Characteristics Of Processes Research Articles

Study of BOD: COD Ratio as an Indicator for Wastewater of Rubber Industry Sector

When considering the rubber industry sector, the most significant challenge is the efficient wastewater treatment before discharging it into the natural environment. The rubber industry is considered to be highly chemical and water-intensive: and involves enormous quantitative s of waste production. The ratio between Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a widely used parameter in characterising wastewater and then the same was used in this study as an indication to measure the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant operated in the rubber industry sector. Data for the study was extracted from samples collected from 10 wastewater treatment plants of rubber industries in the Sabaragamuwa Province; two samples from each representing before and after treatment. The samples were tested in two replicated for BOD5, COD, pH, and conductivity. These selected rubber factories contain lagoon/pond type wastewater treatment systems or activated sludge wastewater treatment systems. The results showed that the treated wastewater samples were within the range of 0.1–0.4 of BOD5: COD and were below the BOD5: COD permissible level as per CEA standards. (General standards for rubber in inland surface waters; Latex-BOD 60, COD 400; Lanka rubber/crepe rubber–BOD 50, COD 400) comparing the BOD, COD, pH, and conductivity influent and effluent of the treatment process proves the effectiveness of each treatment plant of the relevant industry. Tested samples show a high BOD5: COD ratio in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment system indicate that wastewater of the industry is easily biodegradable. However, more research comparing the characteristics of different rubber manufacturing processes is needed to develop this approach further. 
 Keywords: BOD, COD, BOD: COD ratio, Wastewater treatment plant

Influence of the type of woody biomass on energy and environmental characteristics of the thermal preparation processes and ignition of bio-water-coal fuel particles

The article presents the results of studies of ignition and combustion processes of droplets (during the initial period of heating), and then particles (after drying the surface layer) of bio-water-coal fuel (Bio-WCF) under conditions corresponding to typical furnace spaces of boiler units of thermal power plants (TPPs). The ignition delay times for Bio-WCF droplets of typical (for modern spray devices) sizes (diameter d=3 mm) have been established. The component compositions of the combustion products of significantly inhomogeneous bio-water-coal suspensions have also been established in a wide range of variations in the temperature of the oxidizing medium. A large-scale analysis of the influence of the type and concentration of woody biomass in a bio-water-coal suspension on energy (ignition delay time of WCF) and environmental (intensity of formation of anthropogenic combustion products of fuel) characteristics was carried out. It is shown that the addition of woody biomass to the water-coal suspension leads to a significant acceleration (by 10–20%) of the ignition process. An analysis of the component composition of combustion products showed that the introduction of wood biomass into the composition of water-coal fuel leads to a decrease in the intensity of the formation of anthropogenic combustion products. It has been established that an increase in the concentration of the vegetable component of the fuel leads to a significant sequestration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

Review of the Current State of Pyrolysis and Biochar Utilization in Europe: A Scientific Perspective

This scientific paper provides an overview of the current state of pyrolysis in Europe, with a focus on mapping the key research areas and technologies employed. This research relied on search equations that centered on the utilization of biomass and plastics as primary feedstocks in pyrolysis, with a particular emphasis on biochar generation and different technologies applied. The results showed that both plastic and biomass pyrolysis can contribute to reducing waste and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, plastic pyrolysis can release harmful pollutants due to the presence of chlorine and other additives in plastics, which requires sophisticated emission control systems to be implemented. The production of biochar from sewage sludge is identified as a promising approach for phosphorus recovery, which can subsequently be utilized as a valuable fertilizer in agricultural applications. The data from this study contribute to exploring future applications at pilot and industrial scales for pyrolysis, with a critical assessment of the use of feedstocks. Moreover, this work provides information about current companies that are already operating on a large scale with pyrolysis and a map of the principal countries in Europe engaged in pyrolysis research, correlating the characteristics of the pyrolysis processes investigated.

The influence of the mine dust mineral composition on the characteristics of thermal destruction processes

The article describes the results of comprehensive laboratory tests of mine dust samples taken from active mine faces in the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kemerovo region, Russia). The purpose of the experiments is to study the characteristics of thermal destruction processes in mine dust depending on its mineral composition. Based on the results of electron microscopy, the mineral composition of the dust samples under study was determined, and the quantitative relationships of the mineral phases composing the sample were assessed. Using thermogravimetric analysis the lower limits of thermal destruction intervals were established for samples of mine dust with different compositions and percentages of mineral inclusions. The practical significance of the results obtained is substantiated.

Providing Economic Security of Enterprises Through Sindinic as Science of Danger

Against a background of opportunities opened to business in times of innovation economy we can observe growing risks connected with specific features of information flows, technologies of transaction handling and new approaches in management. Due to these factors the author studies a model depicting parameters and characteristics of processes providing economic security of enterprises and possibilities of its application in practice. The article substantiates the assumption about expediency of using sindinic principles in managing the enterprise with regard to the current requirements to the level of economic security. The author puts forward the approach to using 5D model of sindinic in management of industrial enterprises, as well as innovation systems as a solution aimed at developing and retaining its competitive features in active interaction with external environment.

Assessing economic trade-off for advances in amine-based post-combustion capture technology

The study aims to evaluate the trade-off relationship between reducing energy consumption through technological improvements, including process modifications and the use of CO2-absorbing solvents, and the increased costs associated with their implementation in power and industrial sectors. Additionally, the economic potentials of heat-integrated CO2 capture and amine solvent degradation are explored. Four representative cases are considered, involving changes to lean vapor compression (LVC) and a blended amine solvent from a monoethanolamine (MEA) benchmark process. The findings indicate that the characteristics of combustion processes have a minor impact on the energy intensity of amine-based CO2 capture, but they significantly affect its cost. This is primarily due to substantial variations in fuel costs and equipment size. Technological advancements, such as process modifications and the use of amine solvents with high CO2 absorption capacity, play a crucial role in reducing both the energy consumption and costs associated with CO2 capture. However, the study suggests that careful consideration is needed when utilizing expensive amine solvents with high CO2 absorption capacity, particularly in situations prone to solvent degradation, as solvent loss can significantly impact the economic viability of CO2 capture.

B2B collaborative economy: a joint sphere perspective

PurposeScholars have affirmed that a conceptualization of value co-creation in business relationships should reflect the nature and characteristics of interactional processes that occur in use. The advent of sales and marketing technologies, however, is changing the nature and dynamics of interactions. New trends in digitalization have played a significant role in emphasizing and facilitating the occurrence of business-to- business (B2B) collaborative or sharing economy. The B2B sharing economy and value co-creation are closely intertwined, as businesses harness the power of shared resources and collaboration to generate value in diverse ways. This study highlights the importance of going beyond value co-creation in studying B2B collaborative economy, unpacking the interconnected value processes that influence value co-creation. It also aims at showing the activities that characterize multiple joint value spheres among actors.Design/methodology/approachThe study consists of 49 qualitative interviews with managers operating in different industries.FindingsThe paper shows that when considering digital B2B contexts, five joint value spheres in business relationships should be considered: a value co-creation, a value appropriation, a value communication, a value measurement and a value representation sphere. Each one is characterized by specific activities that are relevant from a managerial point of view.Originality/valueThis study highlights that value co-creation has often been over stressed when discussing business interactions, also with the advent of new technologies. Rather, this study offers a more comprehensive view of value co-creation that includes different value processes occurring in joint value spheres. These further processes are relevant because failure and success in business relationships within the B2B sharing economy are often dependent from activities outside the value co-creation process, which strongly affect it. Such knowledge will also open up new research venues and opportunities to better contribute to the practice of value management in business relationships.

Carbon Emission Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Typical Processes in Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Based on the actual operating conditions and data monitoring, the carbon emission characteristics of typical processes of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Tianjin were studied. The total carbon emission intensity measured by CO2-eq was 0.254 kg·m-3, and the proportion of carbon emissions from electricity consumption and reagent consumption was 81.76% and 9.15%, respectively. The key carbon emission sectors of electricity consumption were the water supply pump house, ultrafiltration membrane process, and inlet pump house, which accounted for 50.99%-73.51%, 17.64%-20.70%, and 17.97%-22.40% of the total carbon emission from electricity consumption in the DWTP, respectively. The contribution of sodium hypochlorite to the carbon emission of reagent consumption was 89.12%-90.30%, followed by ferric chloride, PAC, and ammonium sulfate. In the traditional water purification process, the carbon emission intensity of the process unit was in the order of inlet pump house > rapid filter > sedimentation tank. The order in the ultrafiltration membrane advanced treatment process was inlet pump house > ultrafiltration membrane > mechanical coagulation > clarification tank. The carbon emission intensity of the rapid filter process and the ultrafiltration membrane process were 0.070 9 kg·m-3 and 0.109 0 kg·m-3, respectively. The ultrafiltration membrane process could save 23% of the reagent consumption, and its carbon emission of electricity consumption was twice that of the traditional treatment process. The analysis of factors affecting carbon emission in key sectors showed that the raw water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH, ammonia nitrogen, temperature, etc., were significantly correlated with the carbon emission intensity of sodium hypochlorite. There was a significant linear regression relationship between ex-factory water pressure, daily water supply, and carbon emission intensity of the water supply pump house. The control measures of water quality and water pressure can effectively reduce the carbon emissions of the DWTP.

Field and Laboratory Research of the Rut Development Process on Forest Roads

The main tasks of this research are an extended analysis of the technological rut formation process’s geometric, force, and energy characteristics as a result of repeated passage of a forest machine on the soil surface. Existing experimental studies of the rutting process are associated with significant material costs and disruption of the forest ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to obtain similar experimental data in laboratory conditions, as well as establishing the correspondence of these experimental results to the results of field studies. The experiments were carried out on the specialized “soil channel” stand of Technical University in Zvolen (Slovakia), as well as in natural conditions in Brody Forestry of the Lviv Region (Ukraine). Geometric track characteristics were determined by length gauges. Power and energy characteristics of the track development process were determined using dynamometers, ammeters, and voltmeters. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil with which the mover interacted were determined by a dynamic hardness tester, a penetrometer, and a moisture meter. The characteristics of rut development processes in natural and laboratory conditions are similar to each other. This makes it possible to carry out a wide range of studies of a wheel with soil on a specialized stand and save considerable money during the implementation of full-scale experiments. So, the process of track development can be analyzed with the help of the geometric, force, and energy characteristics of the “wheel-soil” system obtained on laboratory equipment.

Миграции населения Коми автономии в 1920–1930-е годы

The internal and external migrations of the population in the Komi Autonomy from the time of its creation in 1921 to the end of the 1930s are studied. The authors considered some characteristics of migration processes in the Komi Autonomy of the 1920s - 1930s: the direction of migrations, the role of internal and external, voluntary and forced migrations in the 1920s and 1930s, the ratio of migration and natural increase, the influence of migrations to expand the populated territory and the ethnic composition of the population, the main types of new settlements. It is noted that in the 1920s migration growth was inferior to natural one. Migration processes, the emergence of new settlements and the expansion of the populated territory occurred due to internal demographic resources during voluntary resettlement and agricultural colonization of previously undeveloped lands. In the 1930s migration growth prevailed over natural growth due to the forced resettlement of special settlers and prisoners into the region, sent to work in timber extraction, development of coal and oil fields and construction. By the end of the 1930s the system of settlements and the ethnic composition of the population of Komi Autonomy changed.

Semi-physical simulation and coordinated control of SOFC-PV/T-HP system

Due to the differences in the dynamic characteristics of various energy processes, the operation and control of multi-energy coupled integrated energy systems (IES) pose significant challenges. This paper focuses on the semi-physical simulation and coordinated control of SOFC-PV/T-HP thermoelectric system, which includes solid oxide fuel cells, a solar photovoltaic/thermal panel and a heat pump. In order to enhance the experimental safety and reliability of the research findings, a semi-physical simulation platform is developed by integrating physical equipment and dynamic models. The operational characteristics of the cogeneration system are investigated and controlled using an extended state-space based model predictive algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the designed centralized model predictive controller effectively stabilizes the demand power of the battery. The standard deviation of the battery demand power is reduced from 2.39 W to 0.66 W within 500 s, which alleviates the regulation burden of the battery. At the same time, the hot water temperature is also well controlled. The fluctuation of hot water supply temperature does not exceed 0.11℃ after stability. The system can maintain stable operation under external disturbance, and maintain the balance between electricity/heat supply and demand.

Considering dynamic perception of fluctuation trend for long-foresight-term wind power prediction

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy being integrated into the power system, the stable operation of the power system is facing great challenges. Breaking through the limitation and prolonging the time period of power prediction will help to improve the consumption ability of wind power (WP), adjust the power generation plan, and ensure the safe operation of the power system. Based on the availability of long-foresight-term numerical weather prediction (NWP) and fluctuation trend mining, a wind farm cluster power forecasting method based on dynamic perception of fluctuation trend is proposed for the long-foresight-term wind power prediction (WPP). The method first matches historical power based on the fluctuation trend of NWP wind speed (WS), and then obtains statistical characteristics of similar processes in order to construct new input features. Secondly, after the prediction results are obtained, the predicted power is corrected according to the fluctuation trend to improve the prediction reliability. This method is applied to a wind farm cluster in Gansu Province, China, and the overall prediction accuracy is 2.23 % higher than that of the direct prediction method. It is verified that this method can achieve long-foresight-term prediction and increase the reliability of prediction.

The Artificial Intelligence in the System of Tools for Stabilizing the Political Regimes of World Powers

A stable idea in the doctrine of the typologies of a political regime indicates that their uniqueness is characterized by a set of appropriate methods and means of exercising political power, a system of social organization of interaction between power and society and other institutions of the state. The model of the political regime formed in the state is consistent, first of all, with political processes, including those occurring with the participation of citizens, social groups and society as a whole. The National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Russia, approved in 2019, among the principles for the development of these technologies, enshrined the priority of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as security. Management decisions made by artificial intelligence have expanded the possible areas of their use, including public administration. This study examines the degree of introduction of artificial intelligence technology, which has been developing in recent years, into political regimes in various states. An assessment is made of the work of artificial intelligence, which is forming a new “cyber-physical” society, in which the political needs and freedoms of citizens are realized with the support of digital technologies. Approaches are proposed for assessing the work of artificial intelligence, which contributes to the international and regional integration of countries with different political systems, as well as influencing changes in the qualitative characteristics of political processes as a whole or its individual elements. The study was based on an integrated approach to assessing artificial intelligence used in the regulatory sphere. Dogmatic approaches to factors influencing the formation of a political system in the context of technological progress are being rethought.

Vertical explorers: Unraveling vertical and horizontal patterns of vascular epiphyte diversity in a dwarf cloud forest

Vascular epiphytes are plants that grow on phorophytes, and their distribution may vary both horizontally and vertically. Understanding the factors shaping epiphyte distribution and their relationship with alpha and beta diversities is crucial for understanding richness and composition patterns. We investigated alpha and beta diversity variation in the vertical and horizontal stratification of epiphyte communities across different vegetation types in a dwarf cloud forest. Twenty-four 20 × 10 m plots were established in three vegetation types defined by distinct soil characteristics, different phorophyte height and differences in tree species composition in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phorophytes were divided into four strata: (A) base of the trunk, (B) lower trunk, (C) inner canopy, and (D) outer canopy. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed for each site. We found a reduced stratification in the area, indicating minimal composition differences between the strata. However, the canopy exhibited greater species richness than the trunk. Vegetation types F1 and F2 displayed higher richness compared to F3. Orchidaceae was the richest family overall, while Bromeliaceae and Polypodiaceae were more frequent. Holoepiphytes were highly representative, demonstrating consistent patterns of richness, composition, and dispersion, with anemochorous species being the most abundant. This study highlights the unique patterns of epiphyte stratification, emphasizing the importance of biotic and abiotic characteristics in colonization processes. Despite the low canopy of the forest, the non-uniformity in stratification demonstrates that formation characteristics, such as height, play a significant role in shaping epiphyte richness and composition patterns.

Identification of efferocytosis-related subtypes in gliomas and elucidating their characteristics and clinical significance.

Introduction: Gliomas, the most prevalent tumors of the central nervous system, are known for their aggressive nature and poor prognosis. The heterogeneity among gliomas leads to varying responses to the same treatments, even among similar glioma types. In our study, we efferocytosis-related subtypes and explored their characteristics in terms of immune landscape, intercellular communication, and metabolic processes, ultimately elucidating their potential clinical implications. Methods and Results: We first identified efferocytosis-related subtypes in Bulk RNA-seq using the NMF algorithm. We then preliminarily demonstrated the correlation of these subtypes with efferocytosis by examining enrichment scores of cell death pathways, macrophage infiltration, and the expression of immune ligands. Our analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data further supported the association of these subtypes with efferocytosis. Through enrichment analysis, we found that efferocytosis-related subtypes differ from other types of gliomas in terms of immune landscape, intercellular communication, and substance metabolism. Moreover, we found that the efferocytosis-related classification is a prognostic factor with robust predictive performance by calculating the AUC values. We also found that efferocytosis-related subtypes, when compared with other gliomas in drug sensitivity, survival, and TIDE scores, show a clear link to the effectiveness of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy in glioma patients. Discussion: We identified efferocytosis-related subtypes in gliomas by analyzing the expression of 137 efferocytosis-associated genes, exploring their characteristics in immune landscape, intercellular communication, metabolic processes, and genomic variations. Moreover, we discovered that the classification of efferocytosis-related subtypes has a strong prognostic predictive power and holds potential significance in guiding clinical treatment.

Multiphase Flow in Hydrogen Generation

This study examined the laminar-multiphase characteristics in hydrogen production processes by utilizing the simulation software, “COMSOL 5.3 multiphysics simulation software”. The study's objective enhanced the evaluation of the multiphase flow operations involved in hydrogen generation, and determined the key contributors to the multiphase flow in the production of hydrogen. The methodology of the study also involved the design and simulation of the multiphase flow operations involved in hydrogen production and showed the analysis of the flow properties, including pressure profile, velocity profile, concentration profile, and shear rate profile, thereby insights into the multiphase flow interactions. Additionally, the research results enabled an improved understanding of the multiphase flow interactions in hydrogen production and led to an improvement in the process operational conditions for the system. The inference of the study was based on the quantifiable results obtained from the simulation which provided a comprehensive analysis of the multiphase flow characteristics in hydrogen production. More importantly, the shear stress for water-hydrogen system and hydrogen were shown with the shear rate describing the gradient in velocity and the pressure profile, shear rate profile, and velocity profile were calculated for a 2D profile versus the arc length for each of these variables. Thereafter, the results of this research simulation demonstrated that high velocity profile for hydrogen flow was observed within the reactor; with the highest velocity observed in the reactor within the length of (0.5 – 6.5)m, hence indicating optimum length of the water-split reactor for maximum velocity flow. The results further indicated that the profile of water-hydrogen and hydrogen pressure becomes uniform at a distance of 1mm from the entrance and the maximum pressure flow for water-hydrogen and hydrogen fluids pressure are 17.8Pa and 238.27Pa which shows a sufficiently higher pressure of hydrogen.

Study of characteristics elementary atomic processes in the neon-like multicharged ions plasma within an energy approach

We present the theoretical foundations of an advanced relativistic approach to computing the main energy, spectral characteristics of radiative-collisional processes in the plasma (in particular, the Debye plasma) of atomic as the example, neon-like) ions with simultaneous, quantitatively consistent consideration of the complex relativistic, interelectron exchange-correlation and plasma environment effects. The approach is based on the combination of a relativistic energy approach (S-matrix Gell-Mann and Low formalism), the relativistic gauge-invariant many-body perturbation theory with optimized Dirac-Fock-Sturm and Debye-Hückel approximations with accounting for the plasma environment effects with possible generalization on the presence of an additional external electromagnetic field. The fundamental point of our approach is the selection of the optimized Dirac-Fock-Sturm zeroth approximation and application of the consistent procedure for constructing a one-quasiparticle representation (basis’s of relativistic wave functions) in compliance with the principle of gauge invariance, in particular, by minimizing a gauge-noninvariant contributions to the radiative widths of the atomic (ionic) levels due to the complex exchange-correlation effects. The electron-ion collision strength and the dioelect5ron capture rate etc are determined within the presented theory.

Study of the influence of external heat and mass exchange on the features of combustion and extinction of gas suspensions of carbon particles

In the work, the regularities of the influence of heat and mass exchange of gas suspensions of carbon particles with the external gas environment on the processes of ignition, burning and quenching at different mass concentrations of carbon fuel are studied. A monodisperse gas suspension of carbon particles located in a gas heated to a high temperature, which contains an oxidant, is considered. As a result of the conducted physical and mathematical modeling, the following characteristics of high-temperature processes were determined: induction period, burning time and time of complete transformation of particles, critical parameters of ignition and extinction of particles. The influence on these characteristics of the initial particle diameter, mass concentration and temperature of the surrounding gas was analyzed. It was found that the external heat and mass exchange has a slight effect on the induction period and critical parameters of the ignition of gas suspensions, but it has a sufficiently strong effect on the characteristics of the combustion and extinguishing processes. The existence of an upper limit for fuel concentrations and particle diameters at which complete combustion of gas suspensions is not observed in the absence of external mass transfer is proved. Ranges of mass concentrations were found for which complete conversion of carbon fuel burning in the form of gas suspensions is carried out. It is shown that for open gas suspensions, the range of mass concentrations, where complete transformation of particles is observed, expands to the side of large values. The diameters of the particles characterizing the quenching of gas suspensions, taking into account the external mass transfer, are smaller, as a result of a greater supply of oxygen to the volume of the gas suspension.

Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nanoscale Infrared Techniques for Catalysis.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoscale infrared (nano-IR) techniques have found extensive application in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science, enabling the visualization of nanoscale features that surpass the optical diffraction limit. More recently, tentative investigations have been conducted into the use of these techniques in the field of catalysis, particularly in studying interfacial processes involving molecular monolayer samples. IR nanoimaging and nanospectroscopy offer unique perspectives on catalytic processes. Considering the specific characteristics of catalytic processes, this Perspective highlights the need for and reviews the current status of AFM-based nano-IR techniques for catalysis investigations, which aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the nanoscale mechanisms underlying the catalytic processes.

A self-regulatory perspective on human motivation and its implications for understanding adaptation to chronic pain

Although a growing body of research and theory has sought to advance a motivational perspective on chronic pain, the precise meaning of motivation as a concept and the nature and functional characteristics of its component mechanisms remain controversial and articulated from diverse analytic perspectives. This paper has three main objectives: (1) to offer a detailed examination of directional motivation and the nature of motivational mechanisms and motivational contexts, (2) to summarize the structural and functional characteristics of goals and self-regulatory processes as viewed from a control theoretic framework, and (3) to address how an account of human motivation built upon the active pursuit of goals aided by self-regulatory support mechanisms can illuminate some of the core aspects of chronic pain adaptation and the processes underlying the acute to chronic pain transition.