Exhaust Emission Characteristics Research Articles

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BIOADITIF MINYAK ATSIRI PADA BAHAN BAKAR BIOSOLAR TERHADAP KINERJA MESIN DIESEL

B30 is a blend of 30% biodiesel produced from the transesterification process of vegetable oils and 70% diesel derived from fossil fuels. The use of biodiesel is still facing the problems such as high particulate value, water content, and reduced filter life, so it is necessary to improve the fuel-containing biodiesel with bio-additives. This study aimed to determine the effect of bio-additive addition on the characteristics of B30, performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines, and to determine the best formula from two types of formulas, namely bio additive A (a mixture of turpentine oil, clove terpenes, and citronella) and bio additive B (a mixture of turpentine oil, clove terpene, and rhodinol). The concentration of bio-additive used in the engine performance test was 0.1%. The experimental data was then analyzed using descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA on the 95% level of characterization testing. The best formula was found in formula B based on the performance test analysis, which increased the torque and power values by 18.09–24.58 Nm and 3.85–5.04 KW, respectively. Furthermore, fuel consumption increased in the bio-additive A by 1,238–1,546 mL/hour and bio-additive B by 1,215 – 1,515 mL/hour. Intriguingly, the CO2 and NOx emissions values decreased by 6–17.6% and 337–1,205 ppm, respectively. Nevertheless, it was observed that the smoke number increased by 2.85 – 6, 45 FSN in bio-additive B. Keywords: B30, biodiesel, bio-additive; diesel engine; essential oil

天然ガスとGTL軽油を混焼させるDDFエンジンの燃焼・排出ガス特性 - GTL軽油による効果と天然ガス当量比の影響

天然ガスとGTL軽油を混焼させるDDFエンジンの燃焼・排出ガス特性 - GTL軽油による効果と天然ガス当量比の影響

Exhaust emission characteristics study of light and heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India

A study has been conducted using a portable emission tester (PET) for the city of Imphal, India using twelve (12) key business locations for determining the combustion by-products (exhaust emissions) & their characteristics from both light and heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The ambient temperature varied from 23.5 to 28 °C and humidity to be 65 ± 15% during the course of the study. Higher values of CxHy and CO, compared to the standard permissible values, have been observed from light duty diesel (LDD) vehicles, with average values of 430 ppm and 465.4 ppm respectively, while NOx has an average value of 99.2 ppm. Similar characteristics are also witnessed from the heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles with CO and CxHy having alarming values of 1585 ppm and 2968 ppm respectively, while NOx have an average value of 140.06 ppm. Using total emission approach, the CO2 emissions have been estimated to be about 38.02*105 tons and 1135*105 tons from LDD and HDD respectively till 2018. With respect to the present study, HDD have the maximum contribution of CxHy, NOx and CO in the atmosphere with values of 76.9%, 69.3% and 58.5% respectively. The authors believed that such alarming emissions from the vehicles would have been controlled if the authorities had performed regular checks and imposed strict laws against heavy emissions from vehicles.

The Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with Gasoline and Synthesized Biogas from Non-Thermal Plasma

This study synthesizes biogas with low methane contents (<50%) to hydrocarbons that form a combustible synthesis gas (syngas) mixture. Conventional methods used for reforming biogas has limitations in terms of fabrication, maintenance, and cost. This is especially true when the biogas’ composition fluctuates. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is an alternative method to produce combustible syngas for power generation. Thus, the exhaust emissions from a 2 kWe spark ignition (SI) engine fuelled with gasoline and NTP-synthesized biogas is investigated with respect to the type of NTP reactor, plasma power consumption and biogas composition. Two types of NTP reactors are used: a cylindrical reactor where the gas flow path is linear, and a cyclonic reactor where the gas flow path is a curvature, similar to that of a gas-solid cyclone separator. The results show that the NTP reactors produced additional hydrocarbons, decreasing flue gas temperatures by 4°C and reducing NOx emissions by 35%.

Performance and exhaust emission characteristics investigation of compression ignition engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel and its diesel blends.

Biofuels extracted from plant biomass can be used as fuel in CI engines to lower a hazardous atmospheric pollutant and mitigate climate risks. Furthermore, its implementation is hampered by inevitable obstacles such as feedstocks and the crop area required for their cultivation, leading to a lack of agricultural land for the expansion of food yields. Despite this, microalgae have been discovered to be the most competent and unwavering source of biodiesel due to their distinguishing characteristics of being non-eatable and requiring no cropland for cultivation. The objectives of this paper was to look into the potential of a novel, formerly underappreciated biodiesel from microalgae species which could be used as a fuel substitute. Transesterification is being used to extract the biodiesel. Microalgae are blended with petroleum diesel in percentage to create microalgae blends (MAB) as needed for experimentation. The impact of biodiesel on performance as well as exhaust emission attributes of a 1-cylinder diesel engine was experimentally studied. Compared to petroleum diesel, different blend of microalgae biodiesel showed a decline in torque and hence brake power, resulting in an average fall of 7.14 % in brake thermal efficiency and 11.54 % increase in brake-specific fuel consumption. There were wide differences in exhaust emission characteristics, including carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, as the blend ratio in diesel increased. Moreover, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides increase in all algae biodiesel blends, but they are still within the acceptable range of petroleum diesel.

Utilization of biodiesel blended fuel in a diesel engine – Combustion engine performance and emission characteristics study

Depletion of fossil fuels and increased impetus on carbon footprint has resulted in the application of biomass as a raw material for synthesis of fuel. In this research, investigations were carried to analyze twelve different blends of AO10D, EO5AO5D, AO5E5D, EO5AO5E5D, SO5D, SO10D, EuO5D, EuO10D, CO5D, CO10D, PO5D, and PO10D comprising micro and macro algae oil, cotton seed oil, eucalyptus oil, and ethanol. Blends were prepared by splash blending technique and experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine to study the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics with a compression ratio of 18:1 at an engine load of 3.75 kW operated with a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Among these blends, AO10D produced desirable results with a cetane number of 51.20 and ηBTE (Brake thermal efficiency) of 45% which is higher than Q-diesel efficiency of 37% at 50% load. The BFSC of all blends varied from 0.74 kg/kWh at ‘0th’ load to 0.20 kg/kWh at full load which indicated the complete combustion of AO10D and AO5EO5D oil blends. The emission of CO2 (2.3%), CO (22%), NOx (0.97%) and smoke emission (6.54%) decreased comparatively at 50% Load. AO10D blend proved be an alternative fuel for diesel engines at 50% load.

디젤기관의 Soybean-Oil 혼합율 및 연료 분사시기 변화가 배기배출물특성에 미치는 실험적 연구

In recent years, the issue of energy in the world is the part of most interest, and it is also a problem that is linked to the economic growth of each country. It has been reported to several scholars that the environmental problems of the earth are caused by the abnormal climate change all over the world. Such disasters of climate change frequently occur outside of the predictable range as the cause of the global ecosystem change. This study investigates the effect of the rate of biofuel mixing and the exhaust emissions characteristics caused by changing the fuel injection timing in diesel engines. As a result of experimets in test engines, specific fuel oil consumption is slightly increased in case of increasing biodiesel fuel ration and the NOx was also slightly increased. The specific fuel oil consumption is slightly decreased with leading fuel injection timing, but the NOx was increased.

Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Three-Wheeler Auto Diesel Engine Fueled with Pongamia, Mahua and Jatropha Biodiesels

Background: In India, three-wheeler auto diesel engines are also known as autorickshaw, play a vital role in day to day transportation. On the other hand, it pumps huge amount of harmful exhaust emissions into the atmosphere. As per the study by European Union 1% of India’s over two billion tonnes of annual vehicular CO2 emissions are from autorickshaws. Objective: To address the issue of high exhaust emissions from diesel engine, this paper has proposed Pongamia (PME), Mahua (PME) and Jatropha (JME) biodiesels as an alternative fuel. Methods: Biodiesel is produced by transesterification process; exhaust emissions analysis is carried out on a single cylinder four stroke three-wheeler auto diesel engine at constant speed of 1500rpm. Diesel as a reference fuel and cent percent of PME, MME, and JME as an alternative fuel. Results: Exhaust emissions reveals that there is a maximum reduction of Unburnt Hydrocarbons (UHC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), NOx, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and smoke compared to diesel fuel. At maximum load the NOx emission reduced by 18.41% for JME, 17.46% for MME and 7.61% for PME. Low levels of CO emissions are recorded for JME (66%) followed by MME (33%) and PME (22%). UHC were reduced by 85.75% for JME, MME and for PME 14.28% reduction is observed. Smoke emissions are also reduced for PME and MME by 18.84%, for JME 14.49%. Conclusion: It is observed that all the methyl esters exhibit significant reduction in harmful exhaust emissions compared to diesel fuel and jatropha biodiesel is noted as a better choice.

Energy-Saving and Pollution-Reduction Potential Analysis for Diesel Engines Fueled with Fischer-Tropsch Fuel.

Alternative fuels have attracted wide attention owing to the increasing energy consumption and environmental pollution problems, which are caused by the extensive application of diesel engines for various occasions. The Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) diesel synthesized from coal is considered as one kind of ideal alternative fuel for diesel engines; however, its combustion and exhaust emission characteristics are different from those of national diesel owing to its special fuel properties. Therefore, the combustion and emission characteristics of F–T diesel and 0# diesel, which meet the China stage VI were compared in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Moreover, energy-saving and pollution-reduction potential were analyzed in one CRDI diesel engine fueled with F–T diesel. The results showed that F–T diesel had an earlier ignition point, shorter ignition delay, lower cylinder pressure, and heat release rate compared with those of 0# diesel at the same operating conditions. Meanwhile, the amplitude, oscillation level, and energy of cylinder pressure were decreased to some extent, with the maximum drops of 0.98 bar, 16.4 dB, and 1.01 × 1012 Pa, respectively. Additionally, under external characteristic conditions, maximum break thermal efficiency (BTE) and break-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of F–T diesel were reduced by 1.1 and 2.1% on average compared with those of 0# diesel. In addition, CO, HC, NOx, and SOOT emissions of F–T diesel were found to be lower than those of 0# diesel, which were decreased by an average of 8, 3.7, 2.1, and 1.3%, respectively.

Studies on the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a plastic oil fueled CRDI engine with variable compression ratio

In the modern days, the entire world is experiencing the sudden rise in energy needs. Strict emission rules and exhaust of oil reserves have led the scientists around the world to look into different fuels for IC engines. On other context, plastic wastes are currently the biggest problem across the globe for their indispensable nature and the alarming increase in the use of plastic for industrial applications. In this context, plastic oil has been considered as an alternative to the fossil fuels, as the properties of the oil extracted from waste Polyethylene are at par with those of diesel. Literature review reveals the fact that automobile sector ranks highest in polluting the environment through the emission of CO, CO2, NOx and unburnt hydrocarbon. In the present work, an investigation has been carried out to convert the waste plastic into a combustible oil and use of this oil blended with diesel to run a 4- stroke, 3.5kW, single cylinder, CRDI engine. Plastic oil has been prepared by pyrolysis process and subjected to fractional distillation. A blend consisting of 10% of this oil and 90% of diesel has been used as the fuel to run the engine at three different compression ratios. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine have been analyzed and reported. The results reveal a marginal increase in BTE, CO2, NOx and decrease in BSFC, CO, HC and smoke emissions.

Effect of using bioethanol as fuel on start-up and warm-up exhaust emissions from a diesel power generator

The present work investigates the effects of bioethanol as fuel additive on a diesel power generator’s exhaust emission (especially under transient conditions) characteristics, during the start-up followed by idling and warm-up periods, from no load to loaded cases up to 50% at ambient conditions. Experiments with diesel/bioethanol blends in 10% and 15% proportions (denoted as BE10 and BE15, respectively) were achieved in a diesel power generator following the practical operating conditions of the gen-sets. Regarding emissions, CO increased first when bioethanol is used during start-up at no load, then it starts to decrease by increasing bioethanol fraction in diesel and load applied. Unburnt HC emissions were also measured as highest for all fuels tested during start-up, while they were slightly higher for BE15 than others in the rest of the test. NOx was highest with petroleum diesel, while it was lowest with BE15 at start-up. Despite higher NOx was measured with BE10, those of petroleum diesel and BE15 were similar during warm-up together with applying load. Smoke opacity was lowest in BE15; however, BE10 was highest. By applying load, it increased and the highest NOx was measured with BE10, while the lowest was with BE15.

Comparison of Research Data of Diesel–Biodiesel–Isopropanol and Diesel–Rapeseed Oil–Isopropanol Fuel Blends Mixed at Different Proportions on a CI Engine

Depletion in the levels of fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns associated with the rise in consumption of conventional fuels are among the top global concerns. Finding an alternative sustainable fuel that matches the performance characteristics of diesel/petrol fuels as well as decreases the exhaust emissions has been a challenging task. After deliberate research, it is found that every alternative fuel is associated with different problems when they are used independently, thereby limiting its benefits. Scientists suggest that using different fuel blends might lead to sustainability. This article is the analysis of data obtained from the experimentation based on two different alternative fuels, Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME)-based biodiesel and Rapeseed Oil (RO), blended with diesel (D) and Isopropanol (P) into three different proportions each. Tests were carried out in a compression ignition (CI) engine, and comparisons are based on the resulted performance and exhaust emission characteristics. The two different alternative fuels are blended into the following proportions to make six fuel mixtures, D50RME30P20, D50RME40P10, D50RME45P5, D50RO30P20, D50RO40P10 and D50RO45P5. The tests are carried out at different loads (BMEP) and are compared to that of pure diesel. Using the experimentation results, we also obtained the combustion characteristics of all fuel mixtures for further evaluation

A study on exhaust emission characteristics according to operating conditions and butanol blended fuels in a small diesel engine for fishing vessel

A study on exhaust emission characteristics according to operating conditions and butanol blended fuels in a small diesel engine for fishing vessel

Experimental Investigation of Neat Biodiesels’ Saturation Level on Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a CI Engine

The fuel qualities of several biodiesels containing highly saturated, mono, and poly unsaturated fatty acids, as well as their combustion and exhaust emission characteristics, were studied. Six biodiesel samples were divided into two groups based on their fatty acid composition, including group 1 (coconut, castor, and jatropha) and group II (palm, karanja, and waste cooking oil biodiesel). All fuels (in both groups) were tested in a single-cylinder off-road diesel engine. Castor and karanja biodiesel, both rich in mono-unsaturation level, have a high viscosity of about 14.5 and 5.04 mm2/s, respectively. The coconut and palm biodiesels are rich in saturation level with cetane numbers of 62 and 60, respectively. In both groups, highly saturated and poly-unsaturated methyl esters presented better combustion efficiency and less formation of polluted emissions than mono-unsaturation. At full load, coconut and palm biodiesel displayed 38% and 10% advanced start of combustion, respectively, which reduced ignition delay by approximately 10% and 3%, respectively. Mono-unsaturated methyl esters exhibited a higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate, which results in higher NOx gas emissions. The group II biodiesels showed about 10–15% lower exhaust emissions owing to an optimum level of fatty acid composition. Our study concluded that highly saturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acid performed better than mono-unsaturated biodiesels for off-road engine application.

The performance improvement of direct injection engines in cold start conditions integrating with phase change material: Energy and exergy analysis

The cold start problem is still one of the most significant drawbacks of diesel engines, especially in cold climates despite all technological improvements of fuel injection and control systems. Starting diesel engines becomes more difficult at low ambient air and engine block temperatures. Moreover, the production of pollutant exhaust emissions increases during the cold start and warm-up period of the engine. In this study, the thermal energy storage system (TES) with phase change materials (PCMs) has been proposed to improve the cold start and warm-up performance and exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engines. The waste heat from the engine main coolant using as the heat source is transferred to TES with integrated PCM after the warm-up period of the engine for heat storage. Then, the latent and sensible heat stored in PCM is transferred to the engine manifold to increase the temperature of intake air during cold start. The experiments have been conducted under low dead state temperature (≈6 ⁰C) conditions of the engine block and ambient. The experimental and energy-exergy comparison analysis results show that the cold start cranking period, CO and HC exhaust emission performances have improved by approximately 68.2%, 27.5% and 44% compared to classical engine system with the use of a designed TES, respectively. The efficiency of the strategy of increasing the intake air temperature by designing a PCM-based TES is supported by energy and exergy comparison analysis. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency improved in the range of 1.02%-7.45% and 0.9%-9.63%, respectively. These improvements show that the performance of a diesel engine under cold start conditions can be improved with a PCM-supported TES system.

Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines

In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique was employed for investigating the impact of hydroxy gas (HHO) enriched diesel on performance, acoustics, smoke and exhaust gas emissions of the compression ignition (CI) engine. The engine was operated within the HHO flow rate range of 0–10 L/min and engine loads of 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%. The results disclosed that HHO concentration and engine load had a substantial influence on the response variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of developed quadratic models indicated the appropriate fit for all models. Moreover, the optimization of the user-defined historical design of an experiment identified an optimum HHO flow rate of 8 L/min and 41% engine load, with composite desirability of 0.733. The responses corresponding to optimal study factors were 25.44%, 0.315 kg/kWh, 117.73 ppm, 140.87 ppm, 99.37 dB, and 1.97% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO, HC, noise, and smoke, respectively. The absolute percentage errors (APEs) of RSM were predicted and experimental results were below 5%, which vouched for the reliable use of RSM for the prediction and optimization of acoustics and smoke and exhaust emission characteristics along with the performance of a CI engine.

Engine Vibration Data Increases Prognosis Accuracy on Emission Loads: A Novel Statistical Regressions Algorithm Approach for Vibration Analysis in Time Domain

Statistical regression models have rarely been used for engine exhaust emission parameters. This paper presents a three-step statistical analysis algorithm, which shows increased prediction accuracy when using vibration and sound pressure data as a covariate variable in the exhaust emission prediction model. The first step evaluates the best time domain statistic and the point of collection of engine data. The univariate linear regression model revealed that non-negative time domain statistics are the best predictors. Also, only one statistic evaluated in this study was a statistically significant predictor for all 11 exhaust parameters. The ecological and energy parameters of the engine were analyzed by statistical analysis. The symmetry of the methods was applied in the analysis both in terms of fuel type and in terms of adjustable engine parameters. A three-step statistical analysis algorithm with symmetric statistical regression analysis was used. Fixed engine parameters were evaluated in the second algorithm step. ANOVA revealed that engine power was a strong predictor for fuel mass flow, CO, CO2, NOx, THC, COSick, O2, air mass flow, texhaust, whereas type of fuel was only a predictor of tair and tfuel. Injection timing did not allow predicting any exhaust parameters. In the third step, the best fixed engine parameter and the best time domain statistic was used as a model covariate in ANCOVA model. ANCOVA model showed increased prediction accuracy in all 11 exhausted emission parameters. Moreover, vibration covariate was found to increase model accuracy under higher engine power (12 kW and 20 kW) and using several types of fuels (HVO30, HVO50, SME30, and SME50). Vibration characteristics of diesel engines running on alternative fuels show reliable relationships with engine performance characteristics, including amounts and characteristics of exhaust emissions. Thus, the results received can be used to develop a reliable and inexpensive method to evaluate the impact of various alternative fuel blends on important parameters of diesel engines.

Experimental Investigations of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fuelled with Transesterified-Jatropha BiodieselDiesel Blend

Jatropha-curcas biodiesel has recently been considered as one of the potential renewable energy sources in Asia. This biodiesel is produced through the transesterification process of the non-edible oil obtained from Jatropha-curcas. The properties of this biodiesel are quite similar to those of diesel fuel. However, high viscosity of pure Jatropha-curcas biodiesel adversely affects engine performance. Hence, the percentage of Jatrophacurcas biodiesel that will not cause any adverse effect on the engine must be determined. In this context, this paper experimentally investigates the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fuelled with 25%, 50% and 100% volume basis Jatropha-curcas biodiesel with diesel. Results showed that the Jatropha-curcas biodiesel and its blends demonstrated lower values for brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission levels than diesel, but not for nitrogen oxide levels and brake specific fuel consumption. It was observed that the blend containing 25% Jatropha-curcas biodiesel (BD25) was the best alternative for diesel fuel based on engine emissions and overall performance. Therefore, BD25 could be considered a potential alternative fuel for compression ignition engines.

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Biofuels Exergy and Energy Analysis for Low Emissions Vehicles

This research investigates the effects of a synthetic diesel-like fuel (Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) fuel blends on the energy-exergy efficiencies and gaseous exhaust emissions characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Two blends of alternative fuels denoted as E15B35FTD50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and E15B35D50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% diesel) were experimentally studied on a single-cylinder diesel engine and compared to diesel fuel. The results show that the energetic and the exergetic efficiencies of the alternative fuels are comparable to those of the engine fueled with diesel fuel. The unburnt HC, NO, N2O, and NH3 emissions were reduced for the two alternative fuel blends compared to diesel, while CO emissions increased. The light HC species were found to slightly increase for the alternative fuel blends in comparison with diesel fuel. However, the total HC was considerably reduced by the combustion of E15B35FTD50 not only when compared to the diesel fuel combustion, but also when compared to E15B35D50. Overall, these results may contribute to identifying advantages and limitations in terms of energetic-exergetic analysis and emissions for the new generation of conventional diesel and hybrid electric vehicles that aim to achieve future emissions regulations.

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel with added nanoparticles and diesel blends.

The present experimental work is carried out to analyse the performance, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics of variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine using blended biofuel (B20) with nanoadditives. Transesterified biodiesel was prepared from waste cooking oil (WCO). The cerium oxide nanoparticles (CERIA) were produced and categorized by precipitation technique, SEM and XRD analysis. These nanoadditives mixed with biofuel blend by magnetic stirrer and then by ultrasonication. The test procedure was carried out under the following fuel blends: 20% of biodiesel added to 80% diesel (B20), 15ppm, 30ppm, 45ppm, 60ppm and 75ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles added with B20 blend (diesel, B20, B20+CERIA15, B20+CERIA30, B20+CERIA45, B20+CERIA60, B20+CERIA75). The engine was operated at fixed compression ratio 20:1 and constant speed at various load conditions 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and results were compared to diesel at 100% load. The improvement in B20 fuel characteristics was observed by adding cerium oxide nanoparticles. The outcomes indicate better improvement in the blended sample of B20+CERIA45 ppm with brake thermal efficiency increased by 3.62% and specific fuel consumption decreased by 3.3% than the neat diesel. Presence of added particles gives better atomization which prompts total burning in the combustion chamber and builds up the amplified pressure data. The emission of CO and HC outflow dimnishes by the addition of CERIA nanoparticles in blended biofuel. Additionally, there is a reduction in NOx by expanding the CERIA dosage in the fuel mixer. This occurs due to CERIA particles presented in a fuel blend behaving as an oxygen buffer and engaging the O2 for decreasing the NOx formation.