Characteristics Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Low-glycemic load muffin production process for flour confectionery products expansion for people suffering from diabetes mellitus

Introduction. The relevance of the article is associated with the limited assortment of specialized products with low glycemic load for one of the common diseases, i.e. diabetes mellitus. In the age of accelerated pace of life, unhealthy diet, quick snacks, including products with easily digestible carbohydrates, lead to increased blood sugar, metabolic disorders, excess weight and, as a result, diabetes mellitus. The goal of the research. The goal was to develop recipes and technology for low-glycemic load muffins, since the range of flour confectionery products made from non-traditional raw materials was insufficiently represented. Plant-based raw materials - different types of flour with a low glycemic index, chicory, pectin, fructose, and muffins were the objects of the research. Despite the limited consumption of flour confectionery products, this product group is popular and demanded. During the research, the authors studied the characteristics of raw materials to justify the choice of recipe ingredients,their optimal ratios for the maximum possible organoleptic value, nutrient balance and minimum glycemic load. The Methods. The studies were conducted using the laboratory base of the KubSTU for conducting generally accepted instrumental methods for assessing the quality and safety of raw materials and finished products, as well as regression analysis and mathematical programming methods, focusing onthe principles of food combinatorics. The Results. During the experimental studies, the authors developed recipes for muffins with a low glycemic load - oatmeal “Azalea”, oatmeal-amaranth “Althea” and “Anemone”, the nutritional value of which was higher than the control sample due to the increased content of the main functional ingredients. The developed samples meet the requirements of regulatory documents based on the results of physicochemical studies conducted by the authors. Permissible shelf life is determined based on microbiological studies. The Conclusion. The developed recipes and technology allow obtaining muffins with increased nutritional value, low calorie content and glycemic load, which determines the possibility of recommending them in the diet of patients with diabetics.

Techno-functionality of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) protein concentrate: a comparative study with soy and pea proteins.

With the growing human awareness of the environmental and animal stress caused by the meat industry, the consumption of plant-based products has expanded. Plant proteins have gained market prominence due to their sustainable origin, economic value and health benefits. Well-established plant proteins in the market, such as those of soy and pea, have various applications as ingredients in the food industry. However, given the wide variety of protein sources, it is necessary to conduct studies on the chemical and techno-functional characterization of other raw materials to further diversify their properties. In this context, the present study introduces jack bean protein concentrate (JBPC) as a potential alternative to proteins already established in the market. Techno-functional properties such as surface hydrophobicity, solubility, zeta potential, water- and oil-holding capacity, foam capacity and stability, emulsion stability and gel formation and rheology were analyzed. The protein content obtained from the extraction of the JBPC was 73 g (100 g)-1 on a dry weight basis, with an extraction yield of approximately 10% (w/w). Least gelation concentration for JBPC was 20%. JBPC exhibited a predominantly hydrophobic nature, with good oil retention capacity and emulsion and foam stabilization properties. The structure of JBPC was more linear, stable and rigid, which primarily influenced gel stiffness. Based on the study of techno-functional properties, JBPC proved to be an excellent alternative to soy protein isolate and pea protein concentrate in various applications, with potential for becoming an innovative ingredient in the food industry. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Targeted Theranostic Nanoprobes Assisted In Vivo NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Surgery Therapy for Alveolar Echinococcosis.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a serious parasitic infectious disease that is highly invasive and destructive to the liver and has a high mortality rate. However, currently, there is no effective targeted imaging and treatment method for the precise detection and therapy of AE. We proposed a new two-step targeting strategy (TSTS) for AE based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). We designed and constructed a novel type of ICG@PLGA@Lips nanoprobe with integrated imaging and treatment properties. First, we used the characteristics of PLGA gluconeogenic raw material to target the liver during blood circulation. Then, we utilized the characteristics of PLGA specifically penetrating the AE shell to achieve specific identification of AE in the liver. Under 808 nm laser excitation, ICG@PLGA@Lips effectively achieved accurate imaging of AE based on near-infrared II (NIR-II, 900-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging methods and achieved AE treatment through PDT effects. PLGA improved the optical properties of ICG, while liposomes further improved the biocompatibility of the nanoprobe. As ICG@PLGA@Lips showed strong NIR-II fluorescence emission and good biocompatibility, ICG@PLGA@Lips showed advantages in the specific fluorescence navigation of AE surgical resection lesions. Thus, with the assistance of ICG@PLGA@Lips, we achieved precise targeted and real-time NIR-II fluorescence imaging of AE for the first time. We successfully obtained in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic/surgical therapy of AE. This TSTS-based AE imaging and treatment exploration provided a new strategy for accurate imaging and treatment of early AE, which is expected to significantly improve the prognosis of patients.

Оценка технико-экономической эффективности процессов обогащения медных руд на основе применения новых флотационных реагентов и оптимизации технологических параметров

The paper discusses the prospects of improving the efficiency of copper ore concentration processes based on the use of new flotation agents and optimization of the process parameters. The relevance of the research is explained by the need to improve the technology of copper raw material processing in conditions of the ore grade deterioration and the increasing strictness of the environmental requirements. The objective of the work is to develop a set of measures to intensify the flotation concentration of copper ores based on innovative agents and optimal process modes. The research methodology included analysis of the current state and challenges of the copper industry, laboratory and pilot tests of the flotation agents, mathematical modelling and optimisation of the flotation parameters, feasibility study of the proposed solutions. As the result, it has been established that application of new selective collectors, foaming agents and depressors makes it possible to increase the copper recovery into the concentrate by 1.5-3% with simultaneous increase of its quality by 1-2%. Optimal ranges of the ore grinding sizes, the agents consumption, and the flotation time are justified using the kinetic models of flotation. It is shown that implementation of the developed solutions will ensure an increase in copper recovery into commercial products by 1-1.5% and improvement of the economic effect by 5-10% depending on the characteristics of raw materials and the market conditions.

An Analysis of Nanoparticles in Composite Materials

A blend of various materials with nano-scale dimensions is called a nanocomposite. Combining the qualities of various materials to create a unique nanomaterial with improved and increased chemical and physical capabilities is the goal of creating nanocomposites. The characteristics of nanocomposites and raw materials are very different. On comparing nanocomposites to standard composite materials, a big surface area and a remarkable surface-to-volume ratio are seen. Environmental professionals have taken an interest in these composite materials, particularly in relation to their ability to remove pesticides from various samples. This is mostly due to the many special qualities that the nanomaterials which help with pesticide remediation offer. The necessity of composite materials above conventional materials is demonstrated by this study. Composite parts are produced in several industries using various moulding techniques. The main benefits of composites are their relative stiffness, strength and lightweight. The physical characteristics, material qualities, design, tooling, inspection and repair of composites are its fundamental ideas. Strong, lightweight materials are crucial for military vehicles like rockets, helicopters and aeroplanes. In terms of mechanical qualities, the metallic components that had been utilised until that point undoubtedly performed the job, but their large weight was prohibitive. The polymer industry was expanding rapidly and aimed to broaden the market for plastics to include a wider range of applications. A potential remedy was provided by the introduction of novel, lightweight polymers from research and development facilities.

Green and sustainable metal-reinforced bamboo composites with high self-bonding performances

Although the metallization of wood and bamboo has been successfully achieved, challenges such as low efficiency, high costs, and environmental pollution caused by liquid chemical wastes have impeded its widespread adoption in manufacturing. This study presents a novel approach to fabricating metal-reinforced bamboo composite (MRBC) with exceptional performances, utilizing bamboo residues and nano-CuO without use of adhesives. The impact of raw material characteristics, including moisture content of bamboo powder and the amount of nano-CuO additive, on functional properties such as water resistance, flame retardancy and smoke suppression of MRBC was investigated. Also, the forming mechanism of MRBC was elucidated through examination of its microstructure, chemical composition, and thermal stability. Results indicated that the MRBC containing 20 wt% nano-CuO exhibited a high modulus of rupture (MOR) of 54 MPa, an impressive modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 9.3 GPa, a notable surface hardness of 44.4 kgf/mm, and low 24 h water absorption-thickness swelling of 6.5 %, all significantly surpassing those observed in conventional panels. The MRBC exhibited a tightly wrapped, adhered, and cross-linked process under high temperature and pressure conditions, facilitated by multiple synergistic effects such as lignin melting, hydrogen bond networking, physical structure entanglement, and material redox reaction, which contributed to a dense intertwined and consolidated structure. The MRBC demonstrated exceptional structural integrity throughout the combustion process, effectively mitigating potential damage caused by structural collapse due to the incorporation of nano-CuO, which also successfully suppressed smoke and toxic CO gas emissions during combustion. The MRBC showcased advantages of environmental friendliness, water resistance, high strength, flame retardancy and smoke suppression. These attributes position it as an optimal substitute for conventional panels and make it suitable for replacing metals in specific applications. Thus, it demonstrates significant market potential and promising prospects for sustainable development.

Movable VOC Removal System

In this study, we develop a mobile VOCs gas removal system that can remove volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions from petrochemical facilities, metal painting factories, and surroundings of life, and can efficiently cope with situations occurring in the field. Regular repairs to petrochemical plants and semiconductor plants are carried out for a month every four to five years, and work such as replacing old pipes and repairing aging facilities, cleaning, removing residual gas, checking pipe connections and valves, and improving processes are carried out while the plant is shut down. During regular maintenance, a large-scale accident occurs in which gas remaining in the facility leaks or explodes due to rising pressure, and even after internal gas discharge and purge work is performed, it is scattered by the characteristics of raw materials remaining inside the pipe and reactor and discharged into the atmosphere. Therefore, there is always a possibility of causing safety accidents, and such accidents have a great socioeconomic impact as they are directly connected to the safety of workers as well as the safety of local residents. This system is designed to be adaptable according to the size of a number of outlets, and it is proposed to minimize the impact of VOCs harmful gases on the surroundings by developing it as a mobile type. The efficiency of collecting scattered VOCs gas is more than 90%, and the integrated operating system is demonstrated for 50 CMM class movable VOCs adsorption device, 5 CMM class treatment gas recirculation type non-flame waste heat recovery adsorbent regeneration treatment device, and two or more business sites.

Recycling single use surgical face mask waste for reinforcing cement-treated/untreated dredged marine sediments: Strength, deformation and micro-mechanisms analysis

To prevent the transmission of airborne infectious diseases (SARS, H1N1, COVID-19, and influenza), the use of disposable surgical face masks has increased dramatically in the past few years. To mitigate the environmental consequences associated with mask waste, implementing circular economy strategies with the reuse of mask waste is a sustainable method. This study explores an innovative way to reuse mask fiber (MF) with dredged sediment waste together as road construction materials. First, the MF was introduced into cement-treated/untreated dredged marine sediment mixtures with different content and lengths. Then, a variety of laboratory tests were carried out to explore the basic physical and chemical characterization of raw materials and the development of mechanical properties of mixtures. In addition, the intrinsic mechanism of MF inclusion on cement-treated sediments was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) test. The results show that the inclusion of MF significantly improves the unconfined compression strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) of both treated and untreated specimens. The highest UCS and STS values are at the condition with an MF content of 0.25%, a length of MF of 2 cm, and a curing time of 28 days. The combined strength increase caused by cement-MF together inclusion is much greater than the strength increase caused by either of them separately. It was also found that the elastic modulus (E50) decreased with the inclusion of MF. Furthermore, the addition of MF changes the brittle behavior of the specimens, which also improves the ductility and residual strength of the specimens. The SEM analysis demonstrates the microstructure of MF and MF-reinforced specimens. The creation of a stable and interconnected microstructure is largely attributed to the bridging impact of MF and the binding effect of hydration products, which significantly improves the mechanical behavior of specimens. The MF-reinforced cement-treated sediment could be an innovative, environmentally friendly, and economical material for road construction.

Investigating the quality discrepancy between different salmon and tracing the key lipid precursors of roasted flavor

Differences in raw material characteristics directly affect the processing characteristics and quality of the final product. Therefore, it is important for the salmon industry to start regulating or grading from raw material side. In this study, the material characteristics and flavor quality of three different salmons: Atlantic salmon, red salmon, and pink salmon were evaluated. Trans-2,cis-6-nonadienal, octanal, and cis-4-heptenal contributed to the fishy aroma of roasted salmon, while fresh salmon was mainly caused by octanal. The oily aroma of fresh salmon was relevant to octanal, decanal, and 1-heptanol. The results indicated that the composition of phospholipids affect the flavor of roasted salmon, such as phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines, were closely related to the roasted and fishy aroma of roasted salmon. This study revealed that roasting could reduce the sensory quality difference between salmon by changing the textural property and volatile compound profile, provide guidance for production, grading, and consumption of salmon.

Characterization of Mineralogical and Mechanical Parameters of Alkali-Activated Materials Based on Water Sediments Activated by Potassium Silicate

The circular economy transition encompasses the identification of various available and sustainable materials to replace traditional binders in the construction industry. The utilization of water sediments represents this point as a beneficial action that may provide synergy in terms of waste reduction and replacement of energy-intensive materials. To explore the potential of water sediments, this study contemplated the characterization of water sediments as precursors for the design of alkali-activated materials (AAMs). The experimental approach was based on the detailed characterization of raw materials’ chemical, mineralogical, and basic material properties and the assessment of the designed AAM paste and mortar samples. The results achieved revealed the capability of low amorphous water sediments to form dense structures with favorable mechanical performance, reaching up to 36.8 MPa in compressive strength. The microstructural and water sorption characteristics point to the applicability of such materials in the building practice and, thus, the valorization of water sediments into valuable material.

Use of a Glaciogene Marine Clay (Ilulissat, Greenland) in a Pilot Production of Red Bricks.

Uplifted occurrences of fine-grained glaciogene marine sediments are found throughout the northern hemisphere. These sediments could be used to produce local construction materials, to rely less on imported construction materials from southern regions. In this study, a representative occurrence from Ilulissat, West Greenland, was investigated as a potential resource for local brick production. The study comprised three parts: (1) raw material characterization based on grain size distribution, major element chemistry, including total carbon, sulfur, and chloride concentrations, mineralogy, morphology, and Atterberg limits; (2) the production of test bricks at a Danish brickwork; and (3) testing of the bricks based on total shrinkage, water absorption, hygroscopic adsorption, open porosity, bulk density, compression strength, and mineralogy. The bricks produced proved to have excellent compression strength, low open porosity, and low water absorption. The shrinkage could be reduced by adding 10% chamotte to the marine sediment. Based on the investigated properties, this indicates that this type of clay is highly suitable as a resource for bricks.

Investigation of the Effect of Temperature on the Biofuel Performance of Hydrochar Obtained from Kidney Bean Shell

In this study, hydrochar products were obtained from kidney bean shell (KBS) biomass at different temperatures using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. Hydrochar products were produced at three different temperatures (200, 220 and 240 C) and a holding time of 90 minutes. Biomass/water ratio was taken as 1:10. Analysis techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Ultimate analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in the characterization of raw materials and hydrochar products. In addition, the fuel properties (high heating value, energy yield and energy densification ratio) of raw KBS and hydrochar products were also investigated. As the HTC temperature increases, the high heating value of hydrochar products increases. Among hydrochar products, the highest high heating value belongs to the product obtained at 240 C. The combustion behavior of raw and hydrochar a product was examined using the thermogravimetric analysis method and combustion parameters (Ti, Tb and Tm) were determined. As a result, this study has shown that the hydrochar product produced from KBS by hydrothermal carbonization method can be used as a biofuel material.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken viscera and bones: Rest raw material characterization and evaluation of industrially relevant process parameters on product yields

Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient processing method for valorizing chicken rest raw material by generating new food- or feed ingredients. This paper characterizes two types of chicken rest raw material: viscera and a mixture of bones, skin and remaining meat, and evaluates how industrially relevant hydrolysis process designs affect overall yield of all products, including hydrolysate, sediment, lipid, and emulsion. Eleven hydrolyses were performed using viscera and bone materials, endogenous and commercial enzymes, pre-treatments, variations in water addition and hydrolysis times. Compared to bone materials, viscera had higher proteolytic activity, more readily water-soluble components, and lower effect of adding commercial enzymes on product yields. The process of heating the raw material to hydrolysis temperature greatly impacted product yields, representing about 50 % of the overall hydrolysate production from viscera during hydrolysis. Pre-inactivation of endogenous enzymes reduced initial, but not final, hydrolysate yields. Adding commercial enzymes to pre-inactivated viscera had no effect on yields compared to not adding enzymes. Reducing water addition lowered initial hydrolysate yield from bone material. Lipid yield reflected lipid content in the raw material, and thermal pre-separation of lipids did not increase the total lipid recovery. In general, hydrolysis of viscera generated more emulsion than the bone material.

Environmental responsive peroxidase-like activity of MoS2@halloysite nanotubes mediated by piezoelectric effect

Nanozymes, as a class of synthetic enzymes, have the characteristics of abundant raw materials and powerful environmental adaptability, potentially serving as substitutes for natural enzymes. Herein, the MoS2 nanosheets were anchored on the surface of alkali activated halloysite nanotubes by utilizing a facile hydrothermal process, resulting in the formation of MoS2@halloysite (MoS2@HNTs) core-shell nanocomposites. The catalytic effect of material on peroxidase under the mechanical stress of applied ultrasonic vibration was systematically investigated with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the substrate for chromogenic reaction. The results demonstrated that the established piezoelectric polarization effect generated by MoS2 with asymmetric crystal structure under mechanical force can promote the in-situ coloration of TMB. Concretely, MoS2@HNTs possessing higher Michaels constant (3.42 mmol L-1) and reaction velocity (3.16 × 10–6 mol L-1 min-1) exhibited enhanced peroxidase-like activity compared to pristine MoS2 microspheres. This may be attributed to the fact that halloysite dispersed the MoS2 nanosheets, exposing more reactive sites, and the nanocomposites produced more pronounced structural deformation under mechanical stress. The detailed experiments and theoretical calculation have elucidated the structure-activity relationship and microscopic mechanism among the microstructures, piezoelectric polarization effects and peroxidase catalytic effects of materials. This work provides an advanced prototype for the research of environmental responsive enzyme-like catalytic effects of mineral-based nanozymes with the regulation of external environmental factors.

Production of biodiesel from non-edible waste palm oil and sterculia foetida using microwave irradiation

Abstract The environmental damage stemming from traditional diesel begins during crude oil extraction and persists throughout its usage. The burning of fossil fuels has further deteriorate the environmental effect and added to global warming by emitting harmful substances. Moreover, the reduction of finite fossil fuel reserves due to widespread extraction has made the adoption of renewable resources essential. Given these considerations, biodiesel emerges as a highly promising alternative to conventional diesel due to its environmentally beneficial nature, renewable source, and economic feasibility. In this study, biodiesel was prepared by a microwave reactor in the presence of potassium methoxide using blended waste palm oil and sterculia foetida. The effects of raw materials characteristics on transesterification products were studied. The studied process parameters were methanol/oil ratio, microwave temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and stirring speed. The optimal yield with 98.5% FAME content was obtained at a methanol/oil ratio of 60 vol. %, microwave temperature of 120 °C, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt.%, and 3 min reaction time, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. The potassium methoxide was used to catalyse the transesterification process. The physicochemical properties and the fatty acid methyl ester composition were discussed thoroughly. The flash point of biodiesel, at 157.5°C, exceeds that of diesel fuel by more than two times. The cetane index is 59.5 which is higher than diesel (49.6). The biodiesel’s fuel properties conformed to the requirements of both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. High biodiesel conversion and low sulphur content show that waste palm oil and sterculia foetida are sustainable and economical feedstocks that produce clean fuel to aid the feasibility of the energy transition of the global energy sector. In addition, the selection of synthesis approaches can be further explored for potential catalysts to ensure eco-green biodiesel’s sustainability with minimised.

Assessing the effectiveness of local organic materials as sorbents for oil spill response in Arctic waters

The paper presents the results of a comparative assessment of the sorption characteristics of regional natural raw materials of organic origin: sphagnum moss (Sphаgnum palustre L.), fucus algae (Fucus vesiclousus), a composite based on them and peat in comparison with the synthetic sorbent OilSorb used in the practice of emergency rescue units to eliminate accidental oil spills. Experimental data have been obtained on potential pollutants in the Barents Sea (oil ARCO and diesel fuel) and the water capacity of sorbents for standard conditions at temperatures of 21–23 °C according to GOST 33627-2015 and in the temperature range of 10–12 °C typical for the summer period on the Kola Peninsula. The sorption characteristics of the materials under study have been evaluated in the "sea water – petroleum product" system, which simulates a real oil spill in the marine area. Tests in a model system simulating real conditions demonstrate significant changes in the efficiency of using sorption materials shown by them under standard conditions. The study has established the dynamics of the distribution of sorbed oil products and water in the materials under consideration, as well as residual oil products in the water of the "sea water – ARCO oil" and "sea water – diesel fuel" systems at different exposure times. During an exposure time of 30, 60, 90 minutes under the conditions of a system simulating a real oil spill in the water area, the material based on sphagnum moss has the most effective and time-stable indicators of sorption of oil products.

COMPETITION AS A KEY PROPERTY OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MARKET

Competition in the agricultural sector results from the unity of conflicting factors: the maximum freedom of activity of market forces and the significant influence of the state on the processes taking place in the industry, which ensures the overall efficiency of social production. Regulation of competition in the agricultural market in developed countries is a developed and expensive system. Currently, it is impossible to provide the same robust support to the agricultural sector in the country, but the principles and methods used for this can be taken into account. Different types of competition are developing in the agri-food market. Intra-industry competition is possible only if production and sales costs are reduced and weak, technically backward enterprises are pushed out of the market. Interindustry competition leads to the redistribution of capital and other resources between industries, taking into account the rate of return. Participation in agriculture in this competition is only possible with state support due to the low speed of capital turnover and high capital intensity in this field. Intra-industry competition initiates technical progress, and inter-industry competition contributes to the structural development of the agricultural industry. To a certain extent, agricultural product markets are characterized by perfect competition, and food markets are characterized by monopolistic competition. It is emphasized that competition covers all spheres of commodity production, distribution, market exchange, and consumption. It manifests differently in each branch of the economy, which is determined by the specifics of their activity. Conducted studies of competition in the market of agricultural raw materials and food indicate the need to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products and ensure consumer, quality, and price characteristics of agricultural products, raw materials, and food that are comparable to the world level, regardless of orientation to domestic or foreign markets. It is noted that competition in agriculture is characterized by many competitors on the market and obstacles in the production and sale of agricultural products.

Wpływ właściwości dielektrycznych na ogrzewanie rud siarczkowych w polu elektromagnetycznym

Microwave heating is a form of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. The heating of primary and secondary mineral raw materials in the microwave field depends primarily on their dielectric and thermal properties. The condition is the absorption of microwave radiation. Dielectric heating of materials occurs immediately after placing them in an electric high-frequency field. Knowledge of the dielectric characteristics of mineral raw materials is an important assumption for the use of electromagnetic radiation at the intensification of technological treatment methods. Most mined minerals consist of several mineral components that have different dielectric properties. Most sulphides are well heated in a microwave field. Conversely, tailings components of ores, such as quartz, are transmission materials. The study of dielectric properties involves measurements of the complex relative permittivity ε*, which consists of a real and an imaginary part. The imaginary part of permittivity “loss factor” represents the measure of dielectric losses in the material. Microwave heating of sulphide ores and concentrates such are chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, galena depends on their chemical composition and content of impurities. The article describes the influence of dielectric properties on heating of chalcopyrite in microwave field. SEM analyses of studied samples are presented.

Investigating the standard design and production procedure of heritage mortars for compatible and durable masonry restoration

Historic buildings ensure generational knowledge of past events, milestones, construction developments and evolution of materials, architectural designs, and practices throughout the centuries. It is indisputable that heritage buildings' survival against deterioration factors has proven the use of durable materials for their construction. However, they suffer inevitable decay due to ageing. Therefore, restoring the monuments to their original appearance and strength is always necessary for long-term survival. This paper discusses solutions for the design and development methods of new compatible restoration mortars for the architectural heritage, covering four significant aspects, namely: i) visual analysis of the heritage building in question, ii) experimental analysis of the original mortar samples for their physical, mineralogical and chemical properties, iii) characterization of the potential raw materials (available in the study area) that are close to the original, and iv) assessment of the new mortar durability. The mortars collected from the Castle of Good Hope, an important and ancient colonial edifice in the Western Cape Province (South Africa), were earth (samples SK7 to SK9) and hydraulic lime-based (SK1 to SK6), with 21–38 % porosity. The raw materials used on this monument include feldspar aggregates, possibly from the West Coast (Cape Town) and hydraulic lime for SK1, SK3 and SK5 mortars. For the restoration of the lime mortars (SK1, SK3 and, SK5), a hydrated lime-based mortar with a binder-to-aggregate ratio of 1:3, made of west coast sea sand and 5 % seashell additives, with a porosity of 24 %, has proved to be the most durable. The aesthetics for all the restoration mortars M1 to M9 is difficult to achieve considering the original material ageing factor, thus, the use of color-enhancing pigments is recommended.

ASESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CAVITATION PROCESSING OF DARK OIL PRODUCTS

The paper presents experimental results of the influence of the conditions of cavitation treatment of dark petroleum products in the hydrodynamic regime on the yield of fractions boiling up to 400 °C. Straight-run products (fuel oils, vacuum gas oils), as well as catalytic cracking gas oils, were considered as raw materials. The influence of raw material characteristics (density, fractional and group hydrocarbon composition) and its processing conditions (pressure, at five cycles of exposure) on the yield of the target fraction is considered. The linear dependence of the yield of the target fractions on the processing pressure is revealed. The constructed regression models are adequate, informative, and all their coefficients are significant. Taking into account the density of the feedstock did not improved models. The best model constructed was tested using the cross-validation method. The average forecast error was 11%, the maximum was 22%. For a small number of samples, such an error is acceptable. The possibility of assessing the effectiveness of cavitation treatment of crude oil based on data on its fractional and group hydrocarbon composition is shown. It was possible to build several regression models linking the increase in yield with pressure during processing and the content of resins and oils in the raw materials. All of them are adequate and informative, and their coefficients are significant. The increase in the yield of fractions boiling up to 400 °C is associated with the transformations of hydrocarbons during cavitation. The possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of cavitation treatment of petroleum raw materials based on data on its group hydrocarbon composition has been established. Several regression models have been constructed linking the increase in yield with the pressure during processing and the content of resins and oils in the raw materials. All of them are adequate and informative, and their coefficients are significant. Based on the constructed models, it is assumed that the change in the fractional composition of petroleum products during cavitation treatment is more associated with the destruction of the transition and solvate layers of complex structural units of the oil dispersed system than with the course of cracking reactions. For citation: Peshnev B.V., Burlyaeva E.V., Nikishin D.V., Nikolaev A.I., Kuznetsov A.S. Asessment of the effectiveness of cavitation processing of dark oil products. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 103-110. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7006.