Abstract
In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique was employed for investigating the impact of hydroxy gas (HHO) enriched diesel on performance, acoustics, smoke and exhaust gas emissions of the compression ignition (CI) engine. The engine was operated within the HHO flow rate range of 0–10 L/min and engine loads of 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%. The results disclosed that HHO concentration and engine load had a substantial influence on the response variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of developed quadratic models indicated the appropriate fit for all models. Moreover, the optimization of the user-defined historical design of an experiment identified an optimum HHO flow rate of 8 L/min and 41% engine load, with composite desirability of 0.733. The responses corresponding to optimal study factors were 25.44%, 0.315 kg/kWh, 117.73 ppm, 140.87 ppm, 99.37 dB, and 1.97% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO, HC, noise, and smoke, respectively. The absolute percentage errors (APEs) of RSM were predicted and experimental results were below 5%, which vouched for the reliable use of RSM for the prediction and optimization of acoustics and smoke and exhaust emission characteristics along with the performance of a CI engine.
Highlights
Fuel consumption was determined by measuring time for the consumption of 100 mL of liquid fuel indicated by a gauged cylinder fixed adjacent to diesel containing tank while calorific value was obtained from Pakistan State Oil (PSO)
The results revealed that both factors were significant; the percentage contribution of load to overall variations was greater compared to fuel concentration
The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the impact of the blends of diesel with HHO on performance, noise, smoke and tailpipe emissions
Summary
Energy demand is soaring at an unprecedented pace and the available sources are too meagre to satisfy the needs [2,3]. In this scenario, the consumption of diesel as a transportation fuel has increased by about. Automotive diesel engines share 26% of total greenhouse gas emissions into the environment, which is an unignorable threat to the stability of the Earth [8,9,10] This has motivated researchers to investigate alternative fuels, such as hydroxy gas (HHO) for the versatile dual-fuel compression ignition engines [11,12], to find clean, economical, and sustainable energy resources [13,14,15]
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