Characterization Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidative potential of pot-pollen produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the Philippines.

Eight pot-pollen samples produced by Philippine stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) were analyzed for the antioxidant composition and capacity. The methanolic extracts showed values of 7.95-24.75mg GAE/g, 16.13-35.04mg QE/g, and 0.19-0.74mg CGE/g for total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, respectively. All pot-pollens contained substantial amounts of rutin (0.471-1.547mg/g), quercetin glucoside (1.427-3.390mg/g), other flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Additionally, pollen samples contained 24-methylenecholesterol and Δ5-avenasterol as dominant phytosterols. Antioxidant activities based on ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH• , and ABTS•+ scavenging activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition showed a high correlation with phenolic and flavonoid contents, except for LPO inhibition. Results suggested that there might be synergistic effects among antioxidants. Summing up, this study revealed that T. biroi Friese pot-pollen can be used as a food supplement with high nutraceutical potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The recognition of Tetragonula biroi Friese pot-pollen as a nutraceutical product is strongly limited because its bioactive properties are not well-studied compared to other bee pollens. The results showed a rich occurrence of compounds with antioxidative effects like flavonoids and sterols. Antioxidant activitiesexcept lipid peroxidation inhibition revealed a high correlation with analyzed ingredients and shown interactions indicated that there might be synergistic effects among antioxidants.

Tentative characterization of phenolic compounds in three species of the genus Embelia by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis

This article illustrates the chemical characterization of phenolic compounds, of the selected species of the genus Embelia viz., Embelia ribes, Embelia tsjeriam-cottam, and Embelia basaal using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis with electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative mode. The analysis of samples allowed first-time identification of different phenolic compounds, which consists of various types of flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, organic acids, and their derivatives, benzenoids, coumarins, and stilbens in this genus. Seventy-three different phenolic compounds were identified based on the fragment ions, and over thirty unknown compounds with unique fragmentation patterns were further noted. The results of the study offer that the selected species of the genus Embelia, which is being used in centuries-old traditional medical systems, is a promising source of medicinally valuable compounds like luteolin, sinesetin, rutin, naringenin, astragalin, narcissin, vanillic acid, resveratrol, and so on.

LC-ESI-QTOF/MS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Palm Fruits (Jelly and Fishtail Palm) and Their Potential Antioxidant Activities.

Palm fruits have gained growing attention for their nutrition values and health promotion perspectives. They have a diverse range of bioactive compounds including carotenoids, vitamins, dietary fibres and especially polyphenolic compounds. These polyphenolic compounds contribute to the putative health benefits of palm fruits. Nevertheless, the detailed information about these polyphenols in palm fruits is limited. The present work was conducted to comprehensively characterize polyphenols in two palm fruits, jelly palm (Butia ordorata) and fishtail palm (Caryota uren), using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF/MS) and assess their antioxidant potential. The total phenolic content (TPC), total tannins content (TTC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant assay and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging abilities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were higher in the jelly palm fruit while total flavonoid contents (TFC) were higher in the fishtail palm. The LC-ESI-QTOF/MS tentatively identified a total of 86 phenolic compounds in both jelly and fishtail palm fruits. Although both palm fruits exhibited different phenolic profiles, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols were the most common in both. In high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) quantification, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (317.46 ± 4.68 µg/g) and catechin (4724.00 ± 32.39 µg/g) were the most abundant phenolic acid and flavonoid quantified in the jelly palm fruit, respectively. Quercetin (557.28 ± 7.81 µg/g) and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (220.99 ± 2.06 µg/g) were the most abundant flavonoids quantified in the fishtail palm. Our study indicates that palm fruit is a good source of polyphenols and has strong antioxidant potential for health promotion. Furthermore, this study provides the scientific basis for an exploitation of jelly and fishtail palm fruits in the food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Extraction and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Bamboo Shoot Shell Under Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Conditions: a Potential Source of Nutraceutical Compounds

The extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds from bamboo shoot shell was performed under ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) along with UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis. Under optimized UAE conditions (ethanol concentration (58%), liquid to solid ratio (24 mL/g), extraction temperature (59 °C), and sonication time (29 min)), total phenolic content (TPC) was recorded highest as 85.3 mg GAE/g DW, while DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities were 77 μmol AAE/g DW and 33 μmol AAE/g DW, respectively. Using UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis, fifteen phenolic acids, seven flavonoids, nineteen organic acids, two iridoid glucosides, and one neoglinan were identified. Among them, p-coumaric acid (119 μg/g DW), chlorogenic acid (87 μg/g DW), rutin (39 μg/g DW), and ferulic acid (17 μg/g DW) were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds. Furthermore, compounds including phenolic acids (3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid), flavonoids (schaftoside/c-hexosyl-c-pentosylapigenin, apigenin 6,8-di-C-α-l-arabinopyranoside, kaempferide 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1->6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, 6-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-8-C-α-l-arabinopyranosylchrysin, narcissin), some organic acids, iridoid glucosides, and neolignan were also detected for the first time from bamboo shoot shell extract. The present study revealed that bamboo shoot shell extract contains a larger number of nutraceutically active compounds which can be further utilized by food and nutraceutical industries.

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds and Antiproliferative Effects of Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa Extracts.

The phenolic compounds of methanolic extracts of Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Carnosic acid and its metabolite carnosol were the most abundant terpene phenolic compounds of S. fruticosa, while they were completely absent in S. pomifera. The main terpene phenolic constituent of S. pomifera was 12-O-methylcarnosic acid and its mass/mass fragmentation pathway was explained. The detailed mechanism of carnosic acid oxidation to carnosol was suggested. The effects of Salvia extracts and/or carnosic acid, the main diterpene phenolic component of S. fruticosa, on the proliferation and cell cycle of two melanoma cell lines (A375, Mel JuSo) and human fibroblast cell line (HFF) were investigated by MTT assay, PI-exclusion assay and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. Extract of S. fruticosa more efficiently than S. pomifera extract reduced the proliferation of the human melanoma cells. Carnosic acid showed the most significant effect. The first evidence that carnosic acid affects microtubule dynamics and arrests the cell cycle in the G2/M phase was provided. Collectively, our results demonstrate that these two Salvia species are plants of medicinal interest with perspective for further investigation. Carnosic acid could be the compound responsible for the biological activities of S. fruticosa extracts.

Characterization of phenolic compounds in sweet lime (Citrus limetta) peel and freshly squeezed juices by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and their antioxidant activity

Sweet lime (Citrus limetta) is one of the citrus species and it is generally consumed fresh or processed to fruit juice. The squeezing method of fruit is an important factor affecting the quantity and composition of phenolic compounds of the juice. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds and determine the antioxidant activities of sweet lime peel and juices. For this purpose, sweet lime juices were prepared using two different methods. Firstly, sweet lime fruits were hand-squeezed without peeling. Secondly, fruits were hand-squeezed after the manual removal of the peel. The phenolic compounds of the peel and the two types of juices were analyzed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Twenty phenolic compounds were determined in all extracts, 18 of which were flavonoids and two were phenolic acids. The major compound was hesperidin both in the peel and juices. The procyanidin B dimer and luteolin were detected for the first time in sweet lime peel and juices in the present study. The amount of phenolic compounds of the peel was significantly higher than those of the juices. The total phenolic contents of the sweet lime juice increased about 13% from 444.55 to 502.54 mg/L due to the effect of the peel. The antioxidant capacity of the peel was found to be higher than those of the juices resulting from its high phenolic content.

Characterization of phenolic compounds from Eugenia supra-axillaris leaf extract using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and pain killing activities in vivo

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathophysiology of several health disorders, among others inflammation. Polyphenols may modulate ROS related disorders. In this work, thirty-two phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in a leaf extract from Eugenia supra-axillaris Spring. ex Mart. using HPLC-MS/MS, five of which were also individually isolated and identified. The extract displayed a substantial in vitro antioxidant potential and was capable of decreasing ROS production and hsp-16.2 expression under oxidative stress conditions in vivo in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Also, the extract showed higher inhibitory selectivity towards COX-2 than COX-1 in vitro with higher selectivity towards COX-2 than that of diclofenac. The extract also exhibited anti-inflammatory properties: It attenuated the edema thickness in a dose dependent fashion in carrageenan-induced hind-paw odema in rats. In addition, the extract reduced the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity at the highest dose. Furthermore, the extract showed antipyretic and analgesic activities in a mouse model. Eugenia supra-axillaris appears to be a promising candidate in treating inflammation, pain and related oxidative stress diseases.

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds and Their Contribution to Sensory Properties of Olive Oil.

Olive oil is not only known for its pungent, bitter, and fruity taste, but also for its health potential, which is often hypothesized to depend on its phenolic compounds. One hundred extra virgin olive oil samples (monocultivaric as well as blends of varieties) were assessed with regard to their sensory properties and phenolic compound composition. Nineteen phenolic compounds have been determined and correlated with sensory data. In all olive oil samples, oleocanthal and oleacein were the most abundant phenolic compounds, with average amounts of 77.9 mg/kg and 41.8 mg/kg, respectively. The highest correlation coefficient between a sensory descriptor and the phenolic compounds was found for the bitter taste sensation and the total phenolic content with r = 0.72 and in particular, for 3,4-DHPEA-EA, with r = 0.57. Intensity plots were assessed for the three main sensory descriptors fruitiness, bitterness, pungency, and for the quality factor harmony, which is associated with the degree of ripeness aroma of olive oil. Positive correlations for the aroma descriptors freshly cut grass, leaves, and nuts, and the phenolic compounds were especially observed for oleoside 11-methylester and vanillic acid. The present study provides a comprehensive database of phenolic compounds in olive oils from six different varieties and seven countries.

Quantitation and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Butanol Fraction of Ficus Lyrata Leaves and In Vivo Assessment of Hepatoprotective and Hypocholesterolemic Activities in Rats

ABSTRACTFicus lyrata leaf extracts in 95% ethanol was fractionated by solvents of increasing polarity and each fraction was screened for its antioxidant activity. The butanol fraction was the most bioactive with 82.40% inhibition of DPPH free radicals. Flavonoids and phenolics of the butanol fraction were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo assessment against liver fibrosis and hypercholesterolemia in rats showed that the butanol fraction was higher in antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and hypocholesterolemic activities than the standard drugs (silymarin and lipanthyl). These results were confirmed by the observed amelioration in the histopathological features of rat liver.

An Optimized Method for Extraction and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum Flower

Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum plant has been widely used as herbal medicine in China, however, the material basis responsible for the therapeutic benefits remains largely unclear. This study aimed to provide an optimized method for extracting and characterizing phenolic compounds in D. indicum var. aromaticum flower. Firstly, an ultrasound-assisted method combined with central composite circumscribed (CCC) design was applied to optimize phenolic compound extraction. Ethanol-acetic acid (70%:2%, v/v) was selected as solvent, and the optimal extraction condition was: extraction temperature, 57 °C; solid/liquid ratio, 1:30 g/mL; extraction time, 20 min. Secondly, an effective and economic HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn method was established and validated for phenolic compound characterization and quantification. As a result, 14 phenolic compounds were identified, including 8 phenolic acids and 6 flavonoids, and for the first time, oleuropein derivatives, chrysoeriol, and tricin are reported in D. indicum var. aromaticum flower. The content of phenolics identified by HPLC-MSn was 6.42 ± 0.32 mg/g DW. The optimized method for extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds has significant meaning to future pharmaceutical and medicinal research on D. indicum var. aromaticum, and the results in this study can provide references for herbal research.

New insight into phenolic composition of chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.)

Chayote, the fruit of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz, is known for culinary applications and in traditional medicine. A great number of its health benefits have been related to its phenolic composition. However, literature concerning the characterization of phenolic compounds in chayote is scarce. Therefore, this work highlights new information about the composition of chayote. For that, different hydro-alcoholic mixtures (50–100% ethanol content) were used to recover phenolic compounds by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and the platform HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS was employed to characterize these components in the fruit. Briefly, 26 compounds, classified as phenolic acids, flavonoids and other polar compounds were identified in the fruit. About the effect of ethanol ratio on phenolic extraction, 70% ethanol exhibited the best recovery of target compounds (188 ± 2 mg/100 g fruit d.w.). Chayote is rich in flavones accounting for a 60.6% from the total compounds quantified and the major compound is diosmetin 7-O-rutinoside (23.8%).

Characterization of phenolic compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three Achillea species

Characterization of phenolic compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three Achillea species

Phytochemical Study of the Geranium L. in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Phenolic compounds of Geranium L. species were studied taxonomically by using the High Isolation and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds by Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Depending on the quantity and quality of the phenolic compounds the species were divided into four groups. In this study 14 phenolic compounds have been found, 9 of them were detected by using HPLC and other 5 compounds by using TLC.

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Parmelia reticulata Tayl

Secondary metabolite composition of the bioactive extract fractions of Parmelia reticulata was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry followed by isolation of metabolites by chromatographic techniques using a polarity gradient. Compounds obtained were characterized using spectroscopy techniques. Structure elucidation of obtained metabolites is discussed (Pr XIIb, Pr XIIIb and Pr XIVb), and 2D NMR (HMBC and HSBC) spectral data of Pr XIV are reported for the very first time.

Identification and determination of bioactive phenylpropanoid glycosides of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb. et Moldenke) by HPLC-MS

Aloysia polystachya (Griseb. et Moldenke) has not been deeply investigated in past years and currently data about its chemical composition are limited. Phenolic compounds characterization can be very difficult in vegetable matrices, owing to bonds to sugar moieties or conjugation, giving rise to complex structures. In this work, methanolic extracts of Aloysia polystachya leaves were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS, the favourite technique for the separation and quantification of their polyphenols. To assess the complete characterization and quantification of the phenylpropanoid fraction, three different MS techniques have been coupled to HPLC: ion trap mass spectrometry (Ion Trap LC/MS), quadrupole-time of flight high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-TOF HRMS) and triple-quadrupole (TQ LC/MS) for the quantification. Eleven phenylpropanoid glycosides were identified and quantified and, among them, the compounds forsythoside A, plantainoside C, purpureaside D, martynoside and its two isomers were detected for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The results presented here could be helpful to assess the quality of this plant and could further contribute to the chemotaxonomy of the genus.

Effect of Phoenix dactylifera L. Sap Against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats: Phytochemical and Therapeutic Assessment

Lung fibrosis is a lethal interstitial disease characterized by massive proliferation of fibroblast inducing excessive collagen deposition. We aimed to investigate whether Date palm sap (DPS) can play a protective effect on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats. MaleWistar rats were given single dose of BLM (4 mg/kg, intra-tracheal), while DPS (45 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was administered three days later and continued for three weeks (BLM/DPS group). Characterization of phenolic compounds in DPS was evaluated by LC-HRESIMS analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s Trichome staining were used for the revelation of lung architecture, collagen deposition, and fibrosis score. Antioxidant effects of DPS and hydroxyproline content in lung tissues were studied using standard spectrophotometric methods. We reveled by liquid chromatography-high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) an important amount of vitamins and phenolic compounds in DPS. BLM increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and decreased catalase (CAT) activity. BLM also induced inflammation and accumulation of bundles of collagen in lung. DPS treatment normalized MDA, SOD, and CAT levels, decreased hydroxyproline level and morphological lesions induced by BLM. In conclusion, DPS has a protective effect against BLM-induced murine lung fibrosis due to its richness in phenolic compounds and vitamins.

Characterization of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus emblica fruits using HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS as affected by an optimized microwave-assisted extraction

ABSTRACT A simple microwave-assisted method for extracting antioxidant phenolic compounds from emblic (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruits was developed and optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). The influence of process conditions including microwave power, irradiation time, ethanol concentration, and solvent-to-solid ratio on the extraction of total phenolic content was analyzed by using a second-order regression equation. The optimum extraction parameters were as follows: microwave power, 480 W; irradiation time, 29 s; ethanol concentration, 66%; liquid-to-solid ratio, 25 mL/g. Under these conditions, the recovery of total phenolic content was 133.58 ± 15.61 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW). The extracts were also analyzed using HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS to identify eight compounds including hamamelitannin, mucic acid-1,4-lactone-3-O-gallate, ellagic acid, and isocorilagin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hamamelitannin in emblic fruit. The extracts exhibited strong antioxidant capacities in DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays and showed an excellent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reducing property. These findings illustrated that the optimized microwave-assisted extraction method was efficient in extracting phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity from emblic fruits. It was suggested that emblic fruits may be a new potential source as natural antioxidant agents applied in food industry.

Optimized Extraction by Response Surface Methodology Used for the Characterization and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Whole Red Grapes (Vitis vinifera).

Scientific research has focused on the characterization of bioactive polyphenols from grape seeds and skins, and the pulp has often been overlooked. However, since the beneficial properties of grapes are associated with the consumption of whole fruit, a full extraction and posterior characterization of the phenolic compounds in whole grapes is required to identify the involved bioactive compounds. Such methodologies are not currently available for the whole edible parts of red grapes. This study aimed to determine the best polyphenol extraction conditions of whole red grapes, and apply the method to characterize and quantify the polyphenol composition of three different grapes. The optimized conditions were 80 mL/g, 65% methanol (1% formic acid), 72 °C, and 100 min under agitation of 500 rpm. Also, methanol and ethanol were compared as extraction solvents, and methanol achieved statistically higher extraction rates for anthocyanins. The results of this work suggest a higher quantification of phenolic compounds when red grapes are analyzed whole, including the seeds, pulp, and skin.

Phenolic compounds characterization and antioxidant activities of selected spices from Cameroon

Methanol extracts of five spices from Cameroon were analyzed for their phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities. The Xylopia aethiopica extract with the highest total phenolics and flavonoids contents showed a strongest antioxidant activity compared to tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) using both the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt (ABTS) radicals scavenging assay. The identification and quantification of major phenolics acids and flavonoids was carried out by HPLC-DAD. T-cinnamic acid and ferulic acid was the phenolic acids mainly distributed within the methanolic extracts analyzed. Sinapic acid was identified at low concentration only in Ricinodendron heudelotii. The common flavonoids catechin and epicatechin were detected with highest concentration in Xylopia aethiopica extract. Eugenol was identified at high concentration (125.39–1326.29 μg/g) in all extracts. The results of the present study suggest that the extracts analyzed, particularly Xylopia aethiopica and Aframomum citratum are potential sources of natural antioxidants agents.

Phenolic compounds characterization by LC-DAD- ESI/MSn and bioactive properties of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut. and Ephedra alata Decne

Scientific research has been focused on finding natural occurring molecules from plant origin. Herein, infusion, decoction and hydroethanolic extracts of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut. and Ephedra alata Decne. from Algeria were phytochemically characterized by LC-DAD-ESI-MSn, and evaluated regarding bioactive properties (antioxidant and antibacterial). Flavonol and flavone glycoside derivatives and phenolic acids, specially rosmarinic acid and kaempferol-O-glucuronide were the major compounds in T. algeriensis extracts. Otherwise, E. alata presented isoflavones and flavonol derivatives as main compounds, being hydroxypuerarin isomer 1 the major molecule. Aqueous extracts had significantly higher antioxidant activity, being this activity correlated with the amount of phenolic compounds. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against multi-resistant bacteria strains from clinical isolates. The obtained MIC values indicate that the hydroethanolic extracts revealed the highest effect, especially the one of T. algeriensis against Gram-positive bacteria. Hence, these plant extracts could be used in the development of bioactive ingredients.