Characterization Of Bio-oil Research Articles

Catalytic pyrolysis of Paulownia wood and bio-oil characterization

ABSTRACT This study focused on the catalytic pyrolysis of Paulownia (P. elongota) wood. The effects of ZSM-5, Na2CO3, sepiolite, and catalyst ratio (10–80% by wood weight) on product yields and bio-oil composition were investigated. In pyrolysis experiments, 500°C pyrolysis temperature, 50°C min−1 heating rate, and 100 mL min−1 N2 flow rate were kept as constant. The catalyst type and catalyst ratio changed the product yields and bio-oil compositions. Pyrolysis conversion was increased for all catalyst types. Maximum liquid product yields were obtained as 63.26 wt%, 56.18 wt%, and 54.59 wt% with the ZSM-5, Na2CO3 and sepiolite, respectively, at 10 wt% catalyst ratio. For all catalysts, it was determined that the liquid and solid yields reduce and the gas product yield rises with the catalyst ratio. The bio-oil characterization was performed with elemental analysis, FTIR, 1HNMR, and GC-MS techniques. The bio-oil composition was determined to consist of alkanes, carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, benzenes, and phenols.

Comprehensive study of lumped kinetic models and bio-oil characterization in microwave-assisted pyrolysis of Sargassum sp.

This research aims to study the kinetics of pyrolysis of Sargassum sp. using a microwave reactor and characterize the components in the bio-oil.

Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

Pyrolysis-Based Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil From Brassica Carinata Oilseed Meals and Its Application to Produce Bio-Jet Fuel

Pyrolysis-Based Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil From Brassica Carinata Oilseed Meals and Its Application to Produce Bio-Jet Fuel

Comparison Effect of Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Pellita Bark and Empty Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm to Bio-Oil

The use of eucalyptus pelitta (EP) biomass waste and empty fruit bunch of oil palm(EFB) as raw materials for bio-oil is expected to overcome the existing solid waste problems, reduce pollution due to air pollution, and can produce gas and bio-oil which have potential. as new and renewable energy. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of raw material and temperature regulation on the results of pyrolysis products and the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. The set temperatures used were 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, and 500°C with the raw materials being Eucalyptus pellita (EP) bark biomass and empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFB). Pyrolysis that occurs with the equipment configuration used a heating rate of 7-14°C/minute, where the main reaction of pyrolysis occurs at a temperature of 150°C to 270°C so that the set temperature does not have a large effect on the yield or characteristics of bio-oil. EP pyrolysis produced an average bio-oil yield of 41.64%, while EFB pyrolysis produced an average bio-oil yield of 46.72%. Bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of EP has a characteristic average value for density of 1.062362 gr/mL, viscosity of 2.1749 cP, and pH 2-3. Meanwhile, bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of EFB has a characteristic average value for density of 1.043146 gr/mL, viscosity of 1.3582 cP, and pH 3-4. EP bio-oil has a composition of C7-C10 carbon, while EFB bio-oil has a composition of C6-C19 carbon.

Catalytic upgradation of pyrolytic products by catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust using a synthesized composite catalyst of NiO and Ni (II) aluminates

A significant comparative study was done on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust via metal-induced active site NiO and Ni (II) aluminates composite catalyst by integrating sawdust into a fixed-bed reactor and assessing product profile distribution from a temperature range of 773–873 K at 30 K min−1 heating rate under nitrogen purge gas (300 mL min−1). With an increase in temperature from 773 to 873 K, bio-oil yield was increased with a decrease in the yield of biochar. From thermal bio-oil characterization, it was observed that d-Allose was the prominent compound along with Beta-d-Glucopyranose-1,6-Anhydro with a remarkable Cp value of 2.0 Jg-1 K−1 and an ignition temperature of 397.95 K. Catalytic upgradation of bio-oil using 10 % and 20 % catalyst resulted in phosphonic acid, (p-hydroxyphenyl)- and 6-Hepten-3-one, 5-Hydroxy-4-Methyl- as the candidate compounds with slightly decreased Cp values of 0.095 Jg-1 K−1 and 0.826 Jg-1 K−1 respectively due to catalytic tar cracking of polyaromatic hydrocarbons present in the bio-oil. Biochar revealed amorphous graphitic multilayer nanosheets with polycrystalline and hexagonal crystal systems of the lattice structure with the presence of aromatic ring structures and –CN stretching as evident from FTIR analysis.

Performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of bio-oil produced by in situ catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene using spent FCC.

Plastic waste is a rich source of hydrocarbons that can be converted into bio-oil through pyrolysis. In this study, bio-oil was produced by pyrolysis of waste-polypropylene using spent FCC catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that catalytically produced oil has the majority of compounds in the hydrocarbon range of C6-C18. The catalytic pyrolysis oil was blended with conventional fuel (diesel) to extensively investigate its suitability as a fuel substitute in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, 3.5kW, diesel internal combustion (IC) engine. Furthermore, four fuels, i.e., CF100PO00 (pure diesel), CF90PO10 (10% v/v pyrolysis oil blended with diesel), CF85PO15 (15% v/v pyrolysis oil blended with diesel), and CF80PO20 (20% v/v pyrolysis oil blended with diesel), were tested in IC diesel engine for performance, combustion, and exhaust emission analysis at 1500rpm. The tests were carried out at five loads, i.e., 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Nm. It was found that CF90PO10 produced 6.61% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), whereas CO2 exhaust emission decreased by 20% for CF80PO20 with respect to the pure diesel. Diesel blends with plastic pyrolysis oil can be a promising biofuel to improve engine performance and combustion characteristics without any significant engine modification.

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil for High School Students

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil for High School Students

The impact of various catalysts on pyrolysis bio-oil characteristics and catalyst coking behavior of corn stover

ABSTRACT Biomass has immense potential to address energy and environmental issues. Catalytic pyrolysis is an effective technology for utilizing biomass. Six catalysts (CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MCM-41, HZSM-5, and red mud(RM)) were used to pyrolyze corn stover in a fixed-bed reactor. Six catalysts (CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MCM-41, HZSM-5, and red mud (RM)) were used in a fixed-bed reactor. The feedstock-to-catalyst (FCR) ratio was adjusted to optimize the catalytic effect. The comprehensive evaluation of the catalysts was carried out by analyzing the deoxygenation effect, liquid yield, and catalyst coke accumulation behavior through TG, GC-MS, SEM/EDS, and XRD techniques. The study revealed that superior deoxygenation performance among the six investigated were HZSM-5, CaO, and RM. At the highest FCR (2:1), the liquid yield and deoxygenation effect of CaO are both at their optimal state simultaneously. The bio-oil yield reached 51.98%, but it has a coke accumulation of 27.07% by TG. MCM-41 and HZSM-5 exhibited more severe coking with coke contents of 8.14% and 8.04%, respectively, along with higher maximum heat loss temperature, upon dichloromethane extraction. The relative peak areas of alkanes in the coke accumulation were more than 50% except for RM, which the main component of the latter was polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (78.43%). By comparing the bio-oil characteristics and carbon accumulation behavior of different catalysts, it provides a reference for the study of carbon accumulation in pyrolysis catalysts.

Upgrading of soybean meal-derived bio-oil via hydrodeoxygenation over [formula omitted]-Al2O3-supported monometallic and bimetallic catalysts

The characteristics of bio-oil derived from soybean meal were upgraded by the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) over monometallic and bimetallic catalysts. The heating value of the bio-oil remained low due to its high oxygen content. To minimize oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil, the HDO was performed in a high pressure reactor at 300 °C under hydrogen pressure. The catalysts utilized in this reaction were Ni/γ-Al2O3 and Ni-Co/γ-Al2O3 produced using an incipient wetness impregnation approach. Several aspects influencing bio-oil upgrading were investigated, including catalyst type, nickel and cobalt ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time. When compared to the oil before upgrading, the bio-oil after HDO with all catalysts had a better quality with reduced oxygen and greater carbon contents. The Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was more efficient than the bimetallic catalysts in terms of reducing oxygen content and increasing the heating value of the pyrolysis oil. The pyrolysis oil with the lowest oxygen content was produced by the 1% nickel on alumina catalyst, resulting in the high heating value (HHV) of 37.4 MJ/kg. The catalyst amount of 2.5 %wt and the reaction time of 1 h were the suitable conditions for the HDO of soybean meal-derived bio-oil.

Spray combustion of fast-pyrolysis bio-oils under engine-like conditions

In the EU funded SmartCHP project, biomass derived fast-pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO) is used to fuel modified stationary diesel engines for combined heat and power applications. In this study, the spray combustion characteristics of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil and FPBO/ethanol blends are experimentally investigated in a combustion research unit. Due to the special physicochemical properties of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil, major modifications are made to the combustion research unit to facilitate testing this fuel, including the installation of a high-temperature chamber and a heavy-fuel oil injection system. Experimental tests are carried out at a chamber wall temperature of 750 °C and an ambient pressure of 50 bar. The pressure-based heat release analysis is used to evaluate fuel ignition and combustion characteristics, while a high-speed imaging technique is adopted to visualize natural luminosity of spray flames through a borescope.Results show that fast-pyrolysis bio-oil has lower sooting tendency than diesel, and it significantly alleviates the fuel dribble phenomenon. At injection pressure of 300 bar, the poor atomization of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil leads to rather grainy-looking spray flame images, and nozzle orifices becoming clogged within couple of injections. The increase of injection pressure to 900 bar results in an obvious improvement of the atomization quality and nozzle durability for fast-pyrolysis bio-oil. Adding ethanol into fast-pyrolysis bio-oil could improve fuel atomization and further reduce the natural luminosity. The ignition delay of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil is slightly retarded by 10% ethanol addition, while it is advanced by 30% ethanol addition.

Pyrolysis of Colombian spent coffee grounds (SCGs), characterization of bio-oil, and study of its antioxidant properties

ABSTRACT Coffee is the second most consumed beverage in the world. Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are promising raw material for pyrolysis. The Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose model (KAS) and Ozawa-Flynn Wall (OFW), determined the pyrolysis activation energy to be 142.40 and 66.08 kJ/mol, respectively. The pyrolysis products were bio-oil with a 22.5% yield and a calorific power of 28.91 MJ/kg. The bio-oil composition was 50.86% fatty acids, 31.65% linear hydrocarbons, and 11.31% aromatics, as determined by GC-MS. The total phenolic content (TPC) was 362 ± 44 mg GA g−1, with DPPH activity of 24.8 ± 2% inhibition and antioxidant activity of 108.5 ± 13.6 mg L−1 of Trolox equivalents. The results showed that bio-oil could be used as a biofuel and a source of chemical compounds.

Ketones Production by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Cellulose Using Iron-Modified Ni-Co Composite Catalyst: Products Distribution, Behaviour and Bio-oil Characteristics

In this work, the iron-modified Ni-Co composite catalyst was synthesized, and its catalytic effect on product distribution, behaviour and liquid characteristics was deeply studied. The result showed that the synthesized catalyst significantly improved the pyrolysis behaviour of cellulose, and the decomposition of cellulose occurred earlier. The highest yield of liquid product was 56.79wt%, which was obtained by adding the NCF-6 catalyst. The optimal ratio of catalyst in the sample was 5%, and the optimal pyrolysis temperature was 530°C. The characteristics of liquid product showed the introduction of the synthesized catalyst enhanced the decomposition of anhydrosugars and significantly promoted the generation of ketones in the liquid. The highest content of ketones in the liquid was 25.12%. Further analysis showed that the selectivity of 2(5H)-Furanone in the liquid component was strongest. These works provided an effective way to produce ketone-rich bio-oil from biomass.

Catalytic pyrolysis of corn stalk for the production of aromatics: The effects of wet torrefaction and Zn/Ni-HZSM-5 on pyrolysis behavior

The pyrolysis of corn stalk (CS) was carried out to investigate the effect of wet torrefaction (WT) pre-treatment and Zn/Ni-HZSM-5 on the production of bio-oil characteristics. The synergy between WT and the loaded metal catalyst was also analyzed. The oxygen content of the CS was reduced from 50.5% to 40.8% with WT, and hemicellulose was almost removed. WT pretreatment also significantly reduced the oxygenated compounds of bio-oil and increased the selectivity of phenols, aromatics, and anhydro-sugars. The addition of catalyst improved the deoxygenation, oligomerization, and aromatization during pyrolysis. The loading of Zn and Ni could optimize the pyrolysis reaction path and increased the relative content of monocyclic aromatics (MAHs) from 3.58% to 9.67% and 6.44% during the pyrolysis of CS-WT, respectively, and bimetallic catalyst further enhanced the relative content of MAHs to 11.1%. The relative content of aromatics below C9 was higher than other groups (14.8%). Thus, the WT pretreatment of raw materials and synergistic effect of catalysts can jointly optimize the biomass pyrolysis reaction.

Response Surface Methodology for the Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil Extracted from Biomass Waste and Upgradation Using the Rice Husk Ash Catalyst.

Rice husk ash (RHA), a low-cost biomaterial, was utilized to form bio-oil from pyrolysis in a batch-stirred reactor, followed by its upgradation using the RHA catalyst. In the present study, the effect of temperature (ranging from 400 to 480 °C) on bio-oil production produced from RHA was studied to obtain the maximum bio-oil yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effect of operational parameters (temperature, heating rate, and particle size) on the bio-oil yield. The results showed that a maximum bio-oil output of 20.33% was obtained at 480 °C temperature, 80 °C/min heating rate, and 200 μm particle size. Temperature and heating rate positively impact the bio-oil yield, while particle size has little effect. The overall R2 value of 0.9614 for the proposed model proved in good agreement with the experimental data. The physical properties of raw bio-oil were determined, and 1030 kg/m3 density, 12 MJ/kg calorific value, 1.40 cSt viscosity, 3 pH, and 72 mg KOH/g acid value were obtained, respectively. To enhance the characteristics of the bio-oil, upgradation was performed using the RHA catalyst through the esterification process. The upgraded bio-oil stemmed from a density of 0.98 g/cm3, an acid value of 58 mg of KOH/g, a calorific value of 16 MJ/kg, and a viscosity 10.5 cSt, respectively. The physical properties, GC-MS and FTIR, showed an improvement in the bio-oil characterization. The findings of this study indicate that RHA can be used as an alternative source for bio-oil production to create a more sustainable and cleaner environment.

Decomposition and characterization of bio-oil from coconut shell waste for bio-coke hybrid application as alternative energy resources

Bioenergy sources continue to be developed to solve environmental problems due to agricultural biomass waste and alternative energy sources. Bioenergy from biomass raw materials through the pyrolysis method is a thermochemical conversion technology that produces bio-oil and bio-char. The conversion process of coconut shell (CS) biomass with a size of 60 mesh at a temperature of 500-700°C without adding a catalyst. The results showed that the optimum decomposition process occurred at a temperature of 700°C. Based on the GC-MS analysis of bio-oil from CS, the compound consisting of 58.18% phenol, 18.86% 2.6 dimethoxy-phenol, 1.35% 1-(acetyloxy)-2-propanone, 6.57% 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene and 2.55% 4-ethyl-2,6-methoxy-phenol was obtained. While the SEM-EDS characterization of bio-char contains the main constituent elements, including 94.37% carbon and minor elements consisting of 5.50% oxygen, 0.09% sodium and 0.05% chlorine. Comprehensive analysis shows that pyrolysis is an efficient and sustainable method for converting CS biomass into material for hybrid bio-coke applications as an alternative renewable energy source.

On-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography x supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry: A powerful tool for the characterization of advanced biofuels

Bio-oils obtained by thermochemical or biochemical conversion of biomass represent a promising source of energy to complement fossil fuels, in particular for maritime or air transport for which the use of hydrogen or electricity appears complicated. As these bio-oils are very rich in water and heteroatoms, additional treatments are necessary before they can be used as biofuel. In order to improve the efficiency of these treatments, it is important to have a thorough knowledge of the composition of the bio-oil. The characterization of bio-oils is difficult because they are very complex mixtures with thousands of compounds covering a very wide range of molecular weight and polarity. Due to the high degree of orthogonality between the two chromatographic dimensions, the on-line combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography (on-line RPLC x SFC) can significantly improve the characterization of such complex matrices. The hyphenation was optimized by selecting, in SFC, the stationary phase, the co-solvent, the make-up solvent prior to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and the injection solvent. Additionally, a new interface configuration is described. Quality descriptors such as the occupation of the separation space, the peak shapes and the signal intensity were considered to determine the optimal conditions. The best results were obtained with bare silica, a co-solvent composed of acetonitrile and methanol (50/50, v/v), a make-up solvent composed of methanol (90%) and water (10%) with formic acid (0.1%), an addition of co-solvent through an additional pump for SFC separation in a 2.1 mm column, and an hydro-organic solvent as injection solvent. The optimized setup was used to analyze two microalgae bio-oils: the full bio-oil coming from hydrothermal liquefaction and Soxhlet extraction of microalgae, and the gasoline cut obtained after distillation of the full bio-oil. Results in on-line RPLC x SFC-qTOF were particularly interesting, with very good peak shapes and high reproducibility. Moreover, the high degree of orthogonality for microalgae bio-oils of RPLC and SFC was highlighted by the very large occupation of the separation space. Isomeric profiles of compound families could be obtained in RPLC x SFC-qTOF and many isomers not separated in SFC alone were separated in RPLC and vice versa, thus showing the complementarity of the two chromatographic techniques.

Valorization and characterization of bio-oil from Salvadora persica seed for air pollutant adsorption.

Salvadora persica (SP) is an important medicinal plant. Numerous articles have been conducted on the leaf, the roots, and the stem of the plant, but there is little information about the seed. Thus, the present work tries to identify the chemical composition of SP seed bio-oil and investigates its use as an adsorbent for cyclohexane removal. This study extracted bio-oil from seeds using different polar and non-polar organic solvents. Two techniques have been used to determine the chemical composition of the bio-oil extracted: FTIR and GC-MS. Results show that the extracted bio-oil presented 13 new major organic bio-compounds in n-hexane and ethanol SP seed extracts. Moreover, the analytical results showed that the two extracts are complex and contained thiocyanic acid, benzene, 3-pyridine carboxaldehyde, benzyl nitrile, ethyl tridecanoate, ethyl oleate, and dodecanoic acid ethyl ester. Additionally, each technique of analysis showed that the extracted bio-oils from SP seeds are rich in non-polar compounds. Indeed, the major fatty acids obtained are pentadecylic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, margaric acid, and tricosanoic acid. This work provides guidelines for identifying these compounds, among others, and offers a platform for using SP seeds as a herbal alternative for various chemical, industrial, and medical applications. Furthermore, the capacity of SP extracts for air pollution treatment, namely, the removal of cyclohexane in batch mode, was investigated. Results showed that cyclohexane adsorption could be a chemical process involving both monolayer and multilayer adsorption mechanisms. The pores and the grooves on the surface of the SP bio-oil extract helped in adsorbing the cyclohexane with an outstanding maximum removal capacity of about 674.23mg/g and 735.75mg/g, respectively, for the ethanol and hexane SP extracts, which is superior to many other recent adsorbents.

Analysis of bio-oil production and characterization from duckweed biomass

In this study, the production and characterization of bio-oil from duckweed was carried out through a pyrolysis process. The study aim is to produce and characterize bio-oil from duckweed through a pyrolysis process. The method used in the production of bio-oil from duckweed in this study is the pyrolysis method where a fix-bed reactor was connected to a condensers and heat was applied from a gas burner and the temperature was monitored using a thermocouple connected to the reactor and time monitored by a stopwatch until the last drop of product was observed from the system. Analysis of produced bio-oil shows that it is a heavy oil with API gravity of ˚8.73, density value of 1.006 g/cm3 at 22 oC, specific gravity of 1.009 kg/m3 and a high viscosity of 9.32 mm2.s-1. Further analysis resulted in a high flashpoint of 93 oC and a pour point of 14 oC respectively. GC/MS analysis carried out on the bio-oil sample shows that it contains Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PaH) at different concentrations. The study also showed that the produced bio-oil contains carbon chain compounds; C8-C28. It was concluded that bio-oil produced from duckweed is a potential green alternative to fossil fuels and efforts should be made by relevant bodies to convert the laboratory scale production of duckweed to industrial scale as it will be a good and possible alternative for fossil fuel.

Sugar, hydrochar and bio-oil production by sequential hydrothermal processing of corn cob

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an alternative process for biomass conversion with promising outcomes and environmentally-friendly prospects. However, a gap in the intermediate bioproducts was found in the hydrolysis step of HTL after a careful investigation of the current state-of-the-art. This study investigated two routes of the hydrothermal conversion of corn cob through HTL and sequential processing, i.e. subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) + HTL. The influence of SWH (230–260 °C) and HTL temperatures (300–350 °C), and volumetric flow rate (5–10 ml min−1) were evaluated. GC-MS and FTIR analysis were performed for bio-oil characterization. Results showed that lower SWH temperatures favored glucose and furfural production, while higher temperature favored xylose and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Bio-oil produced by the sequential processing exhibited a high concentration of nitrogenous and oxygenated compounds. Hydrochar produced in both routes exhibited a similar higher heating value and elemental composition, although FTIR analysis revealed different functional groups.