Regional Differentiation Characteristics Research Articles

Temporal and spatial differences of lake ecosystem regime shift in China

人类活动的加强导致湖泊生态系统发生“突变”，造成生物多样性下降、藻类暴发、水质恶化等等环境和生态问题.中国许多湖泊已经发生“突变”或面临着突变风险.获悉湖泊生态系统发生突变的时空差异对于区域湖泊的保护，预防湖泊突变的发生以及制定合适的修复策略至关重要.本研究收集了中国55个不同区域湖泊的古湖沼学数据，探讨了湖泊突变的区域特点.研究确定了湖泊生态系统发生突变时间和区域差异，并揭示了空间差异的原因.结果表明，中国湖泊生态系统突变时间的区域分异特征为：长江中下游湖泊最早出现突变；东部和东北湖区湖泊突变时间明显早于西南、内蒙古和新疆湖泊；各湖区内，城郊湖泊突变时间早于乡村湖泊.人类活动强度是造成湖泊突变时空差异的主要驱动力.研究认为，区域人类活动强度影响了湖泊生态系统的演化进程，造成了中国湖泊生态系统突变的区域差异.本研究从生态系统突变的角度，利用古湖沼学综述了中国湖泊生态系统在人类活动下的演化进程，更深刻地认识了中国湖泊现状，为湖泊保护提供了有力的科学依据.;Increased human activity has caused a regime shift in lake ecosystem, which causes environmental and ecological problems such as biodiversity decline, algae blooms and deterioration of water quality. Many Chinese lakes have undergone regime shift or are facing the risk of abrupt change. It is essential to know the temporal and spatial differences of regime shift for the protecting lake ecosystem, preventing regime shift and formulating appropriate restoration strategies. This study collected paleolimnology data of 55 lakes in different regions of China and discussed the regional characteristics of lake mutations. The study determined the temporal and spatial differences of regime shift in lake ecosystem and revealed the reasons for the spatial differences. Our study found that the regime shift time of Chinese lakes has the characteristics of regional differentiation: regime shift time of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is much earlier than that of the whole country. Regime shift happens earlier in the east and northeast lake areas than in the southwest, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang lakes. In various lake region, regime shift happens earlier in the suburban lakes than in rural lakes. The intensity of human activities is the main driving force for the temporal and spatial differences of regime shift. Lakes with slower warming but stronger human activities are more likely to undergo regime shift. Our result suggests that the intensity of regional human activities has affected the evolution progress of lake ecosystems and caused regional differences of the regime shift in Chinese lakes. From the perspective of abrupt change in ecosystem, this study uses paleolimnology data to summarize the evolution of Chinese lake ecosystems under human activities, achieves a deeper understanding of the current situation of Chinese lakes, and provides a strong scientific basis for lake protection.

Comparative Analysis of Regional Innovative Development Indexes in the Space of Expert-Defined Characteristics of Regional Differentiation

The purpose of the study is to compare the indexes of innovative development of regions and identify indexes that do not have significant differences. In this article, we used an approach that allows comparing an arbitrary set of indexes of innovative development of the Russian Federation regions in the space of differentiation characteristics used in solving project management problems. Eight indexes are compared: four author's indexes constructed using estimates of the technical efficiency of interaction between science and business in the region and four published indexes with a similar applied focus. Comparative analysis of indices is carried out in the space of expert-defined characteristics of regional differentiation. An approach has been tested to identify indexes that are not distinguishable when solving control problems parameterized using differentiation characteristics.

Indices of socio-economic development in the space of characteristics of regional differentiation

As a rule, the source information and methods used for construction of many indices have specifics that allow authors and experts to consider these indexes as original and recommend them for use in solving a number of management tasks. However, a comparative analysis of such indices sometimes shows that despite the peculiar names and methods of calculation, some of them do not have significant statistical differences. This paper presents an approach that allows us to compare an arbitrary set of indices and ratings that characterize the level of socio-economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the space of characteristics of differentiation used in solving regional management problems. The purpose of the study is to identify indexes that do not differ significantly. Eighteen indexes are compared. At the first stage of the study, their correlation analysis is performed. Then the indices are regressed to the basic characteristics of differentiation. The analysis of cosines of angles between indices calculated using beta coefficients of regressions allows us to refine the results of correlation analysis and identify a subset of indices that are not distinguishable in solving regional management problems.

Methodology of socio-economic development assessment given the characteristics of regional differentiation

The article presents the main provisions of the socio-economic development assessment methodology for the Russian Federation regions, taking into account the characteristics of regional differentiation, developed under the leadership of S.A. Aivazian and with his direct participation.

Dynamic change and prediction of vegetation cover in Shenzhen, China from 2000 to 2018

With landsat-series multi-temporal image data, percentage of vegetation cover (PVC) was estimated by pixel dichotomy. The linear regression analysis and center of gravity migration methods were used to explore the characteristics of the spatiotemporal changes of vegetation cover in Shenzhen from 2000 to 2018. The CA-Markov model was combined to predict future land cover in Shenzhen. The results showed that the PVC in Shenzhen demonstrated obvious regional differentiation characteristics from 2000 to 2018. The eastern region occupied larger proportion than the wes-tern part, while the southern region was larger than the north part. This feature exhibited good consistency with regional topographic effect. The spatial migration characteristic of the center of gravity of PVC was from northwest to southeast, and then from southeast to northwest, with a migration rate of 551.2 m·a-1. This process was closely related to urbanization in Shenzhen. The PVC in Shen-zhen tended to be generally improved from 2000-2018, with a improvement rate of 0.005·a-1. The percentage of significantly improved and degraded PVC area was 30.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The CA-Markov method was used to predict the land cover/use pattern of Shenzhen in 2024 under two scenarios, theoretical scenario and natural scenario. There was no significant difference in proportion of the area of the land cover/use patterns obtained by the two kinds of prediction method, with the difference threshold being 0-1.2%. Compared with the data before 2018, the proportion of arbor forests and arable land converted into construction land in Shenzhen would be significantly reduced in 2024, whereas the contradiction between supply and demand would be still tense.

Spatial differentiation of gully clusters based on the regional scale: an example from northeastern China.

Gully erosion represents a serious environmental threat around the world, but their spatial distribution law are unclear at the regional scale. To quantitatively characterize the spatial distribution model of gullies and determine the regularity of regional differentiation, this paper used spatial analyst and statistics method to study the spatial distribution of gullies in 34 sample areas of northeastern China based on interpretations of high-resolution remote sensing images. The results showed that the kernel density could quantitatively describe the continuous spatial clustering of gullies. Gullies in northeastern China had the characteristics of a spatially unbalanced distribution at the scale of the sample area. The average kernel density of the 34 sample areas (Moran’s I was 0.43, P¡0.01P < 0.01) also indicated clustering distribution at the regional scale. The horizontal clustering characteristics of gullies exhibited an azonal distribution of being low values in the middle plain and high values on the three mountainous areas. The average kernel density in the southeastern part of the study area was highest (maximum value of 2.38). In the vertical direction, gullies were relatively undeveloped in low- and high-altitude areas, while middle-altitude areas were beneficial to the development of gullies. The effect of height differences on gully development was more significant than altitude. As the height difference increased, gullies tended to be more clustered, which can be expressed by a power function. The results of this study will not only help to understand the regional differentiation characteristics of gullies but will also provide a scientific reference for the study of spatial distribution of gullies in future.

A comparative analysis of indices of social and economic development using the characteristics of regional differentiation

Subject. The article considers indices of socio-economic development of regions. Objectives. We perform a comparative analysis of indices that characterize the level of economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation and identify the indices that do not have significant differences. Methods. The study draws on general scientific methods of analysis. Results. The correlation analysis at the first stage helped reduce the number of indices to be analyzed at the next stages. At the second stage, we built regressions of each index for the basic characteristics of differentiation. Based on the analysis of beta coefficients, we identified differentiation characteristics, which have a significant impact on the indices in question. At the third stage, we built the matrix of values of the cosines of angles between each pair of indices under consideration. Conclusions. The analysis of the cosines of angles between indices calculated using the regression coefficients of these indices for differentiation characteristics enabled to confirm the results of correlation analysis and identify a subset of indices that are not distinguishable in solving management tasks parameterized with the use of differentiation characteristics.

Regional Differentiation Characteristics of the Development Ability of Coastal Villages and Towns under the Condition of Market Economy in the Reform and Transformation

Guan, Z. and Li, P., 2020. Regional differentiation characteristics of the development ability of coastal villages and towns under the condition of market economy in the reform and transformation. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 120–124. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Before the reform and transformation, the coupling rate of each factor of the regional differentiation characteristics of the development ability of coastal villages and towns is relatively low under the market economy condition. Therefore, the research on the regional differentiation characteristics of the development ability of coastal villages and towns under the market economy condition in the reform and transformation is proposed. Through the establishment of the coastal villages and towns development capacity regional analysis feature analysis model, extract the regional development features, and complete the regional analysis feature evaluation of development capacity. The simulation experiment is designed to compare the coupling rate of each factor of the regional differentiation characteristics of the development capacity of coastal villages and towns under the market economy condition before and after the reform, which proves the effectiveness of the research.

The Development Level Comprehensive Evaluation and the Regional Differentiation Characteristics Analysis of Shipbuilding Industry Agglomeration in Chinese Coastal Areas

Jin, R.; Guo, J., and Li, F., 2019. The development level comprehensive evaluation and the regional differentiation characteristics analysis of shipbuilding industry agglomeration in Chinese coastal areas. In: Li, L.; Wan, X.; and Huang, X. (eds.), Recent Developments in Practices and Research on Coastal Regions: Transportation, Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 98, pp. 203–206. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Industrial cluster is the phenomenon of the agglomeration of closely linked economic entities in a certain region. The phenomenon of industrial cluster is more and more obvious in the international shipbuilding industry. Cluster analysis has become an important strategic tool for the development of shipbuilding industry in various regions. Industrial clusters have many advantages, such as reducing production costs, strengthening collaborative innovation, creating market brands, and improving market competitiveness, which has been proved to be an efficient form of production organization by many practices at home and abroad. Influenced by the international financial crisis, the international shipping market is in a downturn. Taking Jiangsu shipbuilding industry cluster as an example, this paper constructs a complex network map of shipbuilding industry cluster. Then, this paper quantitatively evaluates the agglomeration degree of shipbuilding industry clusters in coastal areas by using the location entropy coefficient. Finally, this paper examines the characteristics of regional differentiation of ship industrial structure in coastal provinces.

Evolution and driving forces of rural functions in urban agglomeration: A case study of the Chang-Zhu-Tan region

As the Rural Revitalization Strategy is gradually implemented, China’s rural areas are set to have more diverse function requirements. This paper selects the Chang-sha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan region (Chang-Zhu-Tan) consisting of 23 county-level units) as a case study and looks at its economic development, agricultural product supply, social security and ecological service functions during 1996–2016. It then constructs an index system to evaluate the temporal evolution of the region’s rural functions. SPSS 19.0 and DPS 7.05 software, as well as Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis, system clustering, optimal segmentation of ordered samples and other methods, are used to study the evolution traits, regional differentiation characteristics and driving forces of rural functions in the region. The results show, first of all, that the overall evolution trend is increasing in functions with periodic characteristics, the key nodes being 2000 and 2008. Second, there is clear geographical differentiation in the evolution of rural functions. The economic development function shows rapid growth in the urban agglomeration’s center and relatively weak growth at the periphery; the agricultural product supply function and ecological service function are concentrated in county-level units with abundant cultivated and forest land; and the social security function displays similar geographical differentiation to the economic development function. Overall, there is an obvious discrepancy in the degree of development of rural functions among county-level units of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration; the rural functions of the agglomeration and peripheral county-level units have different development traits; and county-level units display functional differentiation. Third, rural functions have evolved as a result of interactions between various factors, such as natural resources, socio-economic conditions and local transport conditions. The new driving forces caused by urbanization are ultimately leading the evolution of rural functions toward multi-functional comprehensive development.

Determining nitrogen and carbon footprints to reveal regional gross primary productivity and differentiation characteristics in karst and non-karst watersheds, China

This study revealed the difference of regional gross primary productivity (GPP) in two different geomorphic provinces. We used δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O to trace carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) footprints in two different watersheds in China and analyzed differences in regional economic development. The total dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and dissolved carbon (DC) deposition fluxes were 16.93 kg N·hm−2·yr−1 and 27.67 kg C·hm−2·yr−1 in the Chenqi watershed (karst) and 43.88 kg N·hm−2·yr−1 and 49.15 kgC·hm−2·yr−1 in the Xiangxi watershed (non-karst), respectively. Rainwater was more enriched in δ13C in the Xiangxi watershed (−14.4‰±1.89‰) than in the Chenqi watershed (−8.54 ± 3.87‰). In addition, DTN efflux was 244.22 and 941.61 kg N·hm−2·yr−1 and efflux of DC was 4157.86 and 9129.22 kg C·hm−2·yr−1 in surface water and groundwater in Chenqi watershed. And DTN efflux was 413.68 kg N·hm−2·yr−1 and DC was 2846.05 kg C·hm−2·yr−1 in Xiangxi watershed. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were the main forms of DTN and DC, respectively in both watersheds (both >84%). Carbonate reaction and groundwater were the main sources in the Chenqi watershed (contribution rates >30%), while atmospheric deposition and soil water were the main sources in the Xiangxi watershed (contribution rates are >22% and >28%, respectively). Using C and N footprints, we speculated that the direct causes of economic disparity in the two watersheds were nutrients lost with soil erosion which limited vegetation growth. Therefore, it is necessary to plant the suitable vegetation rationally. This study also provides a scientific basis for economic development and ecological environment coordinated sustainable development.

Research on the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Rural China Based on Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework: A Case Study of Six Poverty-Stricken Counties

China’s complicated and diverse poverty problems gradually emerged as poverty alleviation efforts deepened and rural urbanization progressed. Among these problems, the intergenerational transmission of poverty (ITP) is the most prominent and is an entrenched issue in rural China. This study selects six typical poverty-stricken counties in the eastern, central, and western regions of China on the basis of geography and uses the transformation matrix method and a regression model to analyze the regional differentiation characteristics of ITP. We further explore its impact mechanisms based on a sustainable livelihood analysis framework with the following results: (1) ITP in rural China exhibits the phenomenon of income-stratified transmission, and the groups at both ends of the low-income spectrum are more prone to having ITP; (2) ITP and the intergenerational mobility of income for different income levels have different spatial distribution characteristics, with these intergenerational relationships exhibiting a reverse variation trend in the eastern region, while exhibiting a codirectional variation trend in the central and western regions; (3) there are differences in the subsistence livelihood capital, which affect ITP in different regions. Financial capital has a significant impact on ITP across all of China. Natural capital has a significant impact on the eastern region, and physical capital plays a significant role in the central region, while the western region is greatly affected by both human and physical capital. In view of the differences in the influence of livelihood capital on ITP in different regions, China should formulate policies to accurately address ITP in order to narrow regional differences and accelerate the comprehensive construction of a financially affluent society.

Statistical analysis of the use of digital technologies in organizations: regional aspect

Purpose of the study. The digitization of the economy transforms the ways of delivering and consuming goods and services, which in turn affects all spheres of human activity. The field of electronic commerce is a relatively young area of statistical observation, therefore, at present, researchers, government officials, business representatives and other interested persons lack statistical information, which, in turn, helps to study the economic, social and environmental consequences of the digitized world. The purpose of this study is a quantitative description of the development trends and the degree of regional differentiation of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation in the context of international comparisons.Materials and methods. The article used the official statistical information of Rosstat and Eurostat, on the basis of which the trends in the development of electronic interaction in the business sphere were analyzed and tools were proposed for a quantitative description of regional digital gaps in the regions of Russia and the European Union countries for 2010–2017. As quantitative characteristics of regional differentiation, statistical indicators of variation and localization indicators were used (based on Gini and Lorentz coefficients). Results. The analysis conducted in the study showed the consistency of assessments of the regional digital divide based on economic and statistical indicators. This approach expands the possibilities for an in-depth quantitative description of the processes occurring in the field of digital trading. In addition, it was possible to identify the level of development of e-commerce in Russia in comparison with the leading economies of the European Union, as well as identify the scale of penetration of broadband Internet access among organizations, the involvement of Russian regions and European countries in the processes of placing and receiving orders for goods and services in the global network. According to the results of the study, it should be concluded that despite the obvious leading position of some European countries not only in comparison with Russian regions, but also on a global scale, the development of e-commerce in Russia and the European Union occurs at a comparable pace. It should also be noted that in the case of Russia, this development is more homogeneous in terms of regional differentiation.Conclusion. Despite the fact that digitalization is transforming both business and personal life, there is currently an extremely small amount of information that helps quantify the economic, social and environmental consequences of this phenomenon. In order to further improve the statistical accounting of the digital economy in general and aspects of electronic commerce in particular, at this stage it is necessary: to determine the nature, structure, characteristics, elements, levels of control, movement of the digital economy’s commodity money supply for statistical purposes; identify specific digital technologies, their use in sectors of the economy and their contribution to the gross domestic product; develop a system of statistical indicators on the basis of state programs and strategies, the current methodology of statistical accounting of the information society, international recommendations and development of quantitative measurement of non-governmental organizations.

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of China’s flash flood disasters since 1949

This study examines the spatiotemporal evolution of China’s flash flood disasters (FFDs) since 1949 and explores driving factors affecting the spatial distribution of historical FFDs. Records of more than 60000 FFDs are examined, and the centroid comparison method is used to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of FFDs from 1951 to 2015. In particular, the geographical locations of the centroids, degrees of aggregation, and associated movement tendencies are examined to conduct a preliminary analysis of correlations between rainfall, population, and the spatiotemporal evolution of FFDs. Subsequently, using relevant data from 2000 to 2015, three factors relating to FFDs in natural watershed units include namely rainfall, human activity, and the environment of the Earth’s surface. The geographical detector method is then employed to explore the effect of these driving factors on the spatial distribution of FFDs. Analysis results show that displacement of the spatial distribution of FFDs since 1949 is correlated with variations in rainfall and population distribution. In addition, it is determined that the distribution of FFDs occurring between 2000 and 2015 have regional differentiation characteristics. However, the effect of rainfall on the distribution of FFDs is more significant than that of human activity or the environment of the Earth’s surface, but interactions occur between these latter two factors in disaster-formative environments. Furthermore, results also show that the driving factors of FFDs have significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. In China, regions at high risk of FFDs include the Sichuan-Chongqing ecological zone, the South China ecological zone, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, while regions with a low risk of FFDs include the Northwest China arid zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolian Plateau, and the Northeast China ecological zone. These findings support further studies investigating disaster-formative environments, facilitate FFD risk zoning, and provide a scientific basis for plans to effectively prevent and control FFDs.

Indicators of Regional Development Using Differentiation Characteristics

On the example of two directions - production of goods and services and welfare, it is developed a methodology for analyzing the interrelationship between various directions of regional development. The novelty of the results is determined by the fact that the direction indicators are constructed using a common basis formed using the characteristics of regional differentiation obtained from theoretically based models. The index for each direction, constructed in the basis, is maximally correlated with the index formed for the corresponding group of indicators. It is shown that for the considered two directions, the basis ensures higher consistency of the indices and ranks of the regions than the first principal components constructed for each group of the indicators separately. The advantage of the approach is that the indices for different directions based on the basis allow a general interpretation in terms of the differentiation characteristics and allow one to assess the change in the level of socio-economic development of the region when these characteristics change. The presented results confirm the significance of the influence of technical efficiency on the indices of regional development and its significance in the indicator composition for the direction of welfare.

Индикаторы социально-экономического развития субъектов РФ в базисе характеристик региональной дифференциации

Индикаторы социально-экономического развития субъектов РФ в базисе характеристик региональной дифференциации

Correction: Assessment of municipal infrastructure development and its critical influencing factors in urban China: A FA and STIRPAT approach.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181917.].

A Spatial Analysis of Unevenness in the Social-Economic Development of Regional Municipal Units

Introduction At any given point in time, a judgment of territorial unevenness in the development of a regional system makes sense only by comparison with a particular standard level or with some other regional system (Slepneva, 2016). It is certain that the economic and social space cannot be entirely homogeneous--so it is perfectly OK, and may in some instances even be beneficial, if there is some differentiation of the social-economic space, since differentiation may inject some dynamism into the development of the regional economy (Tsyrenov, 2015). In the current literature, the level of regional differentiation in Russia is mostly regarded as atypical, with a much greater degree of differentiation being noted compared with unevenness levels deemed suitable for effective development, when viewed relative to developed countries (Kuznetsova, 2006). On the whole, regional differentiation is regarded as both a process and an outcome of the formation of distinctions between particular areas within the state. In this regard, it is worth pointing up two major characteristics of regional differentiation: (1) it is always relative and is there only by comparison with something else; (2) it can be characterized through a variety of miscellaneous indicators, with only those selected that are most relevant to a specific case. Relevance of the Issue At present, there are difficulties in ensuring even and sustainable development in regions across Russia due to high levels of non-uniformity and imbalance across the nation's economic space, which is reflected in profound social-economic differentiation among regions. Non-uniformity in the economic development of regions is observed on virtually all parameters for social and economic development, with the growing economic domination of certain regional systems over others being observed. (Medvedeva, et al., 2016; Akopova and Przhedetskaya, 2016; Frank et al., 2016). The emerging differences in regional development are, on the hand, injecting some dynamism into the processes of formation of a single regional economic space, and, on the other, are leading to wider gaps between the social-economic development levels of areas within a region. That being said, it is the nature of economic development that determines substantially the process of differentiation in economic indicators within the region itself. The economic development of an entire region is governed, in turn, by the nature of the territorial stratification and economic development of municipal units that make it up. Therefore, in developing the general concept of the development of a regional economy, it pays to factor in some of the specific characteristics of the development of municipal economic systems. It is in this regard that researchers have been taking an interest in the comprehensive economic-statistical analysis of unevenness in the social-economic development of regional municipal units, especially from the perspective of regional policy designed to ensure well-balanced economic development across the region and the nation as a whole. There is all the more reason for this as, in terms of Russia's regional governance practices, due to great diversity among RF constituents and the complexity and multi-scale nature of objectives pursued, there is still no uniform and universally accepted methodology for assessing unevenness in the social-economic development of regional municipal units. Importance of the Issue Uneven regional development reflects the state of a regional system characterized by significant differences in the level of economic, technological, institutional, social, and environmental development, which tend to impair the sustainability of the regional system and, on top of that, may lead to its deformation, resulting in differentiation and asynchronicity in the development of the system's elements. All this may eventually lead to declines in the region's combined potential and affect the social-economic state of affairs both in the region as a whole and in its municipal units in particular (Sokolovskii and Grentikova, 2012; Shekhovtsov et al. …

Assessment of municipal infrastructure development and its critical influencing factors in urban China: A FA and STIRPAT approach

Municipal infrastructure is a fundamental facility for the normal operation and development of an urban city and is of significance for the stable progress of sustainable urbanization around the world, especially in developing countries. Based on the municipal infrastructure data of the prefecture-level cities in China, municipal infrastructure development is assessed comprehensively using a FA (factor analysis) model, and then the stochastic model STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology) is examined to investigate key factors that influence municipal infrastructure of cities in various stages of urbanization and economy. This study indicates that the municipal infrastructure development in urban China demonstrates typical characteristics of regional differentiation, in line with the economic development pattern. Municipal infrastructure development in cities is primarily influenced by income, industrialization and investment. For China and similar developing countries under transformation, national public investment remains the primary driving force of economy as well as the key influencing factor of municipal infrastructure. Contribution from urbanization and the relative consumption level, and the tertiary industry is still scanty, which is a crux issue for many developing countries under transformation. With economic growth and the transformation requirements, the influence of the conventional factors such as public investment and industrialization on municipal infrastructure development would be expected to decline, meanwhile, other factors like the consumption and tertiary industry driven model and the innovation society can become key contributors to municipal infrastructure sustainability.

基于GIS的山东省宗教文化景观地域分异初探

山东省是一个文化资源大省，具有悠久的历史文化和丰富的文化资源。山东省内有基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教和道教四种传统宗教。各种宗教在此留下了丰富而宝贵的宗教文化景观。尤其是宗教建筑各有特色，并与地貌、气候及当地的文化习俗相得益彰，是丰富多彩的地域文化景观的重要组成部分。本文对山东省宗教文化景观的类型和生存现状进行调查，运用GIS技术对山东省内宗教文化景观的地域分异特征进行探讨，并分析其形成原因。丰富了山东省宗教文化景观的研究内容，指出了各地市宗教文化景观的管理和应用存在的问题，以期为今后更好的发挥宗教文化景观的社会功能提供借鉴。 Shandong province is a large province, which has long historical culture and rich cultural resources. Shandong province has four traditional religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Taoism. Various religions leave rich and valuable religious cultural landscape here. Especially, religious buildings have their own characteristics. The topography, climate, and local cultural practices complement with each other; they are important parts of the various geographical and cultural landscape. In this paper, author invests and analyzes the type and the survival status of the religious cultural landscape of Shandong province by collecting information, and studies regional differentiation characteristics of religious cultural landscape by the GIS technology, and analyzes its causes. It enriches contents of religious cultural landscape of Shandong province, and points out the problems in the management and application of the religious cultural landscape around the city. Author hopes to provide a reference for playing the social function of the religious cultural landscape in the future better.