Passenger Characteristics Research Articles

Operations and Market Analysis of Travel Agencies: An Empirical Study on Two Travel Agencies of Bangladesh

In last one decade, the number of people using airline has increased in great number. Different international airlines use Bangladesh as a hub to take passenger. The aim of the paper is to examine the business process of travel agent. To know in which area or location passengers are traveling, percentage of domestic flights and international flights, Number of transit ticket and direct ticket, type of buyer and characteristics of passengers traveling on these international flights. The main target is to show how travel agents are working in Bangladesh. This paper provides empirical study, collected data from field. In this paper, we are going to see the operations and market analysis of these two travel agencies. The result reveals that the main customers of travel agents are tourists and specially, mid-level tourists. Most of the people take return tickets and in economy class. This travel agencies offer different package to customers according their choice and need. In this study we also found the socio- Demographic Characteristic of customers, their gender, occupation, type of buyer etc.

Travel behavior of commuter line passenger to station in Depok City

Depok City as one of the satellite cities has developed both in terms of population, social, economic and environment. The high mobility of commuter line passengers is influenced by the pattern of passenger travel using various modes of transportation such as: public transportation, private transportation online transportation, non-motorized vehicles or walking. The analysis used is the multinomial logistic regression method by observing the socio-economic characteristics of passengers and the travel characteristics of commuter line passengers. The results of the study suggest that the behavior of passengers to the station (access mode) is influenced by transport time and costs. And then, most of the commuter line passengers use online transportation as a means to get to the station. So the choice of the most used transportation modes will have an impact on the arrangement of facilities at Depok City stations.

Multitasking on the go: An observation study on local public transport in Brussels

This paper presents the results of an observational survey carried out on public transport vehicles in Brussels. The aim was to identify if the mode of transport, travel distance, level of crowdedness, the proportion of underground sections and demographic characteristics of passengers have an impact on the type of activities performed on board with special attention to the frequency of the use of ICT devices. Structured observation was used to conduct the survey of 1214 passengers in May 2016. The data was analysed using Pearson’s χ2-test, multinomial and generalised ordinal logistic regression. The results show that the range of multitasking activities is not significantly different on buses, trams and metros. We show that it is travel distance, the presence of travel companion and socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender) that are more important determinants of multitasking activities and the frequency of ICT use than travel mode itself in this specific urban context. Contrary to previous research, the crowdedness of the vehicle (although only measured outside peak hours) was not found to be a significant determinant of on-board activities, nor was the proportion of underground sections. Our results confirm that passengers already start carrying out active activities after travelling just one stop and the proportion of active activities significantly increases with travel distance. We compared the prevalence of multitasking activities to similar surveys and found indications of increasing ICT use over time, although considering smartphone penetration in Belgium the potentials of using ICT on board have not been exhausted yet.

KOMPARASI PILIHAN PENGGUNA MODA ANGKUTAN LAUT DI PELABUHAN MUARA ANGKE ANTARA KAPAL DISHUB DAN KAPAL TRADISIONAL

The sea transportation mode is a means or tool used by people to move from one place to another. Sea freight mode in DKI Jakara is expected to provide quality service to the users of the transportation services as well as the service users on board, other than that the passenger characteristics strongly affect passengers in choosing Mode of transportation. Based on the user data of traditional vessels majority of the female users differ from the Dishub ship of the majority of male users. The user's age for both ships is the majority of the age range of 21-30 years, including the majority work of students. The level of user earning both traditional and dishub vessels does not differ the majority have not been income according to the type of work. The purpose and frequency of user journeys of traditional vessels and dishub vessels are no different, with the purpose of the majority being a one-time recreation a year.
 The study aims to determine which variables will result in factors affecting the perpetrators and the probability of selecting the mode located in the Muara Angke port between the Dishub ship and the traditional vessel. Data processing uses the Serqual method to determine the number of samples from the population and SPSS program to find out the factors affecting the selection of the modes of traditional vessels of Dishub and vessels.

Modeling and simulation of railway vehicle vertical dynamic behavior by considering the effect of passenger-carbody coupling vibration

In order to reflect the vertical random vibration characteristics of railway vehicles more truly and effectively, this paper regards the human body as a single-degree-of-freedom system attached to the bottom of the carriage, and establishes a vertical dynamic model of railway vehicles by considering the influence of the coupling vibration effect between the passenger and the car body. The correctness of the model is verified by the real vehicle test. Then, the influence of the passengers on the vertical vibration characteristics of railway vehicles is analyzed, and the influence of the railway vehicle vibration on the vertical vibration characteristics of passengers is discussed in this paper. The research made in this paper can provide an effective model reference for the analysis of the vertical random vibration characteristics of railway vehicles and passengers, and for the optimization design of the suspension system parameters.

Effects of mixed traffic and elderly passengers on city bus drivers’ work-related fatigue

City bus drivers are facing increasingly stressful work situations. In urban areas, bus drivers are competing for limited road space with various vehicles in mixed traffic conditions. This mixed traffic flow condition may not only cause traffic congestion problems but also increase the driving fatigue of a city bus driver. In addition, the average number of elderly passengers are increasing. Constrained by their physical conditions, elderly passengers usually take more time to get on or off a bus and require a city bus driver’s special attention or help. An increase in elderly passengers using city buses may increase the bus driver’s stress and/or fatigue levels. This study developed a structural equation model to investigate the causal relationships between a vector of stress factors and city bus drivers’ fatigue levels from a risk management perspective. The empirical study results based on a questionnaire survey indicated that mixed traffic flow conditions and the characteristics of elderly passengers are positively correlated with the levels of driving fatigue in city bus drivers. An increase in the number of motor scooters in a traffic stream and/or elderly passengers on a bus will lead to higher levels of mental fatigue for a city bus driver. This study discussed the effects of several stressors on a city bus driver’s fatigue and provided suggestions for changes in policies to ensure the fatigue mitigation of city bus drivers.

The Effect of Emotional Image on Customer Attitude

This study examines the color image of uniform of airline cabin crew according to the demographic characteristics of the customer and demonstrates how it affects the cognitive image of airlines. Adjective adjectives were derived for uniform color images of all eight airlines in Korea and analyzed the image of airline brand color. Based on the analysis of color images, the difference in perception according to the demographic characteristics of passengers was analyzed. When the colors of airline uniforms are mainly blue, sky blue, white and ivory, they have a lot of trust, neat and elegant images. Uniforms with primary colors such as red, orange and green beans are found to have a lot of cheerful, developmental and enterprising images. In addition, the empirical analysis of the impact of the customer's cognitive perception and favoritism on the uniform color image of the airline crew showed that the more positive the airline's positive perception of the uniform color image, the more positive the cognitive image is. In other words, the empirical analysis revealed that the airline's uniform color image, its cognitive image of the airline, and its popularity have significant positive relationships.

A nuisance at sea: Decoding tourists’ comfort on whale watching vessels

Because comfort on whale watching vessels is important to tourist satisfaction, this paper aims to identify its associated factors and establish a prediction model of comfort in the Taiwanese context. A survey of 1199 passengers was conducted over 41 voyages. Information on passenger characteristics, prior seasickness experiences, use of anti-seasickness tablets and self-assessed comfort were collected. Results indicate that gender, prior seasickness experiences and sea conditions were significantly associated with self-assessed comfort. A binary logit regression was employed to establish a prediction model of comfort with a correct classification rate of 76.6%. This model, serving as a recreation guide, preferably developed in the form of websites or Apps, facilitates visitors’ decision-making on whether to take trips or take precautions against potential discomfort. Future research was suggested on the robustness and refinement of the model and use of alternative scales in measuring comfort.

Modeling and Analysis of Ticketing Channel Choice for Intercity Bus Passengers: A Case Study in Beijing, China

Buses represent the main mode for intercity passenger transportation in China. In recent years, a multichannel ticketing strategy has been widely employed in the bus passenger transportation industry. However, the mechanisms and key drivers of the channels through which bus passengers purchase tickets are underexplored. Thus, the aim of this study is to empirically apply an integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) approach to analyze ticketing channel choice behavior and the heterogeneous preferences of bus passengers. The variables incorporated in the model include the socioeconomic characteristics of passengers, trip attributes, and latent attitudes with 12 ordinal indicators. Based on the data of 1800 participants collected from the city of Beijing, China, this study develops a ticketing channel choice ICLV model merging a discrete choice model with a structural equation model. The key factors that affect the channel preference are further discussed through a comparison with a conventional multinomial logit (MNL) model. The results reveal that the three attitudinal variables have a significant influence on ticketing channel choice. Furthermore, this study indicates that perceptual differences exist due to various socioeconomic and trip characteristics. Personal privacy is a major obstacle that prevents passengers from choosing online channels, especially for older passengers and those with lower education.

Dynamic Guidance Sign Design for Passenger Transfer in City Railway Hubs

The congestion state models are established for three traffic modes of city railway hubs. According to visual and psychological characteristics of passengers, a new dynamic guidance sign system is designed to release transfer information. The identification and continuity level of information on guidance signs are evaluated to make the design more reasonable. The research would provide a new design and evaluation method for transfer information guidance system in city railway hubs.

The Evolution of China’s International Aviation Markets from a Policy Perspective on Air Passenger Flows

China’s international air transportation has experienced tremendous growth and major reforms over the past two decades. While there has been a considerable discussion on the evolution of China’s domestic aviation market, studies on China’s international aviation markets have been limited. This paper first describes the historical development of China’s international aviation market and then, based on actual origin/destination (O/D) passenger flow data, explores the relevant evolution of China’s international air networks from the perspectives of the spatial distribution of international air networks and clustering characteristics of international air passengers. The development of China’s international aviation market can be attributable to the deregulation process in China’s aviation market and a broad “opening up” strategy in the global forum after 1990. Due to China’s proximity to East Asia and Southeast Asia, China’s international air networks show an obvious clustering pattern for short and medium-haul travel in Asia. In addition, average international air travel distance, institutional and policy changes, and increasing foreign trade and foreign tourism are crucial for the expansion of China’s international air networks.

Posture and belt fit in reclined passenger seats

Objective: Highly reclined postures may be common among passengers in future automated vehicles. A laboratory study was conducted to address the need for posture and belt fit in these seating configurations.Methods: In a laboratory vehicle mockup, the postures of 24 men and women with a wide range of body size were measured in a typical front vehicle seat at seat back angles of 23°, 33°, 43°, and 53°. Data were gathered with and without a sitter-adjusted headrest. Posture was characterized by the locations of skeletal joint centers estimated from digitized surface landmarks.Results: Regression analysis demonstrated that the pelvis rotated rearward and lumbar spine flexion decreased with increasing recline. The lap portion of the 3-point belt was more rearward relative to the pelvis in more-reclined postures, and the torso portion crossed the clavicle closer to the midline of the body. Regression equations were developed to predict posture and belt fit variables as a function of passenger characteristics, seat back angle, and the use of the headrest.Conclusions: Spine posture changes as the torso reclines in an automotive seat, and belt fit is altered by the change in posture. The results can be used to accurately position crash test dummies and computation human models and to guide the design of belt restraints.

From elitist to popular tourism: leisure cruises to Spain during the first third of the twentieth century (1900–1936)

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the evolution of ocean cruises in the first third of the twentieth century. It focuses on inbound cruise traffic to Spain as well as major outbound national markets, particularly the United Kingdom. Analysis is carried out using mainly archival and newspaper sources. The chronological structure of the paper highlights the important changes that took place throughout the period of study. Before the First World War, leisure cruises constituted a sporadic activity. During the inter-war period and particularly after the 1920s, the number of cruises offered grew exponentially. The paper reveals the high level of dependency that ocean cruises had on transatlantic shipping line services and migration traffic. It demonstrates that cruise activity evolved in a very different way to the tourism phenomenon in general. The diffuse and widespread idea that in the past cruses were an exclusive privilege of the elite classes is open to question. During the period between the two world wars, the socio-economic characteristics of cruise passengers changed significantly. Ocean cruises became a holiday product accessible to a much wider and heterogeneous market, particularly in Britain.

Restraint use and injury in forward and rear-facing infants and toddlers involved in a fatal motor vehicle crash on a U. S. Roadway

BackgroundUse of appropriate child passenger safety restraints reduces injury in infants, with rear facing restraints favored over forward facing. In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) began recommending that infants and children under the age of 2 years be restrained in a rear-facing seat installed in the vehicle’s rear seat. This study examines the practice of rear-facing restraints pre- and post-AAP recommendations for children under 2 years.MethodsData from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) from 2008 to 2015 were used to examine restraint status and injuries in rear-seated infants and toddlers aged 0 to less than 2 years involved in fatal collisions (n = 4966). Subpopulation analyses were conducted on 1557 children with seat facing direction recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Covariates considered for inclusion in the multivariable model included passenger characteristics (age, gender, seating position), driver characteristics (age, gender, seat belt status, alcohol status, drug status, previous traffic violations), vehicle characteristics (vehicle type), and crash-level characteristics (day/night, weekday/weekend, rush hour, expressway/surface street, urban/rural).ResultsApproximately 6.7% (330 of 4996) of infants and toddlers were unrestrained with mortality that was approximately triple that of restrained infants (40.0% vs 13.7%, P < 0.0001). In multivariable adjusted models, predictors of an infant being unrestrained included unrestrained driver (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 2.38–4.21), driver aged less than 20 years (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.42–3.34), driver alcohol use (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.42–3.44), center-seated infant (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19–2.03) and weekday crash (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.12–2.01). Of all rear-seated children whose restraint status were reported (4966), rear-facing restraint use increased from 5.0% to 23.2% between 2008 and 2015 (P < 0.0001). The odds of rear-facing restraint use increased after introduction of the AAP guideline among infants aged 0 to < 1 year old (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.46–3.10) and among toddlers aged 1 to < 2 years old (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03–3.79).ConclusionTrends in the use of rear-facing child restraints improved over the timeframe of this study, but remain low despite the introduction of AAP guidelines and the strengthening of child restraint laws.

Comparative Analysis of Affecting Factors on the Usage of Public Transportation Focused on Metro and Bus

The bus is the public transportation which has to go side by side with the metro, because they can complement their weakness each other. This study analyzed the factors affecting on the usage of metro or bus, and suggests some political implications for the future increasing usage of public transportation. Analysis showed that the usage of public transportation is related to income level, car owning, distance, transit transfer, parking, etc. These results implies that it is important to consider the distance between the departure point to the metro/bus station, the discomfort in transit transfer, and so on, as well as personal or housing characteristics of passengers.

Public transport network model based on layer operations

Recent years have witnessed amount of studies on characteristics of public transport network and passengers’ flows, however, most of them are discussed independently. An important criterion for evaluating public transport network is whether it could satisfy travel demand well. Therefore, in this paper, we study the interaction between public transport network and passengers’ flow. Firstly, a layered network model is constructed for depicting public transport network, passengers’ Origin–Destination (OD) flows and transfer flows. Based on that, we propose layer operations to analyze interaction between them and to evaluate suitability between traffic supply (physical infrastructure) and travel demand (passengers’ OD trips and transfers). The proposed model is validated against empirical data from Chengdu and Qingdao, two metropolis cities in China. Results reveal the two cities have significant difference in suitability between travel demand and traffic supply. Although in contrast with Chengdu, Qingdao with advantages on transporting passengers by more straight lines and non-walking transfers, the average transfer flows and OD flows on stations in Qingdao are much heavier. The study demonstrates the importance of layer operations on exploring the interaction study of public transport network and traffic dynamics.

A movement model for air passengers based on trip purpose

The study of human mobility has contribution to understanding the law of human spatial movement and has obtained a lot of attention in recent years because of its applications in location-based social networks (LBSNs). The existing works mainly focus on analyzing the human movement on the ground due to the limitation of acquiring data. In addition, existing models ignore the influence of individuals’ trip purpose on human movement. In this study, a novel movement model for air passengers based on trip purpose is proposed. There are two essential factors in the proposed model: (1) Trip purpose. We firstly verify the effects of trip purpose by analyzing air passengers’ reservation records and then assume that the travel of air passengers is driven either by business purpose or tourism purpose. Based on the analysis of trip purpose, a method based on expected utility theory is proposed when calculating the probability of choosing airports for passengers. (2) Memory effect. In order to depict the movement characteristics of passengers, we take into full consideration the memory effect when determining whether or not to choose the candidate airports from historical airports or new airports which have not be visited before. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed movement model has obtained good performance on the individual as well as the population levels, and outperforms the state-of-the-art Gravity model and Radiation model.

Sustainability Development of High-Speed Rail and Airline—Understanding Passengers’ Preferences: A Case Study of the Beijing–Shanghai Corridor

With the rapid construction of high-speed railways (HSR), the supply structure of the transportation modes in China has changed greatly. In order to seek the sustainable development of HSR and air transport from the perspective of passenger mode choice behavior, this paper applied a binary logit model to explore the mode choice patterns in the Beijing–Shanghai corridor, which has the most successfully operated HSR line in China. By using the data collected in airports and HSR stations in the two cities, passenger flow composition and passenger mode choice behavior was analyzed. It was found that passengers’ preference for air transport decreases with the accompanying number of passengers and access time, and increases with income; female passengers and younger passengers have a higher probability of choosing air transport, ceteris paribus; and leisure passengers are more price-sensitive, they tend to travel by air transport when the air transport prices are lower. The study results reveal the travel characteristics of passengers between Beijing–Shanghai and provide information for policy design and infrastructure management.

Factors Associated With Unrestrained Young Passengers in Motor Vehicle Crashes.

We analyzed 2011-2015 Fatality Analysis Reporting System and National Automotive Sampling System data and included vehicles with a young passenger (≤19 years old) in a crash. Driver and passenger characteristics were compared by using bivariate analyses separately for fatal and nonfatal crashes. Logistic regression analyses were performed on a combined data set to predict passenger restraint use. In unadjusted bivariate models, unrestrained drivers had a higher probability of having an unrestrained passenger across all passenger age groups for both fatal and nonfatal crashes. In multivariate logistic regression models that included both fatal and nonfatal crashes and were adjusted for several driver and passenger characteristics, unrestrained drivers had a higher risk of having an unrestrained young passenger across all age groups. In both fatal and nonfatal crashes, a driver being unrestrained is a strong predictor of the child passenger also being unrestrained. Policy and regulation to better ensure that drivers are properly restrained (eg, expanding primary seat-belt laws to all states) may serve as effective means for increasing rates of proper child-occupant-restraint use.

Effects of passenger characteristics and terminal layout on airport retail revenue: an agent-based simulation approach

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effect of passenger characteristics and terminal layout on airport retail revenue using an agent-based simulation approach. Simulation results show that passenger mix (that is, the mix of shopper types according to a typology of airport shoppers) has a profound effect on airport retail revenue; the larger the number of ‘shopping lovers’ there are among passengers, the higher the airport retail revenue. Results also reveal that group travel can lead to negative effects on retail in certain terminal layouts, and that the amount of free dwell time that a passenger has can affect spending due to less retail engagement. This paper shows a combined effect of passenger characteristics and terminal layout on airport retail revenue, and discusses the implications of these results for future airport terminal design that aims to maximise retail potential.