Characteristics Of Photovoltaic Panel Research Articles

Simple PV Modeling Under Variable Operating Conditions

Photovoltaic (PV) panels are increasingly used to convert sunlight into electricity, as a source of sustainable energy. It can be used in a wide variety of applications ranging from the well-known power generation to the emerging energy harvesting in Internet of Things (IoT). Hence, an accurate model is required to evaluate and predict the performance of the PV panel. However, the non-linear characteristics of PV panels make the modeling of their electrical response a challenging task. In the literature, most of the previous PV models have been developed for large wattage PVs under high irradiance, or for small wattage PVs under lower irradiance. Those that can model both usually require more information, including the I-V curves data at different irradiances, which is not always provided by the manufacturers. Therefore, this paper presents a simple PV modeling that can be applied for different wattage panels at different operating levels of irradiance, using only the commonly provided datasheet values at standard test condition (STC). The model uses the characteristic points translation technique to translate the short circuit current, open circuit voltage and maximum power voltage points, at STC to other operating conditions. These translated values are then used by the parameter extraction technique to extract the model's parameters. The proposed model's techniques can model the losses across the resistors at low irradiance, which reduces the error. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated using two representative commercial PV panels. Results are generated for the proposed model and other comparative works. The results show that the proposed model can improve the accuracy over the other compared works, with a consistent percentage difference of below 5% across all levels of irradiances for both panels.

Experimental trial on the electrical characteristics of photovoltaic panels under the effect of a simulated failure

In this work we measure electrical characteristics of different panels following the addition of a simulated failure, namely cracks on the protective layer of photovoltaic cells. The objective is to see its influence on the electrical production of panels on one side, and to see if it is possible to diagnose this failure on the other. The cracks are simulated using broken transparent plates that will be positioned on each solar panel before measuring its real characteristics. The results show that despite the continuity of the operation of the photovoltaic equipment in the presence of cracks, those last clearly influence the electrical power supplied by the panel. Among other things, they give a very particular form to its I-V characteristic which can be used to detect this failure.

Моделювання роботи фотоелектричних панелей з використанням середовища Matlab/Simulink

Modeling of the photovoltaic panels’ parameters makes it possible to predict in the shortest time the performance of a photovoltaic station in the context of specific days, months and along the year for any area and the method of solar panels arranging. One of powerful tools of computer mathematics, which recently has been widely used to simulate various technical systems, is the MATLAB environment. Due to the built-in Simulink package, MATLAB allows to realize visual-oriented block simulation of dynamic systems, in particular, various devices of functional electronics, solar cells and photovoltaic modules. This paper proposes an approach to modeling the operation of real photovoltaic panels in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using information from the panel technical documentation as input data for the Solar Cell block. The method for determining the input parameters of the Solar Cell block, which are not specified in the technical documentation of the solar panel, is presented. This method is based on the analysis of the light current-voltage characteristic of the panel for standard test conditions in the approximation of a single-diode equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell. Proposed method was tested on the example of JAP6(BK) 60-250/3BB, AS-6P30-270W and LG290N1C panels from the world's leading manufacturers. A visual-oriented model based on Solar Cell block was created in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to build the light characteristics of photovoltaic panels. The light characteristics of the JAP6(BK) 60-250/3BB, AS-6P30-270W and LG290N1C panels were simulated using created model, and main parameters of the panels under standard test conditions were calculated. Comparison of the panels parameters determined from the simulated light characteristics with the data presented in the technical documentation showed that for all panels the deviation of the simulation results from the documentation parameters is less than permissible 3%. This indicates the acceptability of the proposed approach to modeling the operation of real photovoltaic panels in the MATLAB / Simulink environment.

Influence of Dust Deposition on the Electrical Parameters of Silicon-Based Solar Panels Installed in Senegal (Dakar Region)

In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) modules are widely used in many applications around the world. However, this renewable energy is plagued by dust, airborne particles, humidity, and high ambient temperatures. This paper studies the effect of dust soiling on silicon-based photovoltaic panel performance in a mini-solar power plant located in Dakar (Senegal, 14°42'N latitude, 17°28'W longitude). Results of the current-voltage (I - V) characteristics of photovoltaic panels tested under real conditions. We modeled a silicon-based PV cell in a dusty environment as a stack of thin layers of dust, glass and silicon. The silicon layer is modeled as a P-N junction. The study performed under standard laboratory conditions with input data of irradiation at 1000 W/m2, cell temperature at 25°C and solar spectrum with Air Mass (AM) at 1.5 for the monocrystalline silicon PV cell (m-Si). The analysis with an ellipsometer of dust samples collected on photovoltaic panels allowed to obtain the refraction indices (real and imaginary) of these particles which will complete the input parameters of the model. Results show that for a photon flux arriving on dust layer of 70 μm (corresponding to dust deposit of 3.3 g/m2) deposited on silicon-based PV cells, short circuit current decreases from 54 mA (for a clean cell) to 26 mA. Also, conversion efficiency decreases by 50% compared to clean cell and the cell fill factor decreases by 76% - 50% compared to reference PV cell.

Maksimum Güç Noktası İzleme Tekniklerinde Uygulanan LabVIEW Tabanlı Modelleme Sistemi

Fotovoltaik, güneş ışığını doğrudan elektriğe dönüştürme işlemidir. İlk yatırım maliyeti yüksek olsa da güneş enerjisi temiz ve yenilenebilir bir enerji kaynağı sunar. Fotovoltaik sistem kullanılarak elektrik enerjisi üretmek için; sistemin bulunduğu konum, ortam sıcaklığı ve dönüşüm sisteminin verimliliği gibi parametrelerin bilinmesi sistemin optimum çalışabilmesi için önemlidir. Bu sistemler tek panel ile kullanılabildiği gibi büyük enerji santrallerinde çok sayıda panelin birbirine bağlanması ile de kullanılabilir. Bu tarz bir sistem oluşturulurken hücrelerin güneşten aldığı enerjiye göre ürettiği gerilim ve akım değerleri kritik derecede önemlidir. Bu sistemlerin maksimum verimde çalışabilmesi için, sistem performansının analiz edilebildiği bir izleme sistemi kullanmak, fotovoltaik sistem tarafından üretilen enerji miktarını gerçek zamanlı olarak takip edebilmek ve öngörülen dönüşüm verimliliğinin, maksimum güç noktasını belirlemek son derece mühimdir. Bu çalışmada, LabVIEW programı kullanılarak fotovoltaik hücrelerin karakteristikleri, sistemin ürettiği elektrik enerjisi ve maksimum güç noktasının belirlenmesi için gerçek zamanlı ölçümlerin laboratuvar ortamında yapılması amacıyla kullanılacak bir donanım ve yazılım geliştirilmiştir. LabVIEW, endüstriyel olarak veri toplama sistemleri, test ve ölçüm cihazları gibi ihtiyaçları karşılamak için sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Sistemde kullanılan sensörlerden gelen bilgi, maksimum güç noktası izleme cihazı olarak kullanılan DC-DC dönüştürücüsünden okunmuştur. Elde edilen tüm veriler LabVIEW’ın arayüzünde, donanımda kullanılan mikrodenetleyiciye bağlı sensörlerden ve toplanan verilerin analiz edilebilmesi için LabVIEW ortamında hazırlanan görsel arayüz programı vasıtasıyla izlenmiştir. Önerilen sistem analiz ve veri toplama uygulamalarında kabul edilebilir bir performansa sahip olduğu görülmüştür.

Development of a photovoltaic panel emulator and LabVIEW‐based application platform

AbstractIn this study, a photovoltaic (PV) panel emulator was developed based on a single diode model of a PV cell, and four prototypes of this kind emulator have been produced. In addition, an electronic potentiometer and a central control unit were developed to be used in experimental studies. Each of the developed emulators was planned to be at least 16 W in power. LabVIEW‐based interfaces were designed to reveal the electrical characteristics of the PV panel emulator and compare them with that of an actual PV panel, and the acquired electrical data were graphical analyzed with Matlab program. Results show that the developed PV panel emulator and actual PV panel characteristics are consistent with each other. A low‐cost system which does not need light source for experimental studies has been developed to be used in renewable energy laboratories, and to give psychomotor and cognitive behaviors to students.

Modeling and Simulation of A Low Cost Perturb& Observe and Incremental Conductance MPPT Techniques In Proteus Software Based on Flyback Converter

A photovoltaic (PV) panel that extracted the electrical energy from the sunlight energy is as nonlinear in nature with respect to the weather conditions such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Hence, the PV panel characteristics are exhibited a nonlinear P-V and I-V characteristics. Therefore, a one-point in the nonlinear PV characteristics at which the power is maximum. For this reason, the maximum power of the PV panel can be extracted using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, the efficiency of the PV panel is increased. This MPPT technique is implemented using a suitable DC/DC converter linked with a corrected load resistance. In this paper, isolated flyback DC/DC converter is used to implement the MPPT techniques of low cost perturb& observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) algorithms that represent the main controller in the PV system. The Proteus software is used to modeling and simulate the PV panel model that integrated with MPPT under variable cell temperature and solar irradiance and its control. Each technique is simulated with the PV model, flyback converter and a resistance load in order to the comparison between their performances. The results show that the P&O technique is tracked faster than the INC technique but the fluctuation is higher. On other hand, more power form the PV panel is obtained in INC technique which is lead to that the INC is more efficient than the P&O algorithm.

Оптимизация методом роя частиц структуры автономного энергетического комплекса с использованием солнечной энергии

The aim of the study involved the development of a methodology for optimising the structure of an autonomous energy complex consisting of photovoltaic panels, accumulator batteries and a diesel generator, as well as its implementation in a software and computer complex. In order to optimise the structure of the complex, a particle swarm method was used that does not require the exact gradient of the optimisation function to be known. In terms of an optimisation function, the cost price of the electricity generated by the energy complex was chosen. During the optimisation process, changes in the consumer load demand, local actinometric and meteorological conditions, as well as technical characteristics of photovoltaic panels and batteries were taken into account. Additionally, a choice of three following options for installing photovoltaic panels relative to the horizon is provided: horizontally; inclined to the horizon; inclined to the horizon on a rotary uniaxial base with a vertical rotation axis using a sun tracking system (selecting an angle of inclination equal to the latitude). For Kyzyl-Khaya village in the Republic of Tyva, currently supplied from a diesel power station, the average monthly values of horizontal surface insolation are calculated with the total installed capacity of the power generating elements for an autonomous energy complex optimised by the particle swarm method equal to 450.1 kW and having a battery capacity of 22.2 kA×h. The developed technique for optimising the structure of the energy complex is implemented in the MATLAB software environment. Following optimisation by the proposed methodology, the structure of an autonomous energy complex with an inclined arrangement of photovoltaic panels, the cost of electricity generated by it amounted to 26.978 roubles/kW h with a capital cost of 16956.853 thousand roubles. This optimised structure of the complex provides for changing the power supply schedule from 18 to 24 hours a day and additional possible reduction in diesel fuel consumption by 70% compared to the same setup having an 18-hour power supply schedule from a diesel power plant.

Modularized Differential Power Processing Architecture Based on Switched Capacitor Converter to Virtually Unify Mismatched Photovoltaic Panel Characteristics

Photovoltaic (PV) strings consisting of multiple panels suffer from partial shading or characteristic mismatch issues, such as a significant reduction in power yield. Various kinds of differential power processing (DPP) converters have been developed to prevent the negative impacts of substring-level partial shading. For panel-level applications, however, conventional DPP converters face a variety of challenges, such as impaired extendibility and increased voltage stress of circuit elements. This paper proposes a switched capacitor converter (SCC)-based modular DPP architecture. Modules, each containing series-connected panels with a panel-level DPP converter, are connected through a switchless module-level DPP converter, and PV panel characteristics are unified at module- and panel-levels. The number of panels in each module is fixed, while the number of modules can be arbitrarily extended without redesigning DPP converters, hence offering good modularity. In addition, since voltage stresses of capacitors in the proposed architecture can be reduced lower than half the module voltages, the proposed DPP system realizes all-ceramic-capacitor SCC circuit by properly determining the module voltages. A prototype for eight panels, which were grouped into two modules, was built, and laboratory and field tests were performed. The experimental results demonstrated the enhanced power yield from the partially shaded PV string.

Enhancing the Performance of PV Panel Undergoing Shading Effects

<p>Experimental and simulation work were performed to study the effects of shading for different strings inside photovoltaic (PV) panels under real outdoor environmental climate conditions for Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The electrical characteristics of PV panel were measured by using the PV analyzer, while the simulations were performed by MATLAB. The effect of full cell shading were studied experimentally for each configuration of two or four bypass diodes and verified by theoretical modeling. The I-V and P-V curves for all cases were recorded to investigate the effect of bypass diodes in reducing shading losses under similar environmental conditions. Compared to design with fewer bypass diodes, inserting more bypass diodes (four diodes in our work) contributed to higher yield in performance of solar PV panels undergoing shading while taking in to account the cost of energy production. Compared to the case of two bypass diodes, applying four diodes can recover up to ~31% of non-shaded maximum power under different cell shading conditions. </p>

Research on synergistic effect and bearing capacity of solar composite roof panel

Taking the two new connection forms of PV (photovoltaic) panels and sloping roof — “external form” and “embedded form” designed in this paper as the research objects, the bearing performance of PV panels have been studied by static loading test. The deflection and strain characteristics of PV panels under two kinds of connection forms are compared and analyzed. The results show that when the load is added to 1.0kN, the deflections of the PV panels under two connections forms are less than the theoretical value of 16.82mm, meeting the normal use requirements; when the load is added to 2.1kN, the maximum strains of the PV panels are less than the limit strain 1712µε, the PV panels are not failure. The PV plate has better bearing performance under the new “external form” connection form with smaller deflection and strain, which can be used as a new solution for the integration of PV construction.

A Unified Control and Power Management Scheme for PV-Battery-Based Hybrid Microgrids for Both Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes

Battery storage is usually employed in photovoltaic (PV) system to mitigate the power fluctuations due to the characteristics of PV panels and solar irradiance. Control schemes for PV-battery systems must be able to stabilize the bus voltages as well as to control the power flows flexibly. This paper proposes a comprehensive control and power management system (CAPMS) for PV-battery-based hybrid microgrids with both ac and dc buses, for both grid-connected and islanded modes. The proposed CAPMS is successful in regulating the dc and ac bus voltages and frequency stably, controlling the voltage and power of each unit flexibly, and balancing the power flows in the systems automatically under different operating circumstances, regardless of disturbances from switching operating modes, fluctuations of irradiance and temperature, and change of loads. Both simulation and experimental case studies are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed method.

Hydrogen production horizon using solar energy in Biskra, Algeria

This paper aims at studying the hydrogen production from solar energy available in Biskra region in the east of Algeria by the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. The electrolyzer is supplied by solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Three kinds of PV generator with rated power up to 6 kW are used for producing hydrogen. The PV panel characteristics are experimentally validated. The instantaneous effects of temperature and solar radiation on PV characteristics are shown. Moreover, a comprehensive study is devoted to validate two different models for the areas solar radiation. The simulation results are compared to the experimental measurements using statistical analysis. The solar radiation model on a horizontal and on a tilted and oriented PV panel give sufficient results. The adequate agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data verifies the effectiveness of the proposed models.

A dynamic photo voltaic emulator using dSPACE controller with high accuracy solar photo voltaic characteristics

An alternative method of testing maximum power point tracking and solar Photo Voltaic (PV) system performance with a solar PV emulator is presented in this paper. Solar PV emulators are Hardware-in-Loop setup, which mimics the characteristics of a PV panel. Further, these emulators are supplementary to strenuous field testing and commercial solar PV training systems available for research prototyping. In this paper, a solar PV emulator built using a DC-DC Buck Converter and dSPACE ds1104 controller is proposed. In addition, MATLAB/SIMULINK Environment is used to construct the Mathematical Model of Solar PV Module. The proposed Solar PV Emulator has the following features: (1) ease in interfacing with faster dynamic response, (2) ability to monitor and control in real-time using a control desk, (3) higher bandwidth DC-DC buck converter, (4) stable output with lower response time, (5) lower output voltage and current ripple, and (6) capability to reproduce near accurate static and dynamic characteristics of any solar PV module. To illustrate the performance of the proposed emulator, the I-V characteristics of a shell SP70 PV panel are obtained. To further understand the dynamic and steady state behaviour of the system, experimentations are done at different operating conditions. Finally, to know the suitability of the proposed emulator for maximum power point tracking, the Perturb & Observe algorithm is tested for uniform and partial shading conditions.

Modelling characteristics of photovoltaic panels with thermal phenomena taken into account

In the paper a new form of the electrothermal model of photovoltaic panels is proposed. This model takes into account the optical, electrical and thermal properties of the considered panels, as well as electrical and thermal properties of the protecting circuit and thermal inertia of the considered panels. The form of this model is described and some results of measurements and calculations of mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline panels are presented.

A Linear Identification of Diode Models from Single $I$– $V$ Characteristics of PV Panels

This paper presents a novel approach on diode model parameter identification from the I- V characteristics of photovoltaic panels. Other than the prevailing methodology of solving a group of nonlinear equations from a few points on the I-V curve, the proposed methodology views the diode model as the equivalent output of a dynamic system. From this new viewpoint, diode model parameters are linked to the transfer function (after Laplace transform) of the same dynamic system whose parameters are then identified by a simple integral-based linear square. The indoor flash test shows the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method, and outdoor module testing shows its ability of online monitoring and diagnostics. Comparisons to the methods of Lambert W function and evolution algorithms are also included.

Photovoltaic Panel Emulators, Design and Implementation Using Rapid Prototyping Technique

Photovoltaic emulators (PVE) are power electronic systems that are able to reproduce the output Current-Voltage characteristics of photovoltaic panels in various operating conditions. They are indispensable for the design and evaluation of the operational components of a photovoltaic energy system, such as battery chargers and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Those emulators prevent the experimental testing process on a site and ensure considerable savings in time and cost. In this article, we adopt the rapid prototyping technique incorporating an acquisition board and the toolbox Real Time Windows Target of Matlab. For that, we propose to use direct blocs schemes in Simulink in order to simulate and control a hardware target emulating a photovoltaic panel. The experimental platform's obtained results show that the characteristics of the designed emulator output are in good agreement with those of a real photovoltaic panel, under different conditions of temperature, irradiation and load.

Photovoltaic Array under Partial Shading Condition for Irrigation

This paper discuss about the effect of partial shading on photovoltaic array and driving the dc-dc boost converter to track maximum power point (MPP ) by incremental conductance (INC) MPPT algorithm. The temperature, irradiance, shading and array configuration will greatly affect the Photovoltaic performance. The shading effect on photovoltaic panel are caused by passing clouds ,neighbouring trees, neighbouring buildings ,towers .The PV characteristic of Photovoltaic panel get more complex under partial shading condition. The P-V and I-V characteristic under nonuniform insolation are simulated in Matlab based on solar irradiance and cell temperature. The design and analysis are made simple and easy through Simscape package.

Contribution to the Improvement of the MPPT Control Functioning of Photovoltaic Systems

This paper concerns the improvement of the maximal power point tracking using digital MPPT control of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Works have focused on the feasibility of a PV system, an average power (200 W), in order to better adaptation of PV generators to the load (batteries), independently to sudden fluctuations of the weather conditions (illumination, the temperature) or of the load. The functioning of the MPPT control is based on an improved Hill climbing algorithm, taking into account the optimal electrical characteristics of the PV Panels. The experimental results of the designed PV system shows a net improvement in the MPPT search time and on the maximal power point precision by a factor of the order of 2.5, and the energy produced is increased by a factor of 5.5 %

Influence of Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Panel Performance

Solar photovoltaic power plants are ideally located in regions with high insolation levels. Photovoltaic performance is affected by high cell temperatures, soiling, mismatch and other balance-of-systems related losses. It is crucial to understand the significance of each of these losses on system performance. Soiling, highly dependent on installation conditions, is a complex performance issue to accurately quantify. The settlement of dust on panel surfaces may or may not be uniform depending on local terrain and environmental factors such as ambient temperature, wind and rainfall. It is essential to investigate the influence of dust settlement on the operating characteristics of photovoltaic systems to better understand losses in performance attributable to soiling.The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of photovoltaic panels reveal extensive information to support degradation analysis of the panels. This paper attempts to understand performance losses due to dust through a dynamic study into the I–V characteristics of panels under varying soiling conditions in an outdoor experimental test-bed. Further, the results of an indoor study simulating the performance of photovoltaic panels under different dust deposition regimes are discussed in this paper.