Abstract
Analysis of long-term, ground-based observation data on the Tibetan Plateau help to enhance our understanding of land-atmosphere interactions and their influence on weather and climate in this region. In this paper, the daily, monthly, and annual averages of radiative fluxes, surface albedo, surface temperature, and air temperature were calculated for the period of 2006 to 2019 at six research stations on the Tibetan Plateau. The surface energy balance characteristics of these six stations, which include alpine meadow, alpine desert, and alpine steppe, were then compared. The downward shortwave radiation at stations BJ, QOMS, and NAMORS was found to decrease during the study period, due to increasing cloudiness. Meanwhile, the upward shortwave radiation and surface albedo at all stations were found to have decreased overall. Downward longwave radiation, upward longwave radiation, net radiation, surface temperature, and air temperature showed increasing trends on inter-annual time scales at most stations. Downward shortwave radiation was maximum in spring at BJ, QOMS, NADORS, and NAMORS, due to the influence of the summer monsoon. Upward shortwave radiation peaked in October and November due to the greater snow cover. BJ, QOMS, NADORS, and NAMORS showed strong sensible heat fluxes in the spring while MAWORS showed strong sensible heat fluxes in the summer. The monthly and diurnal variations of surface albedo at each station were “U” shaped. The diurnal variability of downward longwave radiation at each station was small, ranging from 220 to 295 W·m−2.The diurnal variation in surface temperature at each station slightly lagged behind changes in downward shortwave radiation, and the air temperature, in turn, slightly lagged behind the surface temperature.
Highlights
With a mean elevation over 4000 m, the Tibetan Plateau is considered as ‘the roof of the world’ or ‘third pole’ and has the world’s most complex mountain topography [1].The high and undulating endorheic hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by a chain of steeply descending marginal mountains, including the eight highest peaks of the world, including Mount Everest, in the south [2]
The complex and high-elevation topography, and the solar radiation absorbed by the ground in summer, lead to significant land-atmosphere interactions across the Tibetan Plateau
Solar radiation is the basic energy source driving a diversity of physical processes in the atmosphere, and it is an important meteorological element characterizing the thermal condition of the Tibetan Plateau
Summary
The high and undulating endorheic hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by a chain of steeply descending marginal mountains, including the eight highest peaks of the world, including Mount Everest, in the south [2]. Solar radiation is the basic energy source driving a diversity of physical processes in the atmosphere, and it is an important meteorological element characterizing the thermal condition of the Tibetan Plateau. Surface temperature is an indicator that characterizes the variability of heat sources [10] and is an important parameter that describes the material exchange and energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere. Changes in air temperature can reflect the influence of the surface on the near-surface layer of the plateau
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