Characteristics Of Power Plant Research Articles

Understanding FABA composition in coal-fired power plants: Impact of operating conditions and combustion efficiency on ash characteristics – A case study in PT Bukit Asam, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Coal-fired power plants are integral to global electricity production due to their cost-effectiveness and widespread availability of coal. This research investigates the operational dynamics of these plants, emphasizing the production of fly ash and bottom ash (FABA) as crucial by-products. The study focuses on three power plants in South Sumatra, Indonesia, operated by PT Bukit Asam Tbk. Fly ash and Bottom ash (FABA) and feed coal samples were collected to determine how the operational conditions of a power plant impact the composition of FABA. The mineralogical composition of FABA has been determined accurately with X-Ray diffraction analysis. Significant feed oxides in coal and FABA were identified using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The primary characteristics of FABA mostly consist of unburned carbon, which may exceed levels as high as 76.05 %. The existence of unburned carbon residues is evidence of an inefficient coal grinding operation and low combustion efficiency of carbon in the boiler. The abundance of quartz in the FABA corresponds to its condition of being unmelted when heated to a temperature of 850 °C. A decrease in operating temperature results in a lower percentage of amorphous glass. The presence of quartz and reduced plagioclase concentration in FABA components correspond to the utilization of boiler-incompatible sand as bed material. In addition a consequence of a decrease in combustion temperature, pyrite exhibits partial decomposition, resulting in the formation of a tiny amount of hematite, while the other pyrite is still into its original form. A relatively small amount of spinel was associated to a mineral composed of Fe-oxide. Spinel is formed as a secondary mineral through the decomposition of Fe sulfides and other Fe-bearing minerals that exist in coal. This study evaluates the combustion efficiency and operational characteristics of power plants by applying the shrinking reactive core model by the assistance of Matlab®. The results demonstrate that since the efficiency of coal combustion increases, the concentration of unburned carbon in the FABA decreases. The modeling corresponds with the current findings in the field.

Dual-time scale optimal dispatch of the CSP-PV hybrid power plant considering dynamic operation

The concentrating solar power (CSP) plant, renowned for its flexibility, environmental friendliness, and energy storage capabilities, has become integral components of large-scale renewable energy projects in China. However, the grid connection methods for CSP plants, wind farms, and photovoltaic (PV) plants are independent. To enhance renewable energy consumption and improve the revenue of CSP and PV plants, this paper proposes a dual-time scale dispatch model for the dynamic operation of the CSP-PV hybrid plant. This model considers the actual startup conditions and dynamic switching models of the subsystems involved in the receiver, thermal storage subsystem, and power cycle. Based on the dynamic operation characteristics of the CSP-PV hybrid power plant, different time scales are used for prediction during day-ahead and intraday periods, improving the efficiency of the hybrid power plant and adapting to weather changes. The dispatch optimization outcomes of the CSP-PV hybrid plant serve as the reported curve for the day-ahead and intraday rolling optimal scheduling process, aiming to minimize the operating costs of the power system. A simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, utilizing data from the Dunhuang area, Gansu Province, China.

Site effect on seismic response of buried nuclear power plant structure

The development of multifunctional, multipurpose small modular next generation nuclear reactors has become a trend in designing small-scale nuclear power stations. In this study, taking a new next-generation buried nuclear power structure as the target structure, a 3D finite element model of the site-nuclear power plant structure system was established, and its response at different sites was studied. Using the internal substructure method, this study initially explored the impact of earthquake input and artificial boundary locations on the structural response. The results indicate that the internal substructure method enhances computational efficiency without compromising accuracy. For this model, it is recommended to input earthquake motion close to the structure, set the lateral boundary location to three times the width of the structure, and set the bottom boundary location to two times the depth of the structure. Subsequently, an investigation into the response of the structure at varying site wave velocities is conducted. The results show that as the wave velocity increases, the acceleration response intensifies, while the displacement response diminishes. However, the relationship is nonlinear; the response exhibits less variation with increasing site wave velocity. The seismic response of a structure is profoundly influenced by site conditions, emphasizing the imperative need for careful consideration of specific site characteristics in seismic analyses. In addition, the response pattern of the overall structure is significantly different from that of conventional large surface-sited nuclear power plants, and further research should be conducted on the seismic response characteristics of buried nuclear power plants.

ANN and CFD driven research on main performance characteristics of solar chimney power plants: Impact of chimney and collector angle

Solar energy systems operate directly connected to the sun. Solar chimney power plants are privileged systems that can provide power output even in cloudy weather and during hours when there is no sun. The design and sizing of this system, which researchers focused on after its first application in the 1980s, is very effective on its performance. In this study, the collector slope and chimney slope that give maximum power output for the Manzanares pilot plant are investigated with a 3D CFD model. Simulations made using the RNG k-e turbulence model and the DO (discrete ordinates) solar ray tracing algorithm provide results that are in high compatibility with experimental data and literature. It is understood that the system provides maximum power at 0.6° collector slope and 1.5° chimney divergence angle. It is seen that the system, which gives a power output of approximately 46 kW in the reference case, exceeds the power output by 4.5 times and reaches 216.853 kW in the design that includes the collector and chimney slope. The effects of the main elements of the system on the performance are also included by changing the collector radius and chimney height while preserving these inclination angles. More than the power output in the reference case, 49.233 kW, can be achieved with the inclined design, with a collector radius of 73.2 m and a chimney height of 155.68 m. Although the effect of increasing the chimney height on power output continues after 1.2 floors, its effect decreases. In the study, it is seen that increasing the chimney height and changing the collector radius provide a greater increase in power output. Furthermore, the scope extends to the incorporation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, presenting a novel approach to predicting SCPP system performance. The findings ascertain the utilisation of 9 neurons in the hidden layer of the ANN, demonstrating a precise alignment with the study data.

Use possibility analysis for wind energy in autonomous car interior heating

Introduction. When driving cars in winter on intercity routes, problems may arise if the highways are covered with snow as a result of heavy snowfalls, which can last for several days or more, and movement during this period becomes impossible. An analysis of statistical data on weather events in winter has shown that in many regions, the closure of trails as a result of prolonged snowfalls can reach up to fifteen percent. In this case, an autonomous energy source, which it receives through the use of environmental properties, can provide significant assistance in improving the situation and increasing safety. The paper considers the technical solution and carries out a theoretical analysis of its characteristics aimed at solving the problem of autonomous power supply of the car interior in severe weather conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents a technical solution and a theoretical analysis of its characteristics aimed at solving the problem of autonomous power supply of the car interior in severe weather conditions.Results. Based on the results of the information search, the design of a compact low-power wind power plant is proposed. The calculation of the heat loss of the car interior, the characteristics of a compact wind power plant was performed and the generated power required to heat the car interior in an extreme situation was determined.Discussion and conclusions. It has been established that the presented design of a low-power wind power plant can be used as a prototype for the development of an industrial design of an autonomous energy source for heating a car in extreme conditions. Similar installations can be used in other industries, for example, tourism, agriculture, and geological exploration.

Life cycle CO2 emission assessment of an organic Rankine cycle based geothermal power plant

Abstract Geothermal resources are well-recognized as a clean and low-carbon emission energy resource for power generation and heat supply. However, CO2 emissions occur during the construction, operation, and decommission stages of geothermal power plants. In this work, the life cycle CO2 emission characteristics of a geothermal power plant based on the organic Rankine cycle are systematically evaluated. The effect of the organic working medium and the recuperative cycle on CO2 emissions of the whole system are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis is conducted by varying the parameters of output power and the sources of the substituted electricity. Results reveal that a considerable amount of CO2 would be released due to the construction of geothermal wells and plants; however, the production of electricity could offset a much larger amount of CO2 emission. The net CO2 emission of the considered geothermal system during its lifespan reaches approximately −300 thousand tCO2e. In addition, the total amount of CO2 emission reduction relies heavily on the output power and the substituted electricity sources.

On sizing of battery energy storage systems for PV plants power smoothing

The high variability of solar irradiance causes fluctuations in the generation of photovoltaic (PV) power plants. This characteristic affects power system operation, thus, strategies are necessary to mitigate the intermittent characteristics of PV power plants. Several countries adopt grid codes incorporating ramp rate (RR) limitations for PV power injection into the grid, also known as power smoothing control. In this sense, battery energy storage systems (BESS) with coordinated RR control algorithms are commonly applied to mitigate current fluctuations from the PV system to the grid. Therefore, studies on the effect of local solar irradiance on BESS requirements for PV power smoothing applications are very important. It is also worth highlighting that in the literature there is a gap in the evaluation of aspects of battery lifetime, BESS volume, price and BESS oversizing for selecting an ideal battery model, among a catalog of batteries, constituting an industrial concern. Therefore, this work presents a detailed BESS sizing methodology, evaluating aspects of the energy requirements, power, and discharging rate (C-rate), based on the mission profile (featuring a customized solution for each project). In addition, the effect of the battery temperature control on the BESS sizing is evaluated. The case study is based on a 1 MW PV system, assessed using a one-year mission profile of solar irradiance and ambient temperature from Goiânia-Brazil. The PV plant is connected to a 440 V grid associated with a BESS that mitigates oscillations of 10%/min. The BESS sizing is evaluated in terms of BESS volume, lifetime, and oversizing factor for power and energy. The proposed methodology reduces the BESS volume by 57.14% in relation to the traditional BESS design of literature.

Study of the influence of thermodynamic processes on the parameters of the technical condition of power plants

The article substantiates the need to consider the dependence of the external characteristics of transport power plants on the parameters of thermodynamic processes in the combustion chambers of heat engines. The results of theoretical and experimental studies are presented. They prove the influence of the technical condition on the thermodynamic parameters of diesel internal combustion engines. Expressions are presented that describe the thermodynamic processes of power plants from the point of view of the relationship between the mechanical and thermodynamic components of torque. It is shown that the temperature of the working surfaces of a diesel engine is an important characteristic of its technical condition. The results of experimental studies of the influence of the temperature of the cylinder liner wall, which determines the rate of evaporation of the oil film between the piston and the cylinder liner, on the amount of engine oil consumption for waste under various technical conditions of the diesel engine are presented. It has been shown that reducing engine temperature can help reduce oil consumption in internal combustion engines.

МЕТОДЫ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ МОЩНОСТИ ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ

At the moment, the Russian wind energy market uses wind power plants, which have their own range of parameters and characteristics. There are various methods by which it is possible to calculate electricity generation based on nominal capacity and wind potential data for the site where the construction of a wind farm is planned. But for this, it is necessary to have a power characteristic for a particular wind power plant. Often the nominal wind speed is used to build it. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing methods for modeling power characteristics for wind power plants with various control systems. (Materials and methods) Considered cases for pitch control and stall control systems. Analytical and computational methods were applied, in particular the bin method and the linear interpolation method. (Results and discussion) Formulas were defined for calculating wind speed and active power to construct power characteristics using the bin method. Approaches to modeling the power characteristic and its approximation are described, while taking into account the features of power management systems, which are divided into active, passive and combined. The results of calculations were presented in tabular form, indicating that with passive and combined control systems cubic polynomials cannot be used due to the large approximation error, common methods for determining power and generation do not always give accurate results. (Conclusions) Several mathematical models used to analyze the power characteristics of wind power plants have been cited. It has been shown that they can be used to predict the output for specified sites with a known wind regime.

Analysis of the efficiency of 300 kw grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems at Bukhara state university

Uzbekistan has a great potential for solar radiation in its vast regions, averaging from 5.9 kWh/m2. In order to increase the contribution of solar energy to the national grid, it is extremely important to evaluate the performance of existing solar photovoltaic systems and further assistance in the design and installation of new power plants. This study presents an analysis of the technical characteristics of a 300 kW solar photovoltaic system at Bukhara State University, which was monitored during the year from February to October 2023. An economic analysis of the solar photovoltaic system is carried out. In the study period of 2023, this solar power plant produced 486.8 MWh. According to the economic analysis, the cost of energy (LCOE) is 0.099 kW∙h and the payback period is 9.7 years, respectively. The study shows that the performance of the Bukhara State University system is similar to the characteristics of other solar power plants around the world

Dynamic characteristics and economic analysis of a coal-fired power plant integrated with molten salt thermal energy storage for improving peaking capacity

Improving the peaking capacity of coal-fired units is imperative to ensure the stability of the power grid, thus facilitating the grid integration and popularization of large-scale renewable energy. To address this issue, this paper introduces a new concept that combines molten salt energy storage with coal-fired power plants. The proposed design consists of extracting a portion of steam from the turbine side and adjusting the extracted steam mass flow rate by adjusting the valve opening to improve the dynamic characteristics of a coal-fired power plant in terms of both increasing the peaking depth and peaking speed. A coal-fired boiler with integrated thermal energy storage was dynamically modeled using Dymola and its accuracy was verified. The results show that the highest equivalent round-trip efficiency is achieved by extracting from the main steam and discharging into the feedwater during charging process and from reheater1 and discharging into the feedwater during discharging process; The peaking potential during charging and discharging is 12.83 % Pe and 6.86 % Pe respectively, with maximum peaking rates of 9.27 % Pe/min and 5.11 % Pe/min respectively, and the optimal peaking method is also proposed according to the different peaking situations. The total cost of equipment and materials to retrofit the conventional coal-fired units was 19,948,193 USD and the levelized cost of delivery was 151.29 USD/MWh.

Study on the dynamic characteristics of a concentrated solar power plant with the supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle coupled with different thermal energy storage methods

The paper aims to study the impact of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) technology on the dynamic characteristics of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). An integrated dynamic model of a CSP plant is firstly established, which combines the concentrating system, the TES system, and S–CO2 Brayton power cycle system. Three TES alternatives are considered: two-tank molten salt TES (TT-TES), packed-bed TES with solid fillers (PBS-TES), packed-bed TES with phase change materials (PBP-TES). Using this integrated dynamic model, the thermal performance and economic feasibility of different TES technologies applied to CSP are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that utilization of packed-bed TES primarily impacts the optical efficiency of the heliostat field and the thermal efficiency of the power cycle, while having minimal effect on the receiver's thermal efficiency. Furthermore, during the vernal equinox, the daily average system efficiencies of CSP configurations integrating TT-TES, PBS-TES, PBP-TES technologies are 26.0 %, 25.5 %, and 24.5 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the use of packed-bed TES systems significantly reduces the material cost of the TES. In comparison to the TT-TES, the PBP-TES and the PBS-TES can reduce cost by 21.2 % and 42.3 %, respectively, and decrease TES volume by 83.0 % and 63.8 %, respectively.

Analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of a two-bladed wind power plant containing combined power elements

In this article, the aerodynamic characteristics of a wind turbine of various parameters are studied. For this purpose, an experimental two-cylinder model with fixed blades was made. A schematic diagram of a wind turbine with fixed blades and rotating cylinders is obtained. The airflow velocity varied from 3 to 12 m/s. The dependences of the aerodynamic forces of a wind power plant on the flow velocity were investigated. The analysis of the results of the experiment on changing the angle α of the fixed blade relative to the cylinder from the airflow velocity of the wind turbine is carried out. When the position of the blade changes, the drag changes relative to the airflow. A graph is constructed based on the dependence of drag and lift forces on the flow velocity. It is established that at the maximum angle relative to the cylinder α = 30° that the value of the lifting force and the drag force of the fixed blade is higher. From the dependence of the coefficient of lift and drag force on the Reynolds number, it was found that at an angle of 30° degrees, there is a minimum lifting force of 0.04 and a maximum drag force of 1.479 at Re=1·104. The results of the experiment show that it is possible to use an additional force driven by the Magnus effect that occurs when rotating cylinders with a horizontal axis. These results are considered useful for us in practice since these results can be used in combined wind engines operating at low wind speeds. This wind power plant can generate electricity starting from a wind speed of 2.8 m/s.

Characteristics of Mathematical Modeling of Acoustic Emission Method for Diagnosis of Fatigue Cracks in the Elements of Marine Power Plants

Abstract This article analyses the main characteristics of marine power plants, which include internal combustion engines (ICE) and gas turbine engines (GTE). At the same time, gas turbines are considered in comparison with aircraft engines. The study considers the possibility of using the acoustic emission (AE) method to evaluate the fatigue resistance of critical elements of ICE and GTE, based on the valve block in the ICE and turbine rotor blades. AE criteria for determining the growth of fatigue cracks are analysed, a method for evaluating individual durability and a method for calculating crack length are proposed.

Investigation of the Feasibility of the Dynamic Equivalent Model of Large Photovoltaic Power Plants in a Harmonic Resonance Study

In recent years, there have been several harmonic resonance accidents around the world that involve renewable energy power plants. The frequency scanning method is the most widely used technique in engineering practice to evaluate the severity of resonance due to its simple operation and clear physical meaning. However, when establishing electromagnetic transient simulation models and conducting frequency scans, a single generation unit or a few renewable generation units are usually used to represent the original power plant for the purpose of reducing model complexity and improving the simulation efficiency. Such a practice has been found to be effective in dynamic studies around the fundamental frequency. However, its feasibility in harmonic resonance studies has not yet been fully investigated. Because of this research gap, a feasibility study is conducted in this paper by using a real-life photovoltaic power plant. The detailed harmonic model of the plant is first established using the harmonic linearization method, and the equivalent harmonic model is then developed using the power loss conservation method. The feasibility of the equivalent model was investigated in detail, and the impact of the different impedance models on the resonance analysis was analyzed. The results indicate that the conventional dynamic equivalent model can effectively reflect the harmonic resonance characteristics of photovoltaic power plants. Furthermore, a more simplified model that ignores the inductance of the collector line is recommended in this paper to further reduce the modeling complexity.

Substantiating promising technical solutions for turbo- expander power plants based on the research into working processes and states

One of the most rational methods of energy utilization of compressed gas in pipelines is to use turbo-expander installations. In particular, these are autonomous turbo-expander power stations. A fundamentally new concept has been devised to improve the technical and economic performance of this type of machines. This concept is not focused on a separate aspect of the plant's operation but on their entire set. In particular, physical principles, structures, and technologies were considered as an object of research. First, effective parameters of gas-dynamic flows and heat-mass transfer were determined based on the modeling of work processes. Secondly, progressive designs of turbo-expander units have been created. Thirdly, technologies for the production of parts and assemblies of turbo-expander units have been developed, which combine, unlike the traditional ones, different types of strengthening for contacting parts in their pair. A method of parametric modeling was used to substantiate the technical solutions of the elements of turbo-expander power plants. This makes it possible to determine the technical characteristics of these installations under a certain set of parameters. By purposeful variation, a recommended set of their parameters was determined, which ensure the improvement of the most important technical characteristics. A specialized database was built, which contains an array of information about the regularities of the influence of variation of significant parameters on various characteristics of turbo-expander power plants. Already on this basis, the problems of synthesis of successful technical solutions of turbo-expander power plants are solved. As a result, their high energy efficiency is ensured. Thus, the efficiency of the expander was achieved at the level of 86 % while the resource increased by 20–25 %. All these solutions were implemented in a number of unique turbo-expander units. Their effectiveness has been demonstrated during operation

Coal-derived synthetic natural gas as an alternative energy carrier for application to produce power --- comparison of integrated vs. non-integrated processes

This work addresses clean utilization of coal through thermo-chemical processes (i.e., gasification & methanation) that convert solid carbonaceous feedstock to gaseous fuel for power generation, which features potential advantages for environmental benignity and energy security. It would be beneficial to convert coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can feed the combined cycle units in the regions like Taiwan where natural gas (NG) is imported, which would help stabilize the price of electricity and alleviate the energy security concern. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance as well as the pros and cons between integrated and non-integrated SNG plants. The characteristics of power and chemical plants differs in various aspects, thus the concept of non-integrated approach to produce SNG and power offers better system resilience, availability and market flexibility at the expense of reduced efficiency. Fuel switch strategy would be one of the key pillars for the pathway toward Net-Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2050. Alternative energy carriers (AECs), generally synthesized from conversion of other energy sources, may provide solutions to decarbonization and low-emission environment. In summary, the thermo-chemical conversion processes studied in the present work address the core issues in clean and efficient utilization of carbonaceous resources.

Experimental research on night heat loss and dust effect of distillation-solar chimney power plant

To more comprehensively grasp the operating characteristics of the solar chimney power plants combined with distillation and provide a valuable reference for the design and operation of the power plants, a comparative test platform was built in this paper, which adopted manual covering of insulation layer and dust, and explored for the first time the impact of the insulation layer and dust accumulation on the operational characteristics of power plants. The results show that the insulation layer can increase the temperature rise of the airflow at night by a maximum of 2.1 °C, which is 25.9 %; but at the same time, it will reduce the temperature difference between the seawater and the solar still cover, resulting in a decrease of more than 7 % in daily water yield. Therefore, if the power plant pursues water production, it is not necessary to install insulation layers. Dust accumulation will affect the heat collection and storage performance of the system, reduce the power output, and shorten the effective power generation time; at the same time, lowering the seawater temperature will also reduce the water yield of the system by more than 10 %, so the power plant must regularly clean the collector roof.

Multi-objective optimal dispatch strategy for power systems with Spatio-temporal distribution of air pollutants

Accurate and effective pollutant emission control models are key in mitigating the environmental impact of energy supply systems. This paper proposes a novel high-dimensional multi-objective optimal dispatching strategy for power systems considering the spatial and temporal distribution of multiple pollutants. Firstly, a spatial and temporal distribution model of pollutants in thermal power plants is constructed, which is truly applicable to power dispatch. For modeling the pollution situation, the daily changes in the atmospheric boundary layer are taken into account, fully reflecting the pollutant dispersion characteristics of thermal power plants and improving the result accuracy. Next, a high-dimensional multi-objective optimization model is developed to simultaneously reduce the cost of power generation, carbon emission and the impact air quality from VOCs (volatile organic compounds), SO2 and NO2. This model combines the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of various pollutants and environmental capacity. Finally, a representative high-dimensional multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed to obtain an approximate Pareto-optimal solution set. And a multi-objective decision method is proposed to filter the compromise solution. The results show that the APCs of VOCs, SO2 and NO2 are reduced by 27.5%, 10.13% and 23.16%, respectively, in the pollution day model. On non-pollution days, the proposed scheduling method not only effectively improves air quality, but also achieves cost savings of $1276.59 and reduces CO2 emission by 0.168 × 104t compared to the emission limitation method. The proposed scheduling method can not only effectively improve air quality, but also make corresponding adjustments according to the spatial and temporal changes of environmental capacity, which can truly realize economic and environmental-friendly power scheduling.

Modeling of thermal power plants in the study of reliability of power supply and energy security

RELEVANCE. Maintaining the required level of energy security (ES) and reliability of fuel and energy supply is one of the priority tasks in the management of the energy sector. In the functioning of the fuel and energy complex various threats are possible, which can lead to the violation of the reliability of fuel and energy supply and the emergence of shortages ofvarious types of energy resources. To assess the level of energy security, approaches are considered to form a mathematical model of the FEC, which combines all sectors of the energy sector. Despite the trends of transition to low-carbon energy sources associated with energy transformation, thermal power plants remain one of the main sources of heat and electricity.Due to the ability to generate large amounts of heat only thermal power plants can be a source of centralized energy supply of large territories. In this regard, when modeling the fuel and energy complex, it is necessary to develop mathematical models of TPPs, which will correctly reflect the technological processes that affect the reliability of energy supply. OBJECT. Development of mathematical models of interaction of electric power, heat supply and fuel systems within the framework of thermal power plants designed to study energy security and reliability of fuel and energy supply. METHODS. Mathematical modeling of fuel consumption dependences on electrical and thermal load at thermal power plants is used as methods. To obtain analytical dependencies, the least squares approximation of the consumption characteristics of thermal power plants was carried out. RESULTS. As part of the work, analytical dependences of fuel consumption on thermal and electrical load for various types of thermal units were obtained. For all considered steam turbines, linear dependences of theamount of heat supplied to the turbine on its load (electrical and / or heating depending on the type of turbine) were obtained. For boilers, an approximation of the dependence of efficiency on thermal load was carried out. According to the results of the approximation, a linear dependence is assumed. For gas turbine installations, an approximation of the dependence of the efficiency on the load was carried out, according to the results of which a second-order polynomial was obtained. CONCLUSION. The paper investigates the problem of mathematical modeling of the interconnected operation of fuel, heat and power and electric power systems within the framework of the functioning of the energy sector. Analytical dependences are obtained for different types of generating equipment, including boilers, steam turbines and gas turbine installations. The obtained dependences are necessary for the analysis of energy security and reliability offuel and energy supply. The models of thermal power plants presented in the paper are the most suitable for the analysis of energy security and reliability of fuel and power supply, as they provide the necessary accuracy of calculations and take into account the specifics of various generating equipment, without dropping to the level of microparameters.