Characterization Of Bio-oil Research Articles

Methodologies for bio-oil characterization from biomass pyrolysis: a review focused on GC-MS

Methodologies for bio-oil characterization from biomass pyrolysis: a review focused on GC-MS

Production and Characterization of Bio-oil Derived from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) using Fast Pyrolysis

Production and Characterization of Bio-oil Derived from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) using Fast Pyrolysis

Comparative Analysis of Biodiesel Produced from Blends of Palm Kernel Shell and Cocoa Pods Oils with Conventional Diesel Fuel: Characterizations, FTIR, GC-MS, XRD and SEM Analysis of the Nano Catalyst

The uncertainty of predicting the conditions of bio oils for the production of quality biofuels and reusability of catalyst, saving cost of production and time, make characterization of the oils/catalyst imperative. Characterization of bio oils, extracted from palm kernel shell and cocoa pods, the blends, catalyst and biodiesel produced therefrom is investigated. A maximum biodiesel yield of 76.05% was obtained at optimal conditions. Titanuim oxide used proved to be efficient catalyst for converting the oil blends to biodiesel. The established results obtained show kinematic viscosity of 5.65 – 7.78 mm2s-1 @ 40 oC, density of 0.8428 – 0.8642 kg/m3, cloud point of 4.48 – 6.48 oC, fire point of 108 – 150 oC, cetane index of 37.78 – 30.13, acid value of mg KOH/g, API gravity of 32.89 – 29, anicidine point of 50 – 46 oC etc. All the values fell within the recommended ASTM and EN standards. The GC-MS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and FTIR analyses carried out to evaluate the quality of the sample with respect to deterioration, gave an ester percentage of 99.9% for the bio-oil and biodiesel, which is within the minimum standard range of not less than 96.5% recommended. The GC-MS of the blended oil shows that the most prevalent fatty acids identified amongst 13 other distinct compounds were methyl linolenate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate and methyl eicosadinoate with percentage concentrations of 63.03, 26.9, 8.1 and 2% respectively. The XRD analysis confirmed the titanium oxide anatase structure with a peak of 25.4 degrees. The SEM analysis shows high porosity with high specific surface area of the catalyst at magnification of 80 – 269μm; and the FTIR analysis revealed that the functional groups for the bio-oil and blended biodiesel were in range.

Investigations of thermal effects during pyrolysis of agro-forestry biomass and physicochemical characterizations of biofuel products

The development of biofuels from waste residues is critical due to higher emissions of greenhouse gases from petroleum and coal and rising energy demand. Converting agricultural and forestry biomass into biofuel products efficiently is a practical approach for simultaneously addressing renewable energy security and waste management challenges. This study examines the physicochemical characteristics of several agro-forestry residues such as camelina meal, mustard meal, flax straw, hemp straw and spruce wood to assess their suitability as feedstocks for pyrolysis to generate biochar, bio-oil and gases. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of temperature (300–525 °C), heating rate (5–35 °C/min) and reaction time (30–75 min) to assess their impact on conversion efficiency and product distribution during pyrolysis. The optimal temperature, heating rate and reaction time for pyrolysis of camelina meal as a model biomass were determined to be 450 °C, 5 °C/min and 30 min, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of biochar and bio-oil were analyzed to determine the impact of controlled thermal breakdown through slow pyrolysis. As the temperature increased, the calorific value, carbon content and thermal stability of biochar increased due to the removal of volatile matter and the development of aromatic carbon and phenolic features.

Combination of integrated machine learning model frameworks and infrared spectroscopy towards fast and interpretable characterization of model pyrolysis oil

Model pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) is a promising bio-fuel with complex and unstable contents, making its fast characterization an essential demand in industrial production. This study proposed an integrated machine learning framework to predict elemental composition, low heating value, and unsaturated concentration from infrared spectra, achieving fast and interpretable characterization of bio-oil. In the integrated framework, a peak loading-based strategy was used to dimensionally reduce the spectral data. Bayesian optimized random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models were used to predict bio-oil properties from dimensionally reduced spectral data. Ensemble learning was used to combine RF and XGBoost models together for better predicting performance. Results showed that the proposed characterization method achieved an average accuracy of 99.53 %, a low RMSE value of 0.726, and an R2 of 0.98. The Shapley value analysis revealed that the vibration of NH2 stretch (1594 cm−1), C-H stretch (2868 cm−1), and C-N stretch in the aromatic ring (1229 cm−1) have a significant contribution to the characterization results. The working mechanism of the proposed characterization method was interpreted by the internal relationship among spectral peak location/height, functional group species/amount, and the predicted characteristics. The results are hoped to serve quality control in production of bio-oil.

Online Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Hyphenated to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry with Quadrupole Detection for Microalgae Bio-Oil Characterization.

Microalgae are an attractive feedstock for biofuel production thanks to their renewable nature, high growth rate, and ability to use anthropogenic CO2. The conversion of microalgae by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) leads to a solid residue, a gaseous phase, and a biocrude. However, the bio-oil is rich in heteroatoms and requires upgrading processes to be used as biofuels. For these treatments to be effective, detailed knowledge of the sample is crucial. The bio-oil was characterized by direct introduction into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (DI-FTICR MS) with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). Thousands of molecular formulas were assigned with a high level of confidence, mainly compounds with nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Additionally, the bio-oil was analyzed by coupling supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and FTICR to combine the separation power of SFC to the high performances of a 12 T FTICR. Quadrupole detection (2ω) was used in FTICR to have a high resolving power with a lower transient time. The coupling allowed the separation of many isomers along the chromatogram, showing the isomeric complexity of microalgae bio-oils. Moreover, classes of compounds were separated according to their heteroatom class thanks to the SFC separation. In this work, the advantages of DI-FTICR MS and SFC-FTICR MS proved complementary, and DI was useful to study the bio-oil at the molecular scale thanks to the high performances, while SFC proved useful for the characterization at the isomeric scale. This demonstrated the significant potential of this new online hyphenated technique for the characterization of complex matrices.

Study of the co-pyrolysis behavior and bio-oil characterization of walnut shell and polyethylene by thermogravimetric analyzer and bubbling fluidized bed

In the present work, co-pyrolysis experiments of walnut shell (WS), polyethylene (PE) and their blends were performed in the thermogravimetric analyzer and lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor, to clarify co-pyrolysis behaviors, synergy interactions and pyrolysis oil properties. Besides, the HZSM-5 zeolite was used as the catalyst and its catalytic characteristics were studied. Results indicated that as PE mass ratio rose from 0 to 100 %, the initial temperature monotonically increased from 265.4 to 417.3 °C, while its terminal temperature progressively decreased from 668.3 to 527.5 °C, suggesting that the addition of PE was able to accelerate the pyrolysis of samples. The co-pyrolysis of blends was distinguished into three stages, with a negative interaction observed in the first stage and positive interactions found in second and third stages. Besides, in the bubbling fluidized bed experiments, the liquid phase product yield first elevated and then reduced with rising temperature, and a high temperature promoted the degradation of oxygen-containing compounds and enhanced aromatics generation. The synergistic interaction in the co-pyrolysis of WS and PE declined the liquid phase product yield while elevating the gas phase product yield. On the other hand, blending with PE facilitated the generation of alkanes and olefins, while inhibiting the contents of oxygen-containing components and aromatics, and simultaneously, the heavy oil fraction was increased. Finally, the carbon deposited on the surface of catalysts was amorphous carbons, and could be removed by oxidation process, whereas its catalytic properties progressively declined with rising cycle number, leading to a downtrend of aromatics and olefins and an opposite trend for oxygen-containing components.

Production and characterization of furanic bio-oil from Kawayan kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex. Wendl) using molten citric acid in an open system

Production and characterization of furanic bio-oil from Kawayan kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex. Wendl) using molten citric acid in an open system

Characterization of Bio-oil and Biochar Produced from Co-pyrolysis of Teak Wood Sawdust and Waste Plastic Bottles Using Ablative Pyrolyzer

Characterization of Bio-oil and Biochar Produced from Co-pyrolysis of Teak Wood Sawdust and Waste Plastic Bottles Using Ablative Pyrolyzer

Production and characterization of bio-oil from camelthorn plant using slow pyrolysis

Production and characterization of bio-oil from camelthorn plant using slow pyrolysis

Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of Albizia Branches Using Iraqi Bentonite Clays

Catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass is gaining popularity as an alternative to fossil fuels due to health, environmental, climate, and economic issues. This study conducted a catalytic pyrolysis process of the Albizia plant's branches using an Iraqi clay catalyst (bentonite) focusing on the variables including the biomass-particle size, experimental time, microwave power level, and the catalyst-to-biomass ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the resulting biofuel were analyzed presented by HHV, acidity, density, viscosity, GC-MS, FTIR for bio-oil and SEM, EDX, BET, HHV, FTIR for biochar. The study revealed that addition of bentonite as a catalyst led to enhanced production of biogas produced from 5% to 45% and decreased the power level used from 700 W to 450 W. Also, it raised the production of bio-oil generated with less power level and duration time. The addition of catalyst also affected the characteristics of bio-oil produced such as reducing the acidity by increasing its pH from 5 to 5.7, lowering the viscosity from 4.8 to 3.3 cSt, and the density from 1045 to 1039.2 kg/m3. Adding catalyst increased the percentage of aromatic and alcoholic substances in the bio-oil which led to improve the calorific value from 19.5 to 23 MJ/kg. Additionally, the biochar properties also improved, where the surface area and pore volume increased from 0.5512 to 40.384 m2/g and 0.00011 to 0.0361cm3/g respectively. The higher heating value was raised from 23.5 to 25 MJ/kg also. CH4 is also increased from 3.6 to 8.6% which is one of the essential fuel gasses.

Generation and Characterization of Bio-Oil Obtained From The Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches at Various Temperatures

Abstract: In the last decade, biomass pyrolysis has received more attention in the renewable energy sector. This technology converts biomass to obtain valuable products: bio-oil, biochar, and gas. Bio-oil is a liquid product from pyrolysis that can be used to fuel boilers and furnaces, or further processed to produce fuel oil and chemical products. In this study, bio-oil was generated from slow pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) at various temperatures. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of temperature on the properties of products generated from the pyrolysis of OPEFB. Six different pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 300 to 700℃ were used to produce bio-oil. It was found that operating temperature affected the product yield and its properties significantly. The higher the operating temperature of slow pyrolysis, the amount of bio-oil produced was also increased with a decrease in biochar yield. The highest yield of bio-oil was found to be 55.53% at a pyrolysis temperature of 700℃ with a yield of biochar and syngas was 24.22% and 20.25%, respectively. The GC-MS analysis was used as a quantitative means to characterize the liquid pyrolysis product. The findings of GC-MS showed that bio-oil generated in this study was dominated by phenols and ketones. In conclusion, pyrolysis of OPEFB demonstrates significant potential for industrial applications to generate valuable products especially bio-oil, providing a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.Abstrak: Dalam satu dekade terakhir, pirolisis biomassa semakin mendapat perhatian di sektor energi terbarukan. Teknologi ini mengubah biomassa menjadi produk-produk yang bernilai seperti: bio-oil, biochar, dan gas. Bio-oil adalah produk cair dari pirolisis yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar boiler dan furnace, atau diproses lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar minyak dan produk kimia. Dalam penelitian ini, bio-oil dihasilkan dari proses pirolisis lambat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) pada berbagai kondisi suhu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu terhadap karakteristik produk yang dihasilkan dari pirolisis TKKS. Berbagai variasi suhu pirolisis dari rentang 300 hingga 700℃ digunakan untuk menghasilkan bio-oil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu pirolisis mempengaruhi yield produk dan karakteristiknya secara signifikan. Semakin tinggi suhu operasi pirolisis, jumlah bio-oil yang dihasilkan juga semakin meningkat, namun diikuti dengan penurunan yield biochar. Yield tertinggi bio-oil yaitu sebesar 55,53% diperoleh pada suhu 700℃ diikuti dengan yield biochar dan syngas masing-masing sebesar 24,22% and 20,25%. Analisis GC-MS digunakan sebagai metode kuantitatif untuk mengkarakterisasi produk cair dari pirolisis. Hasil GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa komposisi bio-oil yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini didominasi oleh senyawa fenol dan keton. Penelitian ini menjanjikan potensi dari pirolisis TKKS untuk aplikasi industri guna menghasilkan produk bernilai tinggi berupa bio-oil sebagai penyedia sumber energi terbarukan pengganti bahan bakar fosil.

Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Bio-oil from Durian Shell Pyrolysis

Foodborne bacteria cause food spoilage, usually Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, synthetic preservatives are employed in food preservation to prevent food spoilage caused by microorganisms. Excessive use of synthetic preservatives can cause disease. Bio-oil has become a natural preservative because of its high phenolic content. However, bio-oil still requires purification because the initial bio-oil (grade 3) still contains carcinogenic compounds that are dangerous for consumption. Therefore, this study aims to determine the components of the bio-oil compound after purification and its effectiveness as an antibacterial. Durian shell (DS) is pyrolyzed in a heating reactor without oxygen at a temperature of 330–600ºC (flow rate 6ºC/minute) with a 2-3 cm material size. Furthermore, bio-oil purification includes stages of filtration using activated zeolite, fractional distillation at 70–200ºC (grade 2), and filtration using activated charcoal (grade 1). Bio-oil purification includes stages of filtration using active zeolite and activated charcoal (grade 2), and fractional distillation at a temperature of 150–200ºC (grade 1). Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, grade 2 and grade 1 contain the major compounds 1,4-dimethyl-1h-imidazole and acetic acid. The research showed that bio-oil grades 1 and 2, when used at a 30% concentration, exhibit antibacterial strong effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These findings suggest that bio-oil grades 1 and 2 could be valuable natural preservatives.

Development of Sustainable Biofuel from Seed Waste Using Pyrolysis and Its Sustainability in the Compression Ignition Engine Application

In recent decades, conventional diesel engines have faced serious challenges due to the depletion of fossil fuel sources. The current research investigates the feasibility of using waste Acacia nilotica (AN) seed pyrolysis oil as fuel in diesel engines. The pyrolysis investigations were carried out in a batch-type reactor at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 650 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min, and feedstock sizes ranging from 0.2 to 1.7 mm. The maximum oil yield of 49% was obtained at 500 °C with an optimum particle size of 0.5 mm. The characterization of bio-oil was estimated with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. FTIR analysis detected aliphatic functional groups in bio-oil. GC-MS analysis determined phenolic, acetic, and cresol compounds in pyrolysis oil. Bio-oil contains 64.78% aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC), according to 1HNMR. Blends of AN and diesel were studied in diesel engines to investigate engine parameters, and the findings were compared to standard diesel. Under full load conditions, the efficiency of the AN10 (10% AN seed pyrolysis oil + 90% diesel) blend was discovered to be 32.8%, which is 2.3% lower than normal diesel, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions were low. The findings confirmed that up to 30% of the AN blend can substitute for diesel in compression ignition (CI) engine applications.

Chemical structure and characterization of bio-oils isolated from walnut shells by different processes

This study investigated the products and properties of bio-yields obtained from different types of processes using the extraction and pyrolysis of walnut shells. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out with 10 g walnut shells at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C /1 min, a particle size of 1-1.5 mm, and a specific nitrogen gas flow rate. Aqueous extracts were obtained by placing the solid sample in a glass jar with methanol-chloroform (1:1 v/w) solvent indoors and away from light for five days. The obtained liquid samples were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS-MS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Chemical composition analysis of the bio-oils revealed that phenol compounds were more concentrated in the aqueous extract process and volatile oil compounds that were more dominant in the pyrolysis process. The structural analysis results of the bio-oil showed that bio-oil products obtained from walnut shells can be used as fuel, composite film for different purposes, and value-added products. It can be said that the content analysis of liquid samples obtained as a result of pyrolysis and extraction of walnut shells was elucidated with advanced analytical techniques such as LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. The test results revealed that these products will be used in different areas such as energy and high-value-added products. This study provides researchers with a concrete prediction about the suitability of content-analyzed walnut shells.

Pyrolysis of biomass harvested from heavy-metal contaminated area: Characteristics of bio-oils and biochars from batch-wise one-stage and continuous two-stage pyrolysis

This study evaluates pyrolysis products obtained from biomasses (silver grass, pine, and acacia) harvested from heavy-metal-contaminated soil. To do so, we utilized two methods: a batch one-stage pyrolysis, and a continuous two-stage pyrolysis. The study results show that the yields and characteristics of bio-oils and biochars varied depending on the pyrolysis process and the type of biomass. The two-stage pyrolysis having two reactors (auger and fluidized bed reactors) appeared to be very suitable for specific chemicals production such as acetic acid, acetol, catechol, and levoglucosan. The biochar obtained from the fluidized-bed reactor of two-stage pyrolysis had high thermal stability, high crystallinity, high inorganic content, and a small number of functional groups. In contrast, the biochar obtained from the one-stage pyrolysis had low thermal stability, low crystallinity, a high carbon content, and a large number of functional groups. The biochar obtained from the two-stage pyrolysis appeared to be suitable as a material for catalyst support and as an adsorbent. The biochar obtained from one-stage pyrolysis appeared to be a suitable as a soil amendment, as an adsorbent, and as a precursor of activated carbon. All biochars showed a negative carbon footprint. In the end, this study, which was conducted using two different processes, was able to obtain the fact that products of pyrolysis biomass contaminated with heavy metals have different characteristics depending on the process characteristics and that their utilization plans are different accordingly. If the optimal utilization method proposed through this study is found, pyrolysis will be able to gain importance as an effective treatment method for biomass contaminated with heavy metals.

Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biomass Composition on Bio-Oil Characteristics

Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biomass Composition on Bio-Oil Characteristics

Modelling and Simulation Studies on the Characteristic Behaviour of Macroalgae Derived Bio-Oil

Abstract With the expanding need for renewable and sustainable energy resources, the demand for biomass derived bio-oil particularly microalgae or macroalgae based bio-oil is growing. In this regard, understanding the characteristics of bio-oil as a function of several influencing operational parameters is essential. In this study modelling and simulation technique based on Aspen HYSYS was applied to investigate the characteristics of macroalgae Ulva prolifera derived bio-oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) process as a function of the influencing parameters like temperature, kinematic viscosity, and weight percent of the bio-oil assay, cut yield behaviour, and standard liquid density. Modelling and simulation help to optimise the process parameters and design the process layout for large-scale production. According to the simulation results the cut yield of off gases, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, light distillate, heavy distillate, gas oil and residues are shown at specific final boiling point (FBP) temperatures of 70 °C, 70 °C - 110 °C, 110 °C - 221.1 °C, 221.1 °C - 304.4 °C, 304.4 °C - 371.1 °C, 371.1 °C - 537.8 °C and 537.7 °C respectively. Whereas, above a temperature of 300 °C, the weight percentage of aromatic components increased steadily. The increase in percentage composition of the aromatic components is due to the reduction of the paraffinic components. The density of the liquid bio-oil was steadily increasing until a temperature of 200 °C.

Influence of potassium-based catalysts in the pyrolysis of Caupi bean pod (Vigna unguiculata): bio-oil characterization by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC/TOFMS)

Influence of potassium-based catalysts in the pyrolysis of Caupi bean pod (Vigna unguiculata): bio-oil characterization by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC/TOFMS)

Production and Characterization of Bio-Oil from Cassava Peel

Agroindustrial residues are biomass of interest as they are energy sources and bioproducts with lower environmental impacts than traditional fossil fuels. Pyrolysis has been used to convert residual biomass into higher value-added products such as bio-oil. This work aimed to pyrolyze cassava peels to produce bio-oil and characterization using chromatographic techniques to obtain essential compounds for the chemical industry, adding value to this residue. The pyrolytic process generated 17.5% of bio-oil, with a high concentration of phenols and alcohols. Thus, this residual biomass has potential for industrial use, reducing the environmental impact of its deposit in landfills and offering industrial and economic benefits.