Energy Balance Characteristics Research Articles

Characteristics and Driving Factors of Energy Balance over Different Underlying Surfaces in the Qinghai Plateau

The study of the surface energy balance characteristics of different ecosystems in the Qinghai Plateau is of great significance for a deeper understanding of land surface processes, the water cycle, and global climate change. This study aims to compare the seasonal variations in energy balance and partitioning of four typical ecosystems on the Qinghai Plateau—swamp meadows, subalpine mountain meadows, alpine shrublands, and alpine deserts. Mantel analysis and path analysis were used to explore the regulatory mechanisms of meteorological elements on energy fluxes and the Bowen ratio (β). The results showed the following: (1) Net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), and latent heat flux (LE) all exhibited a single-peak pattern of change, and the energy partitioning was closely related to the hydrothermal conditions. Swamp meadows and subalpine mountain meadows were dominated by LE throughout the year and the growing season, while H dominated in the non-growing season. Meanwhile, alpine shrublands and alpine deserts were dominated by H throughout the year. (2) β reflected the characteristics of turbulent fluxes variations and the moisture level of the underlying surface. Swamp meadows and subalpine mountain meadows were relatively moist, with the value of β all being less than 1. Alpine shrublands and deserts were comparatively arid, with the values of β all exceeding 1. The energy closure rate ranged from 48% to 90%, with better energy closure conditions observed during the growing season compared to the non-growing season. (3) Meteorological factors collectively regulated the variations in energy fluxes and its partitioning, with H and LE being primarily influenced by Rn, relative humidity (RH), and soil moisture (Ms). β was significantly affected by RH, Ms, and the saturated vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The sensitivity of the ecosystems to changes in fluxes increased with decreasing moisture, especially in alpine deserts, with Ms, VPD and RH being the most affected. Swamp meadows were significantly associated with air temperature (Ta), soil temperature (Ts), and wind speed; subalpine mountain meadows with Ta and Ts; and alpine shrublands with Ta. These results provided a basis for further analyses of the energy balance characteristics and partitioning differences of different ecosystems on the Qinghai Plateau.

Water temperature and energy balance of floating photovoltaic construction water area—field study and modelling

Floating photovoltaics (FPV) are an emerging renewable energy technology. Although they have received extensive attention in recent years, understanding of their environmental impacts is limited. To address this knowledge gap, we measured water temperature and meteorological parameters for six months under FPV arrays and in the control open water site and constructed a numerical model reflecting the water energy balance. Our results showed that FPV arrays caused diurnal variation in water temperature and microclimate. Specifically, we found that FPV had a cooling effect on their host waterbody during the daytime and a heat preservation effect at night, reducing diurnal variation. The diel oscillation of water temperature below FPV panels lagged behind that of open waters by approximately two hours. The microclimate conditions below FPV panels also changed, with wind speed decreasing by 70%, air temperature increasing during the daytime (averaging +2.01°C) and decreasing at night (averaging −1.27°C). Notably, the trend in relative humidity was the opposite (−3.72%, +14.43%). Correlation analysis showed that the degree of water temperature affected by FPV was related to local climate conditions. The numerical model could capture the energy balance characteristics with a correlation coefficient of 0.80 between the simulated and actual data. The shortwave radiation and latent heat flux below FPV panels was significantly reduced, and the longwave radiation emitted by FPV panels became one of the heat sources during the daytime. The combined variations of these factors dominated the water energy balance below FPV panels. The measured data and simulation results serve as a foundation for evaluating the impact of FPV systems on water temperature, energy budget, and aquatic environment, which would also provide a more comprehensive understanding of FPV systems.

Energy balance and global characteristics of metal dust flames

Recently demonstrated high values of radiative loss during metal combustion require a new approach to describing dust flames. In particular, given strong light emission, the adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) concept is not applicable due to high radiative losses. Accordingly, global flame characteristics such as an expansion factor become unrelated to the AFT. That expansion factor can be directly inferred from the flame geometry, and therefore, its analysis offers a simple path to justify the need for a detailed energy balance in metal dust combustion. The analysis can also provide insight into peculiarities of the temperature distribution within the flame. In the current paper, previously published data on flow velocities in a metal dust flame are used for the expansion factor analysis. A relatively low value of the obtained expansion factor is reconciled with the advanced comprehension of metal particle combustion.

Performance and energy balance analysis of the downsized SI engine with using a novel OPCVCR and synchronized twin spark plugs configurations

Recently, the exhaust emissions become one of the main issues in the downsizing spark ignition (SI) engine. It is necessary to develop clean combustion and high efficiency SI engines for further increasing the performance and brake thermal efficiency. In this study, a novel opposite piston type continuous variable compression ratio (OPCVCR) mechanism combined with synchronous twin spark plugs configurations was proposed and applied in the turbocharged downsizing SI engine. The purpose of this study was to propose a novel type of OPCVCR engine and analyze its combustion, performance and energy balance characteristics. The results showed that the peak combustion temperature (PCT) and peak combustion pressure (PCP) of the OPCVCR engine with twin spark plugs were increased when the compression ratio (CR) increased. The knocking combustion intensity of the downsized SI engine was increased when the CR increased, while the knocking combustion intensity can be alleviated effectively by introducing the external EGR. In addition, the energy utilization efficiency was increased with increasing the CR of the OPCVCR engine with twin spark plugs. Besides, the indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) of the base downsized SI engine could be decreased by 23.59% and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of the base downsized SI engine could be increased 21.62% by adopting CR 16 and introducing 10% external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), respectively.

Energy Storage Capacity Optimization for Improving the Autonomy of Grid-Connected Microgrid

To support the autonomy and economy of grid-connected microgrid (MG), we propose an energy storage system (ESS) capacity optimization model considering the internal energy autonomy indicator and grid supply point (GSP) resilience management method to quantitatively characterize the energy balance and power stability characteristics. Based on these, we establish a three-stage coupled model including investment decision, day-ahead operation strategy, and real-time power fluctuation smoothing control. Investment processes solve the balance of ESS investment and internal energy autonomy. Day-ahead operational scheduling mainly solves unit commitment problems in MG, which are constrained by the ESS capacities. For real-time power fluctuation smoothing, we propose a power fluctuation smoothing control strategy, coordinated by ESS and direct load control (DLC), to achieve GSP resilience management. Furthermore, we use Monte Carlo Simulations, stochastic scenario combinations, and uncertainty set to characterize the fluctuations of both supply and demand at the above different stages, respectively. To solve the established model with multi-objective, multi-uncertainties, and multi-stage coupling, a robust counterpart method has been used to convert the uncertainty problem to the deterministic one, and then decomposition-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA/D) to efficiently used to solve the problem. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Attribution of Extreme Drought Events and Associated Physical Drivers across Southwest China Using the Budyko Framework

Drought is a meteorological phenomenon that negatively impacts agricultural production. In recent years, southwest China has frequently experienced agricultural droughts; these have significantly impacted the economy and the ecological environment. Although several studies have been conducted on agricultural droughts, few have examined the factors driving agricultural droughts from the perspective of water and energy balance. This study aimed to address this gap by utilizing the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI) and the Budyko model to investigate agricultural drought in southwest China. The study identified four areas in Southwest China with a high incidence of agricultural drought from 2000 to 2020. Yunnan and the Sichuan-Chongqing border regions experienced drought in 10% of the months during the study period, while Guangxi and Guizhou had around 8% of months with drought. The droughts in these regions exhibited distinct seasonal characteristics, with Yunnan experiencing significantly higher drought frequency than other periods from January to June, while Guizhou and other areas were prone to severe droughts in summer and autumn. The Budyko model is widely used as the mainstream international framework for studying regional water and energy balance. In this research, the Budyko model was applied to analyze the water and energy balance characteristics in several arid regions of southwest China using drought monitoring data. Results indicate that the water and energy balances in Yunnan and Sichuan-Chongqing are more moisture-constrained, whereas those in Guizhou and Guangxi are relatively stable, suggesting lower susceptibility to extreme droughts. Furthermore, during severe drought periods, evapotranspiration becomes a dominant component of the water cycle, while available water resources such as soil moisture decrease. After comparing the causes of drought and non-drought years, it was found that the average rainfall in southwest China is approximately 30% below normal during drought years, and the temperature is 1–2% higher than normal. These phenomena are most noticeable during the spring and winter months. Additionally, vegetation transpiration is about 10% greater than normal during dry years in Southwest China, and soil evaporation increases by about 5% during the summer and autumn months compared to normal conditions.

Temporal variation of wall flow and its influences on energy balance of the building wall

The characteristics of energy balance and heat transfer on building walls are important for building energy consumption and outdoor thermal/wind environment. The in-situ measurement of energy balance and wall flows during clear days on a 16-story building in Guangzhou, China is introduced and analyzed in this paper. The velocity along the wall was measured by 3D ultrasonic anemometers. The surface temperature was measured by infrared camera and thermal couples. The ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and solar radiation were recorded by weather stations. The Rayleigh number of wall flows reached as high as 1.44 × 1014. We found that the different kinds of heat flux reach their maximum value in a day cycle at different times. The transmittance of the atmosphere keeps decreasing from sunrise to sunset on Guangzhou’s typical clear days thus inducing different incoming solar radiation. The wall surface temperature and air flow were visualized by infrared videos. The diurnal change of energy balance on the south facing wall was calculated based on the solar radiation, long wave radiation and heat transfer caused by natural convection adjacent to the wall.

Comparison of energy and mass balance characteristics between two glaciers in adjacent basins in the Qilian Mountains

Comparison of energy and mass balance characteristics between two glaciers in adjacent basins in the Qilian Mountains

Analysis of the details of total mechanical energy balance and turbulent flow characteristics in irregular open-channels

Analysis of the details of total mechanical energy balance and turbulent flow characteristics in irregular open-channels

Lessons Learnt From the Residential Zero Carbon District Demonstration Project, Governance Practice, Customer Response, and Zero-energy House Operation in Japan

The building sector is undergoing a low-carbon transition featuring applications of energy-efficient technologies and management innovations. Herein, we contribute to the study of the residential zero-carbon district demonstration project in Japan, introducing smart practices and examining occupants’ awareness. We proposed a questionnaire survey covering more than 400 smart zero-energy house owners that looks beyond the technologies for smart energy management and recognizes how the residential consumers engaged and perceive delivered energy saving and cost reduction issues, and their usage frequency of home energy management system information-based services is also examined considering the impact of the variables of household income and occupants’ age. Overall, the respondents’ energy and cost-saving awareness vary widely, and the results provide the effectiveness of the visual-based service in engaging end-users in the responsive energy management system. In the context of the detailed operational performances of real zero-energy houses, we find evidence that automatic control has reshaped the characteristics of intraday energy balance and gives consumers greater control over their own energy bills. The findings clearly show the detailed role of integrated energy-efficient technologies over typical periods; the grid-connected photovoltaic system plays a significant role in the realization of net annual zero electricity balance, and micro-cogeneration’s contribution to zero-energy houses’ energy self-sufficiency largely depends on the building heating load.

Analysis of the Radiation Fluxes over Complex Surfaces on the Tibetan Plateau

Analysis of long-term, ground-based observation data on the Tibetan Plateau help to enhance our understanding of land-atmosphere interactions and their influence on weather and climate in this region. In this paper, the daily, monthly, and annual averages of radiative fluxes, surface albedo, surface temperature, and air temperature were calculated for the period of 2006 to 2019 at six research stations on the Tibetan Plateau. The surface energy balance characteristics of these six stations, which include alpine meadow, alpine desert, and alpine steppe, were then compared. The downward shortwave radiation at stations BJ, QOMS, and NAMORS was found to decrease during the study period, due to increasing cloudiness. Meanwhile, the upward shortwave radiation and surface albedo at all stations were found to have decreased overall. Downward longwave radiation, upward longwave radiation, net radiation, surface temperature, and air temperature showed increasing trends on inter-annual time scales at most stations. Downward shortwave radiation was maximum in spring at BJ, QOMS, NADORS, and NAMORS, due to the influence of the summer monsoon. Upward shortwave radiation peaked in October and November due to the greater snow cover. BJ, QOMS, NADORS, and NAMORS showed strong sensible heat fluxes in the spring while MAWORS showed strong sensible heat fluxes in the summer. The monthly and diurnal variations of surface albedo at each station were “U” shaped. The diurnal variability of downward longwave radiation at each station was small, ranging from 220 to 295 W·m−2.The diurnal variation in surface temperature at each station slightly lagged behind changes in downward shortwave radiation, and the air temperature, in turn, slightly lagged behind the surface temperature.

Characteristics of surface energy balance and atmospheric circulation during hot-and-polluted episodes and their synergistic relationships with urban heat islands over the Pearl River Delta region

Abstract. This study analyzed the nature, mechanisms and drivers for hot-and-polluted episodes (HPEs) in the Pearl River Delta, China. Numerical model simulations were conducted for the summer and autumn of 2009–2011. A total of eight HPEs were identified, mainly occurring in August and September. K-means clustering was applied to group the HPEs into three clusters based on their characteristics and mechanisms. We found three HPEs were driven by weak subsidence and convection induced by approaching tropical cyclones (TC-HPE) and two HPEs were controlled by calm (stagnant) conditions (ST-HPE) with low wind speed in the lower atmosphere, whereas the remaining three HPEs were driven by the combination (hybrid) of both aforementioned systems (HY-HPE). A positive synergistic effect between the HPE and urban heat island (UHI; ∼ 1.1 ∘C increase) was observed in TC-HPE and ST-HPE, whereas no discernible synergistic effect was found in HY-HPE. Total aerosol radiative forcing (TARF) caused a reduction in temperature (0.5–1.0 ∘C) in TC-HPE and ST-HPE but an increase (0.5 ∘C) in HY-HPE.

In-depth exploration of mechanism and energy balance characteristics of an advanced continuous microwave pyrolysis coupled with carbon dioxide reforming technology to generate high-quality syngas

This study firstly coupled advanced continuous microwave pyrolysis with CO2 reforming technology to recover syngas from cow manure and CO2. The contribution of CO2 to syngas, pyrolysis mechanism, and energy balance characteristics were analyzed thoroughly. The results showed that continuous microwave pyrolysis coupled with CO2 reforming technology has superiorities over other pyrolysis methods in bio-gas generation. The bio-gas yield, syngas content, and heating value of syngas reached the maximum value of 71.02 wt%, 85.70 vol%, and 10.87 MJ/Nm3, respectively. CO2 strengthened pyrolysis and reacted with pyrolysis products to produce high-quality syngas and reduce H2S. Due to the limited substances that can react with CO2 and excessive energy consumption with increasing CO2 concentration, the utilization efficiencies of CO2 and energy decreased from 36.31% and 27.27% to 31.16% and 24.24%, respectively. This work provides basic theory and technical support for advanced technology to recover high-quality syngas from biomass with low energy consumption.

How much is not enough? One-, two- and three-atmospheric-layer models for earth’s energy balance

Simple energy balance models of planetary systems are of fundamental importance to understanding equilibrium temperatures. Most textbooks that discuss energy balance take a further step and include the effects of an atmosphere on the surface temperature. It is noticeable, however, that in such discussions of planetary surface energy balance some fundamental physical characteristics of energy balance are incorrectly portrayed, but rarely commented upon. Here it is shown that zero-dimensional energy balance models with either one or two atmospheric layers will necessarily lead to results that lack correct physical content, although they may or may not give temperature results that are numerically approximately correct. Ignoring the role of convective heat transfer and having even rough magnitudes of both upward- and downward-welling long-wavelength radiation wrong means that fundamental physical processes are missing. Adding a third atmospheric layer to a simple model that also includes a stylised representation of convection can restore both reasonable numerical accuracy and the correct physical properties, while at the same time being simple enough for easy physical interpretation.

Urban thermal environment and surface energy balance in 3D high-rise compact urban models: Scaled outdoor experiments

This study investigates the diurnal characteristics of air-surface temperatures and surface energy balance (SEB) of outdoor scaled arrays under different sky conditions from October to December 2017 in Guangzhou. Key geometrical parameters of the arrays include aspect ratio H/W = 2.4 (building height H = 1.2 m, street width W = 0.5 m), building area density λp = 0.25, and frontal area density λf = 0.6. Two types of buildings are investigated: “hollow” model means hollow concrete buildings and “water” model filled with water.Direct solar radiation, wall height, and wall orientation are significant factors that affect the diurnal variations of air-wall surface temperatures. The wall temperature shows a common declining trend from the upper heights to the lower heights. The water model experiences a smaller mean daily temperature range (DTR) of about 10 °C than the hollow model (mean DTR = 15.5 °C) due to heat storage. Moreover, 50%~60% net radiation (Q*) are partitioned into heat storage (estimated by the element surface temperature method) for the water model, which is about two times for the hollow model between 10:00 to 16:00. For the hollow model, the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes contributes to the majority fraction of Q*. On clear sky days, the diurnal variation of short-wave radiation shows a single peak, while more complicated variations in occasionally cloudy days. The mean albedo is mainly affected by solar altitude angle, sky conditions which ranged from 0.21 to 0.23 with H/W = 2.4 in current study. The present study may provide experimental data to validate numerical and theoretical models for urban climate studies.

Effects of feeding level, milking frequency, and single injection of cabergoline on feed intake, milk yield, milk leakage, and clinical udder characteristics during dry-off in dairy cows

Abrupt and gradual dry-off strategies by reducing feeding level (normal vs. reduced energy density), reducing milking frequency (twice vs. once daily), and administration of a dopamine agonist after last milking (i.m. saline vs. cabergoline injection) were investigated (2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement) for their effects on feed intake, milk yield, energy balance, milk leakage, and clinical udder characteristics in 119 Holstein cows. In the last week before dry-off, cows were assigned to 1 of 4 combinations of feeding level and milking frequency. Within 3 h after last milking, cows were injected with either saline or a dopamine agonist (cabergoline; Velactis, Ceva Santé Animale; labeled for use only with abrupt dry-off, i.e., no preceding reduction in feeding level or milking frequency before last milking). After dry-off, all cows were fed the same diet for dry cows, and data collection continued for a week. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded in automated feed bins and milk yield in an automatic milking system where additional concentrate was fed. Clinical udder characteristics and milk leakage were scored 10 times during the week before and the week after dry-off. Before dry-off, total DMI decreased with reduced feeding level compared with normal feeding level, but did not differ between milking frequencies. The combined effect of reduced DMI and diet energy concentration resulted in a 47% lower net energy intake with reduced feeding level compared with normal feeding level during the week before dry-off. Milk yield was approximately 30% lower during the week before dry-off when either feeding level or milking frequency was reduced compared with no change in feeding level or milking frequency, whereas milk yield was 45% lower when both feeding level and milking frequency were reduced. The net energy balance during the week before dry-off was negative with reduced feeding level and more negative when combined with twice-daily milking. After dry-off, udder engorgement was reduced in the 3 gradual dry-off treatments compared with abrupt dry-off. Cabergoline injection after last milking resulted in least udder engorgement and signs of milk leakage for 48 h, but also resulted in abrupt reduction of DMI lasting approximately 24 h irrespective of treatment before dry-off. In conclusion, gradual cessation of lactation by reducing milking frequency to once daily without reducing the feeding level decreased milk yield before dry-off in high-yielding dairy cows and reduced udder engorgement after dry-off without inducing negative energy balance during the period of dry-off. In contrast, reduced feeding level induced negative energy balance, which may compromise welfare due to metabolic stress and hunger. No clear differences in risk of milk leakage after dry-off were observed between abrupt and gradual dry-off management strategies. Use of cabergoline led to fewer signs of milk leakage and reduced udder engorgement during the first days after dry-off, which may positively affect welfare at dry-off. However, the mechanism behind and the welfare consequences of the concomitant abrupt decrease in DMI lasting approximately 24 h needs further investigation to complete our understanding of dopamine agonist use for dry-off.

The Influence of Key Climate Variables on Mass Balance of Naimona'nyi Glacier on a North‐Facing Slope in the Western Himalayas

AbstractGlacier mass changes in the Himalayas impact on sustainable water resources and hazards in downstream regions. However, mass balance variation and its drivers on north‐facing slopes in the Himalayas are not well understood. This study presents the meteorological conditions, energy and mass balance characteristics for Naimona'nyi Glacier on a north‐facing slope in the western Himalayas, based on energy‐mass balance model and high‐altitude measurements from October 2010 to September 2018. The average annual mass balance measured for Naimona'nyi Glacier was −0.39 m water equivalent a−1 and point mass balances below 6,070 m above sea level were always negative. Simulations showed that melt during the ablation season dominated the annual mass balance and the interannual variability in the mass balance, and that variability in melt energy was controlled by albedo during the ablation season. The annual mass balance was found to be significantly correlated with annual precipitation during the 2011–2018 period, which is accounted for by the change in ablation‐season albedo and melt energy. The average mass balance for glaciers in the western Himalayas were higher during the 2010–2019 period than during the 2000–2009 period, partly because of higher annual precipitation during the 2010–2019 period. Over the last 20 years, the increased precipitation in the cold season was driven by a cyclonic circulation anomaly over the northwestern Indian Peninsula, which may be linked to the strengthened North Atlantic Oscillation, and the increased precipitation in the ablation season was driven by an anomaly in the cyclonic circulation over Central India, which may be related to enhanced deep convection over the Indian subcontinent and the enhanced Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落能量平衡及蒸散特征

梭梭是北方荒漠区重要的固沙植物，具有较强的荒漠环境适应能力。研究梭梭群落能量及蒸散变化对科学管理水资源、保护与建设生态植被等有重大意义。基于波文比自动观测系统在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘丘间地实时连续测定的2018年气象和能量数据，运用波文比-能量平衡法对梭梭群落能量平衡和蒸散特征进行了分析。结果表明：梭梭生长季（4-10月）太阳净辐射和土壤热通量的日变化呈单峰状分布，净辐射通量最高值出现在13：30左右，土壤热通量最大值出现时间比净辐射推迟2 h，波文比在梭梭生长旺盛期全天变化稳定，萌发期和枯落期白天变化较小，夜间波动较大，湍流通量以显热通量为主；在晴天和阴雨天条件下，梭梭生长旺盛期的日蒸散量均明显大于萌发期和枯落期，且日蒸散量在旺盛期呈双峰型，萌发期和枯落期呈单峰型；2018年梭梭生长季蒸散量为279.67 mm，日均蒸散强度1.31 mm/d，梭梭群落的蒸散受到气象、自身生长特性以及土壤水分的影响，4月蒸散强度开始逐渐增大，由于多阴雨天气导致6月的蒸散强度有所降低，7月达到最大，9-10月水分、温度等条件缺乏，梭梭生理活动微弱，蒸散强度急剧减小。

Monitoring thermal field, humidity field and energy balance over heterogeneous surfaces in the typical valley-city

Land use and land cover (LULC) alteration has changed original energy balance and heat fluxes between land and atmosphere, and thus affects the structure characteristics of temperature and humidity fields over urban heterogeneous surfaces in different spatio-temporal scales. Lanzhou is the most typical river valley city of China, it is chosen as the case study. Typical river valley terrain, rapid urbanization and severe air pollution have caused unique urban climate and urban heat island (UHI) effects in Lanzhou. Firstly, the spatial structure characteristics and dynamic evolution of temperature and humidity fields in autumn are simulated by mobile measurement experiment and GIS spatial analysis method. The results show that temperature and humidity fields have significant dynamic change within a day, and have multiple center and multiple intensity level characteristics. Then, LULC and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are extracted from remote sensing images, the distribution patterns of temperature and humidity fields have close relationships with LULC and NDVI. Moreover, there is a significant positive correlation between impervious surface area and thermal field intensity. A positive correlation between NDVI value and humidity field intensity has been found as well as a negative correlation between NDVI value and thermal field intensity. Finally, heat fluxes and energy balance characteristics between ground and atmosphere are analyzed based on the Bowen-ratio System experiments. This study could provide theoretical support and practical guidance for urban planning, urban eco-environment construction and air pollution prevention of river valley city.

An experimental and simulation investigation into the energy balance and material balance characteristics in a fluidized bed heat exchanger

In the small-scale industrial CFB(SICFB) boiler, the furnace height is limited, the fuel particles can't be burned out in the furnace completely. So the circulating solid particles would combust in the external loop including the cyclone and the external fluidized bed heat exchanger(FBHE). Moreover, there's a macroscopic horizontal movement of circulating solid particles exists in the FBHE from its inlet to outlet. Under the impacts of combustion, heat transfer and particles attrition, parameters such as the bed temperature, combustion products concentrations, solids physical properties and heat transfer coefficient are changed along the solids movement direction. In this research, a one-dimensional cell model along the solids horizontal movement direction was established in the FBHE of a industrial CFB test-rig. The distributions, as well as the variations of the above parameters were calculated and analyzed based on the energy balance and material balance in each cell. The calculation results were compared with the experimental results to be validated. The energy balance and material balance characteristics of the FBHE were obtained accordingly. These results can provide referential materials for design and operation of the FBHE in small-scale industrial CFB system.