Chapter Reviews Research Articles

Substance Use and Addiction.

Efforts to reveal the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms of addiction have largely focused on neurons. Yet accumulating data regarding the ability of glial cells to impact synaptic function, circuit activity, and behavior demands that we explore how these nonneuronal cells contribute to substance use disorders and addiction. Important work has shown that glial cells, including microglia, exhibit changes in phenotype following exposure to drugs of abuse and that modification of glial responses can impact behaviors related to drug seeking and drug taking. While these are critical first steps to understanding how microglia can impact addiction, there are still substantial gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. This chapter reviews some of the key studies that have shown how microglia are affected by and can contribute to addiction. It also discusses areas where more knowledge is urgently needed to reveal new therapeutic and preventative approaches.

Involvement of extracellular vesicles in the interaction of hosts and Toxoplasma gondii.

Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is widely distributed. This protozoan parasite is one of the best adapted, being able to infect innumerous species of animals and different types of cells. This chapter reviews current literature on extracellular vesicles secreted by T. gondii and by its hosts. The topics describe the life cycle and transmission (1); toxoplasmosis epidemiology (2); laboratorial diagnosis approach (3); The T. gondii interaction with extracellular vesicles and miRNAs (4); and the perspectives on T. gondii infection. Each topic emphases the host immune responses to the parasite antigens and the interaction with the extracellular vesicles and miRNAs.

Fractal Dimension Studies of the Brain Shape in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The fractal dimension is a morphometric measure that has been used to investigate the changes of brain shape complexity in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter reviews fractal dimension studies in aging and neurodegenerative disorders in the literature. Research has shown that the fractal dimension of the left cerebral hemisphere increases until adolescence and then decreases with aging, while the fractal dimension of the right hemisphere continues to increase until adulthood. Studies in neurodegenerative diseases demonstrated a decline in the fractal dimension of the gray matter and white matter in Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinocerebellar ataxia. In multiple sclerosis, the white matter fractal dimension decreases, but conversely, the fractal dimension of the gray matter increases at specific stages of disease. There is also a decline in the gray matter fractal dimension in frontotemporal dementia and multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type and in the white matter fractal dimension in epilepsy and stroke. Region-specific changes in fractal dimension have also been found in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Associations were found between the fractal dimension and clinical scores, showing the potential of the fractal dimension as a marker to monitor brain shape changes in normal or pathological processes and predict cognitive or motor function.

Biological Iron Removal and Recovery from Water and Wastewater.

Iron is a common contaminant in source water and wastewater. The mining and metallurgical industries in particular can produce and discharge large quantities of wastewater with high iron concentrations. Due to the harmful effects of iron on organisms and infrastructure, efficient technologies for iron removal from water and wastewater are needed. On the other hand, iron is a valuable commodity for a wide range of applications. Microorganisms can facilitate iron removal and recovery through aerobic and anaerobic processes. The most commonly utilized microbes include iron oxidizers that facilitate iron precipitation as jarosites, schwertmannite, ferrihydrite, goethite, and scorodite, and sulfate reducers which produce hydrogen sulfide that precipitates iron as sulfides. Biological iron removal has been explored in various suspended cell and biofilm-based bioreactors that can be configured in parallel or series and integrated with precipitation and settling units for an effective flow sheet. This chapter reviews principles for biological iron removal and recovery, the microorganisms involved, reactor types, patents and examples of laboratory- and pilot-scale studies, and full-scale implementations of the technology.

Thomas Crow, The Artist in the Counterculture: Bruce Conner to Mike Kelley and Other Tales from the Edge (2023)

Thomas Crow’s book The Artist in the Counterculture: Bruce Conner to Mike Kelley and Other Tales from the Edge reappraises West Coast art as enmeshed in the counterculture. The first five of its twelve chapters discuss Bruce Conner’s development as a multimedia artist in San Franscisco and Los Angeles producing assemblages, films, drawings, magazine illustrations, and light shows for rock concerts. The next five chapters expand Crow’s argument by appraising anti-war manifestations, Black and Latino protest work, Land Art, and West Coast conceptual practices as aspects of the counterculture. Moving forward to the late 1970s, the final two chapters review first Conner’s reemergence as a photographer documenting California punk bands and then Mike Kelley’s transplanting of Detroit’s alternative rock idealism to fuel the development of his own radical art practices.

A chapter review: ICE manual of blue-green infrastructure

ABSTRACT This research note is a review of Chapter 1 of the new Manual of Blue-Green Infrastructure published by the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in 2023. The publication of the manual by a leading civil engineering professional body is considered a significant milestone, suggesting the concept of blue-green infrastructure, which includes street trees, is becoming mainstream. This chapter of the manual sets out to demystify the multidimensional nature of the term which stems from its use across numerous contexts, professions, and disciplines. The chapter introduces the origin, definitions, and typologies of this umbrella concept. Its authors put forward key tenets about blue-green infrastructure, its function, value, and overall importance. In practice, they argue, for blue-green infrastructure to be on par with other critical infrastructure calls for a transformational transdisciplinary approach with emphasis on coordination and continuous learning.

Global Climate Change and Response: Analysis from Sociological Perspectives

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary world. From the beginning, natural sciences within the specific discipline have dominated climate change research and have been successful in identifying the relationship between human action and environmental change but are unable to see the relationship within society that builds environmentally damaging social structure. Sociologists have made important contributions in identifying the effects of social structure on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sociology provides a wealth of resources including different concepts and theories that take into account the influence of social norms, values, cultural beliefs, power, social inequalities, vulnerabilities, and global systems in causing climate change. This paper is based on the review of different articles, book chapters and research reports related to climate change and examine the causes, impacts and response measures from sociological perspectives and insights. The study showed that the individual’s consumption behaviour that drives GHG emissions is constrained by the contexts of the society and the working of the global system. The impacts of climate change are varied among social groups and societies so need to take account the underlying causes of social inequalities, vulnerabilities and climate injustice at both national and global levels. The paper concludes that without understanding the complex interaction between individuals and the socio-cultural, economic and political context of the society we cannot deal with the current challenges of climate change.

The impacts of climate migration on perinatal health and opportunities to safeguard perinatal well-being

The disparate health consequences of climate change and migration have been separately explored, and the gendered impacts of climate change have been previously established. Nonetheless, there is limited research on the specific nexus of climate change-migration-sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This chapter reviews specific vulnerabilities faced by women and infants throughout the perinatal period, and how these are affected by climate change-induced migration in different migratory contexts. The available literature refers to antenatal and postnatal care utilization, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, childbirth and delivery challenges, and infant feeding barriers, amongst other concerns. The discussion explored in this chapter highlights the need to develop disaster frameworks that reflect the heterogeneity of outcomes related to specific and unique climate migration contexts.

Mass Cytometry in Food Allergy Research.

Mechanisms underlying food allergy are not well understood. Mass cytometry is a technique that allows the multiple analysis of cell surface markers and intracellular proteins by using the spectrum of rare metal isotopes of different atomic masses without channel overlap. Bioinformatic approaches are implemented to combine and reduce the information of more than 60 parameters to define immune cell subpopulations. To date, mass cytometry has revealed a great heterogeneity in human response to food antigens and that subpopulations of basophils and mononuclear cells might be mechanistically implicated in food allergy. This chapter reviews some fundamentals of mass cytometry and the contributions of this technique in elucidating the immune basis of food allergy, oral tolerance, food desensitization, phenotypes, and the cellular events occurring upon allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Lumbar spondylolisthesis: Generating meaningful comparative evidence for selecting approach: Registries: What are We Learning?

Controversy regarding optimal surgical management of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis continues despite multiple randomized controlled trials. To this effect a number of registries have been developed, some neurosurgery and spine specific, in an effort to examine patient- and procedure- related factors and their impact on post-operative outcomes. Registries are powerful tools in understanding trends in surgery as well as the safety profile and efficacy of procedures for lumbar spondylolisthesis. This chapter reviews three major registries, NIS, NSQIP, and QOD, and their merits.

Advanced technologies for lumbar spondylolisthesis

Technological advancements in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis aim to match the efficacy of conventional methods with reduced surgical morbidity and faster postoperative recovery. Endoscopic surgery, anesthesia enabling awake surgery, enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, and activity monitoring are prime examples of these technologies. Endoscopy for decompression and interbody fusion decreases soft tissue disruption and operative time. Awake surgery eliminates many of the harmful effects associated with general anesthesia. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols optimizes patient factors in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods to reduce pain, reduce morbidity, and speed postoperative recovery. Activity monitoring provides an objective, reliable, and reproducible method of outcome assessment. This chapter reviews each of these innovations, and the profound impact each will have on the treatment of degenerative spine diseases in years to come.

13Psychoanalysis

Abstract This chapter reviews four important works of psychoanalytic scholarship published in 2022: Steven Jaron, Christopher Bollas: A Contemporary Introduction; Kate Daniels, Slow Fuse of the Possible: A Memoir of Poetry and Psychoanalysis; Joanna Kellond, Donald Winnicott and the Politics of Care; and Steven Groarke, The Feeling Intellect: An Essay on the Independent Tradition in British and American Psychoanalysis. Following a short introduction, the review is divided into four sections that treat each of the texts in turn: 1. The Unthought Known; 2. The Aesthetic Object; 3. The Politics of Care; 4. The Feeling Intellect.

Robotic-Assisted Nipple Sparing Mastectomy.

Minimally invasive approaches to breast surgery have evolved from endoscopic techniques to recent developments in robotic-assisted mastectomies. Initial studies on robotic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (RNSM) have shown improved patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes with similar complication rates and oncological outcomes in selected patients. This chapter reviews techniques used and available data on complications and clinical outcomes for RNSM. Currently, RNSM is an investigational technique in the United States and should be performed in clinical trials with U.S. Food & Drug Administration approval to rigorously evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this approach.

Effectiveness of Pediatric Competency-Based Orientation (PCBO) on Knowledge, Confidence, and Manifestation of Early Recognition of Nursing Expertise Among PACU Nurses

To evaluate the effectiveness of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses (ASPAN) pediatric competency-based orientation (PCBO) education program on knowledge, confidence, and early recognition of nursing expertise among perianesthesia nurses in an acute care setting. A quasi-experimental pre/post survey-intervention design. Sixty perianesthesia nurses with experience ranging from less than 5 years to more than 20 years were included. A chapter review survey was completed to assess knowledge before reviewing the chapters and again after reviewing the ASPAN PCBO materials. A presurvey assessing confidence levels, decision making abilities, and early detection of knowledge regarding pediatric patients' expertise were obtained at the beginning of the study. At the end of the study, a post-study survey was completed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Random codes were assigned to each participant to ensure that the participants' information was blinded. Perianesthesia nurses' knowledge increased from pre to post intervention with one of the three sets of chapters (Set 2) statistically significant. Perianesthesia nurses' confidence and recognition of nursing expertise scores increased statistically significant from pre to post intervention. Both confidence (with 33 items [P value ≤ .001]) and recognition of nursing expertise (with 16 items [P value ≤ 0.001]) were statistically significant. The ASPAN PCBO was shown to be statistically effective at increasing knowledge, building expertise, promoting confidence, and improving decision making skills. The plan is for the ASPAN PCBO to be incorporated into the new-hire perianesthesia orientation didactic and the competency plan.

The Core Competencies in Hospital Medicine-Clinical Conditions 2023 Update Methodology.

As hospital medicine continues to evolve, the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) recognizes the importance of periodic re-evaluation and adaptation of The Core Competencies in Hospital Medicine to reflect and guide the continual expansion of hospitalists' scope of practice. Since its first publication in 2006, the Core Competencies were last revised in 2017 to reflect existing practice. The Core Competencies were initially developed to describe hospitalists' roles and expectations and identify growth opportunities. As hospital medicine has expanded, SHM seeks to maintain the Core Competencies as a framework to guide curricular development, enhance practice assessment, improve the quality of care, and cultivate systems-based practices. Additionally, it helps elucidate the clinical and systems-based aspects central to the field. Thus, the new chapters in the 2023 clinical conditions update focus on enhancing individual hospitalist practice in evaluating and managing common clinical conditions. The accompanying article describes the chapter review and revision process and the criteria for new chapter selection.

Chapter 2. Sequence stratigraphic concepts and methodologies

Abstract This chapter reviews sequence stratigraphic concepts and methodologies and presents an approach that is most applicable to the North Sea Jurassic, based on the concept of genetic sequence stratigraphy. The concept of depositional sequences, comprising rock units bounded by unconformities, has been developed from the late nineteenth century up to the present day. Many different studies have been carried out on North Sea Jurassic sequence stratigraphy, from the early 1980s to the present day and involving a range of different approaches. Many authors have adopted the J sequence approach that was first published in the early 1990s; however, a number of alternative North Sea Jurassic sequence schemes have also been described. A close relationship existed between tectonics and sequence boundary development, particularly during the Middle–Late Jurassic in the North Sea region. Several of the major unconformities that are known to be of regional extent can be directly related to significant tectonic phases. Other sequence boundaries, for which a tectonic control is not evident, for example, particularly in the Early Jurassic, were potentially driven by glacio-eustatic cycles, which may have been controlled by orbital forcing cycles.

Chapter 7. Alternative North Sea Jurassic sequence stratigraphic schemes

Abstract This chapter reviews previously published North Sea Jurassic sequence stratigraphy schemes. Some of these works have applied the originally published J sequence schemes, while 18 have established new schemes. The most significant of these are discussed and compared to the newly defined J sequences. Most of these additional documented schemes have been defined for the Upper Jurassic interval, with a more limited number of schemes for the Lower and Middle Jurassic. Different authors have adopted a wide range of sequence notation methods while none of the publications describing the new sequence schemes has offered detailed sequence definitions. Due to the ensuing confusion, it is recommended that a more formal method of sequence definition is adopted in future sequence stratigraphic studies. In intervals in which reservoir successions are developed, such as the Fulmar Sandstone Member in the J56–J63 sequences, particularly in fields in which extensive coring has taken place, authors have usually been able to recognize additional sequences, which are probably at fourth-order scale, at a higher resolution than the defined third-order J sequences.

The Inca: Lost Civilizations

The Inca: Lost Civilizations

HF01-17 MOBILIZE THE TROOPS! MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN THE HISTORY OF TESTICULAR CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-17 MOBILIZE THE TROOPS! MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN THE HISTORY OF TESTICULAR CANCER Kit Yuen, Alexis Steinmetz, Phillip Rappold, and Ronald Rabinowitz Kit YuenKit Yuen More articles by this author , Alexis SteinmetzAlexis Steinmetz More articles by this author , Phillip RappoldPhillip Rappold More articles by this author , and Ronald RabinowitzRonald Rabinowitz More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.17AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Testicular cancer is a rare malignancy that has become a manageable disease, assisted by the study of the large number of such tumors found in World War II (WWII) soldiers. METHODS: A literature review of textbook chapters, manuscripts, online texts, and peer-reviewed articles was performed for historical descriptions of testis tumors and its treatments. RESULTS: Saint Donat in 1696 described a testis teratoid tumor as a “fetal monstrosity”. Testicular tumor pathology was first documented by British physicians Percival Pott and Astley Cooper in the mid to late 1700s. In 1794, Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell described the presentation of a testis tumor as a firm painless fleshy enlargement. If treatment with mercury failed, orchiectomy was done. It wasn’t until 1910 that French urologist Maurice Chevassu reported radical orchiectomy. Diagnosis, staging, and evaluation of response to therapy was propelled forward with the discovery of tumor marker human chorionic gonadotropin in 1927. Radiation was introduced to treat testicular cancer in the 1940s. Testis cancer, a tumor of young men, was found in high frequency in the military. Prior to WWII, case series of more than 50 subjects were rare. From examining more than 900 soldiers with testis tumors, the histopathology was established in 1946. In 1950, two large military studies reported that RPLND improved survival compared to orchiectomy alone. In 1952, a modified classification system was published by Frank Dixon and Robert Moore in the first Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) tumor atlas. Fathollah Mostofi, along with other military pathologists, contributed greatly to the field; in 1972 he led a group to devise a standardized World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. Until the advent of platinum combination chemotherapy, metastatic disease was bleak and uniformly fatal, with a 90% mortality rate within 1 year. Chemosensitivity was first demonstrated in the 1950s with actinomycin combined with methotrexate. In 1974, a regimen of cisplatin, vinblastine with bleomycin was introduced by Lawrence Einhorn and John Donahue at Indiana University for advanced testicular cancer with greatly improved survival. RPLND templates were further refined with lymph node mapping studies, which decreased morbidity significantly. CONCLUSIONS: World War II brought together young men with testis cancer, a rare disease that ignited fifty years of basic and clinical research resulting in one of the greatest oncological success stories. The military contributed greatly to the diagnosis, histopathology and management of testicular cancer. Source of Funding: N/A © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e261 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Kit Yuen More articles by this author Alexis Steinmetz More articles by this author Phillip Rappold More articles by this author Ronald Rabinowitz More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

디지털 기술 발전이 중국의 체제 안정에 미치는 영향

Regarding the development of technology, China's problem is that it is both a developing country and an authoritarian country. China pursues the development of the knowledge economy by emphasizing the development of technology, which is the core of economic development. However, like other authoritarian states, China also has a certain dilemma between expanding and controlling information access. This is because there are concerns that the development of technology could increase the openness of society and trigger changes in the political system from below. For that reason, China is currently struggling to simultaneously achieve technology development for economic development and social control for political stability. The purpose of this study is to consider the impact of technology development on China's political system based on the above situation and problem recognition. To achieve this purpose, this study would like to proceed in the following order. The first chapter presents the background and purpose of this study. The second chapter reviews and organizes theories and previous studies on the correlation between technology development and political stability. The third chapter explains the situations and development of the China’s policy on technology development. The fourth chapter examines the impact oftechnology development on China's political stability and its implications. The fifth chapter summarizes and organizes the above.