, photoluminescence, and photoresponse features of the samples have been analyzed via field electron scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractograms, UV–Vis spectrometer, and spectro fluorophotometer. Compact nano grained morphologies with tetragonal structure and high absorbance were obtained. Increasing the annealing temperature led to a slight rise in the bandgap energies of the deposited samples. SnO2 films exhibited good photoluminescence features with increasing photoresponse with time as the annealing temperature reduced. The films can be potentially applied to optical and solar cell devices.

Synthesis and characterization of Tin-(0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) doped Cadmium oxide films grown by unconventional sol – gel screen-printing procedure

Tin-(0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) doped cadmium oxide films were grown by unconventional sol-gel screen-printing procedure on a glass substrate. Structural, surface morphology, optical and electrical properties of tin-doped cadmium oxide films were analyzed by XRD measurement, SEM, EDX, UV–vis spectra, and two probe methods. X-ray diffraction verifies the cubic structure and polycrystalline nature of films. The average crystallite size of films calculated by Debye-Scherrer’s method was smaller than the size calculated by the Williamson-Hall method. The surface morphology analysis verifies the smoothness of films. The energy dispersive x-ray plot verifies the existence of cadmium, oxygen, and tin elements in films. A Fourier transform infrared spectrum approves the existence of chemical bonding in films. Optical band gap increases from tin-(0.02) doping to tin-(0.06) doped cadmium oxide films and decreases for tin-(0.08) doped cadmium oxide film. It was observed that tin-(0.06) doped cadmium oxide films have high transmittance about 65 % in the visible region with an energy band gap of 2.73 eV. PL spectra show a strong emission peak at 520 nm along with a weak peak at 594 nm. The electrical resistivity reduces to the minimum value of 2.5 × 10−4 Ω-cm and gains maximum carrier concentration of 8.33 × 1020 cm-3 for tin-(0.06) doped cadmium oxide film.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin (II) and Lead (II) Complexes with Benzylidene Aniline Ligand

The Schiff base (Benzylideneaniline molecule) and its complexes with Sn (II) and Pb (II) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic and electro-analytical techniques. The ligand, Benzylideneaniline has been synthesized by condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and aniline.The metal complexes were prepared by mixing of saturated solutions of metal salts and ligand in 1:2 ratios in methanol and Dimethylsulfoxide solvents, followed by their characterization using magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, chloride estimation and spectral studies. It was found that titled organic ligand acts as monodentate and in both complexes it is proposed to be interacted in metal to ligand 1: 2 ratio with the metals to form organotin(II) and organolead (II) complexes through the direct method. Overall experimental results show that a diamagnetic and square planar geometry of both complexes formed.

Synthesis and characterization of TiN / Ti / AISI 410 coatings

The synthesis and characterization of Ti and TiN thin films of different thicknesses was carried out on a martensitic stainless steel AISI 410 substrate used for tool manufacturing. The mechanical parameters between the interacting surfaces such as thickness, adhesion and hardness were measured. By means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) the superficial morphology of the Ti/TiN interface was observed, finding that the growth was of columnar grains and by means of EDAX the existence of titanium was verified. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) it was possible to observe the presence of residual stresses (~ -3.1 GPa) due to the different crystalline phases in the coating. Under X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) it was possible to observe the molecular chemical composition of the coating surface, being Ti-N, Ti-N-O and Ti-O the predominant ones.

Preparation and characterisation of TiN by microwave-assisted carbothermic reduction–nitridation in air atmosphere

ABSTRACTTitanium nitride (TiN) is prepared from ilmenite (FeTiO3) powders by microwave-assisted carbothermic reduction–nitridation in air atmosphere followed by acid leaching treatment. The thermal analysis of the reduction–nitridation of FeTiO3 powders is conducted by thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimeter. The phase transition sequence of microwave carbothermal synthesis of TiN–Fe composite is: FeTiO3 → Fe + TiO2 → Fe + TiN. There is no any other oxygen-deficient titanium oxides detected. Particularly, FeTiO3 can be transformed into TiN–Fe composite completely at 900°C for 60 min by microwave heating. The increase in both the reaction temperature and dwelling time is in favour of the transformation of FeTiO3. The product morphologies are spherical about 2–5 μm in size. Then TiN is obtained with the removal of Fe and their oxides from TiN–Fe composite by acid leaching treatment. This method not only reduces the reaction temperature significantly through microwave heating but also can simplify the operation process effectively.

Synthesis and characterization of tin, tin/aluminum, and tin/boron containing MFI zeolites

The synthesis and characterization of tin, tin/aluminum, and tin/boron containing MFI zeolites are reported. It is shown that tin uptake is high (near 100%) but decreases with the introduction of a second heteroatom. Additionally, the zeolite crystal size decreases and morphology changes with the introduction of a second heteroatom as evidenced by FE-SEM and XRD. UV-Vis confirms the tetrahedral framework coordination of tin within the zeolite and the absence of tin oxide clusters. Studies of methanol adsorption using in-situ IR spectroscopy indicate that tin-MFI sample with low tin contents possess lower acidity, and that tin/aluminum samples confirm aluminum within the zeolite through the presence of a Brönsted acid site. Comparison of spectra of adsorbed d-acetonitrile on the surface of these catalysts with the silicalite-1 is consistent with the tin centers in the framework possessing Lewis acidity.

Structural and electrochemical characterization of tin based graphene composite anode for li-ion batteries

Structural and electrochemical characterization of tin based graphene composite anode for li-ion batteries

Characterization of tin(II) sulfide defects/vacancies and correlation with their photocurrent

The presence of defects/vacancies in nanomaterials influences the electronic structure of materials, and thus, it is necessary to study the correlation between the optoelectronic properties of a nanomaterial and its defects/vacancies. Herein, we report a facile solvothermal route to synthesize three-dimensional (3D) SnS nanostructures formed by {131} faceted nanosheet assembly. The 3D SnS nanostructures were calcined at temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 °C and used as counter electrodes, before their photocurrent properties were investigated. First principle computation revealed the photocurrent properties depend on the defect/vacancy concentration within the samples. It is very interesting that characterization with positron annihilation spectrometry confirmed that the density of defects/vacancies increased with the calcination temperature, and a maximum photocurrent was realized after treatment at 400 °C. Further, the defect/vacancy density decreased when the calcination temperature reached 450 °C as the higher calcination temperature enlarged the mesopores and densified the pore walls, which led to a lower photocurrent value at 450 °C than at 400 °C.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin(IV) Oxide Obtained by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method.

The effect of precursors on the characteristics of tin oxide obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was investigated. The synthesis of nanosized tin(IV) oxide was carried out with the use of two different precursors: tin(II) oxalate obtained using tin chloride(II) and oxalic acid; tin(II) oxalate obtained using tin chloride(II); and ammonium oxalate. The synthesized tin(IV) oxide samples were studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and optical spectra. The lattice parameters of tin(IV) oxide samples were defined, the bandgap of samples were calculated.

Characterization of tin (II) sulphide thin film synthesized by successive chemical solution deposition

In the present work, tin (II) sulphide (SnS) thin films were grown on glass substrate by successive chemical solution deposition method using ammonium sulphide as anionic precursor solutions. Characterization techniques of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray were utilized to study the microstructure of the films. Energy-dispersive x-ray confirmed formation of nearly stoichiometric film with slight excess of tin under optimized deposition conditions. Particle size estimated from Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data using MAUD software was ~41 nm which compared well with field emission scanning electron microscopy measurements. The value of the energy gap of ~1.51 eV was found to be near the optimum needs for photovoltaic solar energy conversion (1.5 eV) with high absorption in the visible region. An enhancement in energy gap was observed for tin-enriched films.

Characterization of TiN, TiC and Ti(C,N) in titanium-alloyed ferritic chromium steels focusing on the significance of different particle morphologies

Titanium-alloyed ferritic chromium steels are a competitive option to classical austenitic stainless steels owing to their similar corrosion resistance. The addition of titanium significantly influences their final steel cleanliness.The present contribution focuses on the detailed metallographic characterization of titanium nitrides, titanium carbides and titanium carbonitrides with regard to their size, morphology and composition. The methods used are manual and automated Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy as well as optical microscopy. Additional thermodynamic calculations are performed to explain the precipitation procedure of the analyzed titanium nitrides.The analyses showed that homogeneous nucleation is decisive at an early process stage after the addition of titanium. Heterogeneous nucleation gets crucial with ongoing process time and essentially influences the final inclusion size of titanium nitrides. A detailed investigation of the nuclei for heterogeneous nucleation with automated Scanning Electron Microscopy proved to be difficult due to their small size. Manual Scanning Electron Microscopy and optical microscopy have to be applied. Furthermore, it was found that during solidification an additional layer around an existing titanium nitride can be formed which changes the final inclusion morphology significantly. These layers are also characterized in detail.Based on these different inclusion morphologies, in combination with thermodynamic results, tendencies regarding the formation and modification time of titanium containing inclusions in ferritic chromium steels are derived.

Characterization of TiN, CrN and (Ti, Cr) N Coatings Deposited by Cathodic ARC Evaporation

In this investigation, physical vapor deposited Ti-Cr-N coatings were coated on tool steel substrates using reactive arc evaporation. Microstructure and mechanical properties of coatings such as roughness, thickness, phase composition, hardness, Young’s modulus and coefficient of friction were studied. Phase compositions were investigated by X-ray diffraction method. Surface microstructure and morphology were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and coating compositions were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Mechanical properties were measured by nano indentation. The friction behavior of the coatings were investigated using ball-on-disc tests under normal loads of 7 N .The results showed that (Ti, Cr)N and TiN coatings consisted of only one cubic phase solid solution, while CrN coatings consisted of hexagonal Cr2N and cubic CrN phases. Average grain size of the coatings was found to be in the range of 14 to 20 nm. Mechanical behavior of the (Ti, Cr)N coatings was related to the Ti content, i.e. hardness decreased with decreasing Ti content.

Characterisation of tin–copper intermetallic growth in electrodeposited tin coatings using electrochemical oxidation techniques

In the present investigations electrochemical oxidation has allowed for the removal of tin from coated copper substrates permitting scanning electron microscopy to be employed to assess intermetallic compound distribution and morphology. It was shown that the initial growth of intermetallic compound was not uniform, with its distribution dependent upon the grain structure of the copper substrate, and the grain orientation and distribution within the tin coating. After a period of further nucleation and coarsening, the intermetallic compound forms an almost complete layer along the interface. It is thought this uniform layer of intermetallic compound, formed soon after deposition, may be responsible for this specific electrodeposited tin system having a low whiskering propensity.

Preparation and Characterization of TiN Seed Layer in All-Conductive Multilayer Structure for Coated Conductors

TiN films were successfully prepared on biaxially textured Ni-5 at.%W substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), serving as a seed layer of an all-conductive architecture, i.e., SrRuO3(SRO)/TiN, for coated conductors. The structure and surface morphology of the TiN films were noticeably affected by the substrate temperature and pulse repetition rate. The subsequent conductive SRO and superconducting YBCO layer were deposited on the best sample of TiN buffered Ni-5 at.%W substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the biaxial textures were transferred from the TiN seed layer to the SRO cap layer and YBCO film with excellent out-of-plane and in-plane textures. The superconducting transition curves and the temperature-dependent resistivity of YBCO films on all-conductive buffer and on the traditional insulated CeO2/YSZ/Y2O3 were also investigated.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin (IV) Tungstate Nanoparticles – A Solid Acid Catalyst

Tin (IV) tungstate, a tetravalent metal acid salt was synthesized in the nanoform by chemical coprecipitation method using EDTA as capping agent. The material was found to be stable in mineral acids, bases and organic solvents except in HF and aquaregia. The material was characterized using EDS, TG/DTA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, HRTEM and BET surface area measurement. The molecular formula of the compound is 2SnO2 3WO3.5H2O determined from elemental analysis using TG/DTA. Surface morphology and particle size were obtained using SEM and HRTEM. The surface area was found to be 205-225m2/g. The Na+ exchange capacity found to be 3.8 meq/g, indicates the presence of surface hydroxyl group and hence the presence of Bronsted acid sites. The catalytic activity of the material was tested by using esterification and oxidation as model reactions. For the esterification of different alcohols, the percentage yield was found to be high for n-alcohol compared to isomeric alcohols. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol gives benzaldehyde and benzoic acid as the only products. © 2012 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)