Chapter Reviews Research Articles

Beyond Chaperoning: UCS Proteins Emerge as Regulators of Myosin-Mediated Cellular Processes.

The UCS (UNC-45/CRO1/She4p) family of proteins has emerged as chaperones specific for the folding, assembly, and function of myosin. UCS proteins participate in various myosin-dependent cellular processes including myofibril organization and muscle functions, cell differentiation, striated muscle development, cytokinesis, and endocytosis. Mutations in the genes that code for UCS proteins cause serious defects in myosin-dependent cellular processes. UCS proteins that contain an N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain are called UNC-45. Vertebrates usually possess two variants of UNC-45, the ubiquitous general-cell UNC-45 (UNC-45A) and the striated muscle UNC-45 (UNC-45B), which is exclusively expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Except for the TPR domain in UNC-45, UCS proteins comprise of several irregular armadillo (ARM) repeats that are organized into a central domain, a neck region, and the canonical C-terminal UCS domain that functions as the chaperoning module. With or without TPR, UCS proteins form linear oligomers that serve as scaffolds that mediate myosin folding, organization into myofibrils, repair, and motility. This chapter reviews emerging functions of these proteins with a focus on UNC-45 as a dedicated chaperone for folding, assembly, and function of myosin at protein and potentially gene levels. Recent experimental evidences strongly support UNC-45 as an absolute regulator of myosin, with each domain of the chaperone playing different but complementary roles during the folding, assembly, and function of myosin, as well as recruiting Hsp90 as a co-chaperone to optimize key steps. It is becoming increasingly clear that UNC-45 also regulates the transcription of several genes involved in myosin-dependent cellular processes.

The role of geodiversity and geoheritage in tourism and local development

Abstract Geodiversity and geoheritage play an increasingly important role in the tourism industry, although visitors’ interest in natural phenomena is much older than these two, relatively modern concepts. This chapter reviews several key issues emerging at the interface of geoheritage and the needs and expectations of the tourism industry, both tourists and service providers. Specific themes discussed include evaluation of geodiversity and geoheritage resources for tourism purposes, problems of interpreting Earth heritage for the general public, accessibility issues related to conservation, and the role of geoparks and allied initiatives in fostering local development. More general overviews are supplemented by case studies, illustrating each theme. These are taken from various localities globally, from Europe, South America and Oceania. It is concluded that the coverage of thematic studies at the interface between geoheritage resources and tourism science is uneven. Inventories and assessments of geoheritage and geodiversity sites for geotourism are widely reported and new resources for geotourism development are commonly explored, whereas much less is known about the actual perception of geoheritage values among visitors and the quality and effectiveness of their interpretation. Likewise, the positive impact of geotourism on local economies seems to be more hypothesized or anticipated than actually demonstrated.

Glacial isostatic adjustment and post-seismic deformation in Antarctica

Abstract This chapter reviews glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and post-seismic deformation in Antarctica. It discusses numerical models and their inputs, and observations and inferences that have been made from them. Both processes are controlled by mantle viscosity but their forcings are different. Ongoing GIA induced by the loss of ice since the last glacial maximum (LGM) could have amounted to 5–15 m of global sea-level rise. However, mantle viscosity is so low in parts of West Antarctica ( c. 10 18 Pa s) that changes in ice thickness over the last centuries and decades have controlled the current uplift rates there. The uplift due to GIA has promoted ice-sheet stability since the LGM, and in West Antarctica GIA is a significant negative feedback on the current decline of the ice sheet. Post-seismic deformation following the 1998 earthquake near the Balleny Islands south of New Zealand has been detected in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data and compared to model outputs. The best-fitting viscosity for this area is c. 10 19 Pa s, similar to GIA-based estimates for the Antarctic Peninsula. Future work should focus on unifying descriptions of viscosity across geodynamic models, and integrating information from seismic, gravity, experimental and geological data.

Theories supporting board reform

AbstractThis chapter reviews social and organizational theories that influence governance to contextualize new ways to think about the roles of boards of trustees. This chapter discusses how various organizational theories help define the roles of boards of trustees, the CEO, and other stakeholders with respect to governance. Using this backdrop, reforms to advance thinking about board operations that advance the mission of community colleges are presented. For example, student success and equity are at the forefront of challenges facing community college leaders and their boards. Understanding more fully how board actions and relationships can help advance this work is critical, and more research on governance and trustees is needed.

Memory at the Center of Our Life

Memory at the Center of Our Life

Improving community outcomes and social equity through leveraged police leadership – A chapter review

Improving community outcomes and social equity through leveraged police leadership – A chapter review

Regensburg Article 5 on Justification: Inconsistent Patchwork or Substance of True Doctrine? by Anthony N. S. Lane

Reviewed by: Regensburg Article 5 on Justification: Inconsistent Patchwork or Substance of True Doctrine? by Anthony N. S. Lane Suzanne Hequet Regensburg Article 5 on Justification: Inconsistent Patchwork or Substance of True Doctrine? By Anthony N. S. Lane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. 370 pp. The title presents readers of Regensburg Article 5 with a dichotomy. The author's work validates Calvin's view that the article is the substance of true doctrine, rather than an inconsistent patchwork, a comment attributed to Luther (1). This work, the product of almost twenty years of research, is fully footnoted. It includes an appendix with drafts of Article 5 from Worms, Melanchthon, Eck, Gropper, and the final version. All but the Worms draft appear in two columns, with the Latin to the left and English to the right (279–333). It also includes a glossary of Latin terms, a bibliography, and index (335–370). Chapter one focuses on historical context, summarizing the background and theological perspectives of the six collocutors (Protestants Melanchthon, Bucer, and Pistorius, and Roman Catholics Gropper, Eck, and Pflug). Also included are the positions of Contarini, Calvin, and Pighius (13–22). After his summary of meetings leading up to and including the 1541 colloquy, Lane highlights the importance of the compromise reached on justification in the fifth article, but notes "the joy and the hope engendered were to be short-lived" (30). The second chapter reviews reactions to Article 5. As word spread beyond Regensburg, Elector John Frederick rejected the article, saying it obscured scripture and would lead to greater error (38). The pope neither approved nor disapproved, but his problem with Article 5 was ambiguity not unorthodoxy (52). "On all sides conciliation gave way to recrimination as the participants published works focused not on the limited agreement reached but on the reasons for the failure of the colloquy" (33). Debates following the collapse of the colloquy are summarized in chapter three. Thereafter, a second brief colloquy in 1546 in Regensburg set the stage for discussions on justification at the Council of Trent, where the eventual decree "was firmly anti-Lutheran" (85). [End Page 363] Foundational to Lane's analysis of Article 5 are his definitions for duplex iustitia in chapter four. He traces the roots of this term (89), arguing that definitions of and the differences between double righteousness and double justification are key to understanding duplex iustitia. The uses of double righteousness—inherent and imputed—are traced in the writings of Pighius, Calvin, Bucer, Gropper, and Melanchthon (95–105). A further distinction is made between the doctrine of duplex iustitia and the terminology of duplex iustitia (author's italics, 106). Lane argues inherent and imputed righteousness are held together in the article, even though the term duplex iustitia does not appear (106). Nevertheless, Protestants and Roman Catholics did not agree on the formula of duplex iustitia as embraced in the article. "For Protestants, soteriology was primary, and ecclesiology secondary; for the Catholics, the reverse was true" (107). The second half of chapter four focuses on double justification, as distinct from double righteousness, with Lane noting that, unfortunately, much modern scholarship confuses duplex iustitia with double justification (129). Lane concludes that while an earlier attempt in the Worms Draft taught two justifications, the final draft of Article 5 "confines itself to affirming a double righteousness, imputed and inherent, not a double justification" (145). Chapter five is a phrase-by-phrase analysis of the article, interspersed with Lane's comments on inherent and imputed righteousness in writings of the 1541 collocutors, Contarini, Calvin, Luther, and Pighius. The views of modern scholars are interwoven here. Lane's work is thorough and detailed, leaving readers room to evaluate his assertions. In the final chapter Lane concludes, "… from the perspective of a Reformation theology of justification, Article 5 does indeed contain the substance of true doctrine" (273). Lane's assertion is true if, as the subtitle implies, Article 5 can be understood in only one of two ways—an inconsistent patchwork or the substance of true doctrine. Unfortunately, Lane does not address the third option—that of ambiguity as mentioned in chapter two (52). This leaves open the key question of whether...

Reactions

GREENHOUSE GASES Reactions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2022, 100 (28), p 4August 15, 2022Cite this:C&EN 100, 28, 4Letters to the editorClimate benefits of remote workIt seems that this is such a mundane topic, but during the pandemic, data showed that carbon dioxide levels were reduced significantly because there were fewer people on the road. As the pandemic expanded, the workplace continued to include those working at home. The Zoom tool showed itself as the model to work remotely. Eliminating high-rise office buildings and urban office environments appears to be relevant in the global business environment. It seems to me the logic shows that if people stay home and work from home, their CO2 footprint will be smaller. The CO2 reduction during the pandemic was so significant that it should be taken as a signal to change the way we do business.The American Chemical Society should encourage remote work space and reduced urban work spaces in favor of working at home. ACS policy should support enterprise stewardship in encouraging remote working to passively reduce CO2 emissions.Martha DibbleePortland, OregonACS members’ contributions to glyphosate researchGlyphosate has been the subject of one American Chemical Society Division of Agrochemicals (AGRO) symposium (2016), put together by Stephen O. Duke. Although the presentations were never published in an ACS Symposium Series, the participants contributed to a special issue of Pest Management Science published in 2018 ( DOI: 10.1002/ps.4902). As editor of ACS Symposium Series volume 1099 and member of the Editorial Board of Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (RECT), I contacted Dr. Duke and requested he organize RECT volume 255 using presentations from the ACS AGRO symposium on glyphosate. The editor of RECT asked me to edit volume 255 on glyphosate. The volume includes four chapters: “Glyphosate Uses Other than in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops, Mode of Action, Degradation in Plants, and Effects on Non-target Plants and Agricultural Microbes,” “History and Outlook for Glyphosate-Resistant Crops,” “Evaluation of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds,” and “Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate, Its Formulants, and Environmental Degradation Products.” Table i of the last chapter reviews key publications on the carcinogenicity of glyphosate.I believe RECT 255 should be mentioned in C&EN’s recent article on glyphosate (June 27, 2022, page 15), as it represents the work of ACS AGRO members and their contributions to herbicide chemistry.James B. KnaakFort Myers, Florida

Traditional Ecological Knowledge versus Ecological Wisdom: Are They Dissimilar in Cultural Landscape Research?

Research into traditional ecological knowledge has become a reference in environmental management. This is followed by ecological wisdom that has emerged and has become a new discourse in landscape planning and design. However, traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom are similar in research and confounding when determining the research scope. Therefore, this study aims to define the distinction between traditional ecological knowledge and ecological wisdom in research through a systematic review of research articles, book chapters, and reviews published from 2017 to 2021. The selected primary studies were analyzed using bibliometric analysis run by VOS Viewer, followed by comparative analysis towards thematic codes. The coding process for the comparative analysis was conducted using NVivo. This study found that research on traditional ecological knowledge and ecological wisdom converges, especially on the topic of indigenous cultural capital, ecosystem services, and sustainability. The distinction between TEK and EW lies in their definition, agent, source, and scope. We propose a conceptual framework to understand the relationship between TEK and EW in the cultural landscape and clarify the scope of the analysis in this research. This study would help scholars develop research on both topics precisely and avoid bias in the theoretical discussion.

17Theory on Theory

Abstract This chapter reviews recent contributions to the meta-discourses of theory and criticism. Theory on theory is bound always to be a protean and polymorphous category, and the discussion here is structured by a division into five themes, even though the works reviewed frequently range across more than one of them. Section 1 notes the emergence of a distinctive move to reinsert teaching into discussions of literary studies. Section 2 surveys a range of publications that continue the long work of historicizing theory, particularly in the French vein that is almost synonymous with understandings of (high) theory as a period. Building on that glance backward, Section 3 considers a number of works that propose new approaches or methods for our field. These proposals, at least in part, emerge from a virtually universal sense of crisis in the humanities, which is examined in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 considers the positing of a transdisciplinary world turn that is said to go well beyond the humanities. In this year’s melange of continuing practices, revivals, and innovations, theory on theory is revealed to be a lively and stimulating voice in the cultural conversations of the past year.

15Racial Capitalism

Abstract This chapter reviews theories of racial capitalism and black critical theory published in 2021 under the following headings: 1. Introduction; 2. History and Aesthetics (Histories of Racial Capitalism, edited by Destin Jenkins and Dustin Leroy; Anna Arabindan-Kesson, Black Bodies, White Gold: Art, Cotton, and Commerce in the Atlantic World); 3. Critical Theory (Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Antiblack World); 4. Globalization and Technology (Neferti Tadiar, ‘Thresholds’; Seb Franklin, The Digitally Disposed: Racial Capitalism and the Informatics of Value); and 5. Conclusion.

13Posthumanisms

Abstract Posthumanism as a school of thought and a theme in literary and cultural texts strives to keep pace with developments such as terraforming or genetic engineering, but also engages philosophically and politically with those developments, in the form of enunciating questions about human identity, nonhuman agency, and ethics. In more recent times, posthuman thought has moved into areas as diverse as climate change, the Anthropocene, legal identity, and pedagogy. It also continues, as this chapter’s review of books, book chapters, and journal articles published in the year 2021 shows, to be interested in legal subjectivity, ideas of personhood, human genealogy, and their cultural expressions in the form of pop culture and literary texts. The chapter is divided into seven sections: 1. Surveying Posthumanism; 2. Posthumanisms and the Anthropocene; 3. Posthuman Performance; 4. Transhumanism; 5. Posthumanism, Law, and Ethics; 6. Posthumanism and the Pandemic; 7. Conclusion.

How do you build community and foster engagement in online courses?

AbstractThis chapter reviews research linking the importance of community in an increasing engagement in online courses from an interdisciplinary perspective. Additionally, we identify applicable teaching strategies that focus on the important elements of community building, namely teaching, social, and cognitive presence.

Neuroimaging for the Clinician

Modern neuroimaging has revolutionized the practice of neurology by allowing visualization and monitoring of evolving pathophysiologic processes. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can now resolve structural abnormalities on a near-cellular level. Advances in functional imaging can assess the in vivo metabolic, vascular, and functional states of neuronal and glial populations in real time. Given the high density of data obtained from neuroimaging studies, it is essential for the clinician to take an active role in understanding the nature and significance of imaging abnormalities. This chapter reviews computed tomography and MRI techniques (including angiography and advanced sequences), specialized protocols for investigating specific diagnoses, risks associated with imaging, disease-specific imaging findings with general strategies for interpretation, and incidental findings and artifacts. Figures include computed tomography, T1- and T2-weighted signal intensity, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging in epilepsy and dementia, extra-axial versus intra-axial lesions, typical lesions of multiple sclerosis, spinal imaging, spinal pathology, vascular pathology, intracranial hemorrhage, and common imaging artifacts. Tables list Hounsfield units, patterns of enhancement from imaging, advanced techniques in imaging, magnetic resonance imaging sequences, and the evolution of cerebral infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging. This chapter contains 213 references.

Neuroimaging for the Clinician

Modern neuroimaging has revolutionized the practice of neurology by allowing visualization and monitoring of evolving pathophysiologic processes. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can now resolve structural abnormalities on a near-cellular level. Advances in functional imaging can assess the in vivo metabolic, vascular, and functional states of neuronal and glial populations in real time. Given the high density of data obtained from neuroimaging studies, it is essential for the clinician to take an active role in understanding the nature and significance of imaging abnormalities. This chapter reviews computed tomography and MRI techniques (including angiography and advanced sequences), specialized protocols for investigating specific diagnoses, risks associated with imaging, disease-specific imaging findings with general strategies for interpretation, and incidental findings and artifacts. Figures include computed tomography, T1- and T2-weighted signal intensity, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging in epilepsy and dementia, extra-axial versus intra-axial lesions, typical lesions of multiple sclerosis, spinal imaging, spinal pathology, vascular pathology, intracranial hemorrhage, and common imaging artifacts. Tables list Hounsfield units, patterns of enhancement from imaging, advanced techniques in imaging, magnetic resonance imaging sequences, and the evolution of cerebral infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging. This review contains 12 figures, 6 tables, and 213 references.

Neuroimaging for the Clinician

Modern neuroimaging has revolutionized the practice of neurology by allowing visualization and monitoring of evolving pathophysiologic processes. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can now resolve structural abnormalities on a near-cellular level. Advances in functional imaging can assess the in vivo metabolic, vascular, and functional states of neuronal and glial populations in real time. Given the high density of data obtained from neuroimaging studies, it is essential for the clinician to take an active role in understanding the nature and significance of imaging abnormalities. This chapter reviews computed tomography and MRI techniques (including angiography and advanced sequences), specialized protocols for investigating specific diagnoses, risks associated with imaging, disease-specific imaging findings with general strategies for interpretation, and incidental findings and artifacts. Figures include computed tomography, T1- and T2-weighted signal intensity, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging in epilepsy and dementia, extra-axial versus intra-axial lesions, typical lesions of multiple sclerosis, spinal imaging, spinal pathology, vascular pathology, intracranial hemorrhage, and common imaging artifacts. Tables list Hounsfield units, patterns of enhancement from imaging, advanced techniques in imaging, magnetic resonance imaging sequences, and the evolution of cerebral infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging. This chapter contains 213 references.

Neuroimaging for the Clinician

Modern neuroimaging has revolutionized the practice of neurology by allowing visualization and monitoring of evolving pathophysiologic processes. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can now resolve structural abnormalities on a near-cellular level. Advances in functional imaging can assess the in vivo metabolic, vascular, and functional states of neuronal and glial populations in real time. Given the high density of data obtained from neuroimaging studies, it is essential for the clinician to take an active role in understanding the nature and significance of imaging abnormalities. This chapter reviews computed tomography and MRI techniques (including angiography and advanced sequences), specialized protocols for investigating specific diagnoses, risks associated with imaging, disease-specific imaging findings with general strategies for interpretation, and incidental findings and artifacts. Figures include computed tomography, T1- and T2-weighted signal intensity, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging in epilepsy and dementia, extra-axial versus intra-axial lesions, typical lesions of multiple sclerosis, spinal imaging, spinal pathology, vascular pathology, intracranial hemorrhage, and common imaging artifacts. Tables list Hounsfield units, patterns of enhancement from imaging, advanced techniques in imaging, magnetic resonance imaging sequences, and the evolution of cerebral infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage on magnetic resonance imaging. This review contains 12 figures, 6 tables, and 213 references.

Design of membrane systems

Abstract Membrane separation systems have been used in process industry since decades; however, their designs are based mainly on experienced-based and use of trial-and-error approach, especially in case of membrane selection. This chapter reviews recent advancements in the design of membrane systems used either for separation or creation of mixtures from the perspective of industry 4.0 and data management. Additionally, computer-aided design tools have been reviewed with aim of possible use in the design of membrane separation systems.

The Summary of School Leaderships Theories According to Malaysia Perspectives

This study will look at English-language publications on school leadership, worldwide trends, and Malaysian research. The methodology includes a comprehensive review of journal articles and book chapters about school leadership research published in the English language. To find a potential gap in the current literature and advise a school leadership researcher on the best future research direction. According to the findings, existing leadership theories were all established and honed in Western contexts, raising concerns about their applicability for Malaysian circumstances. The findings show that more research utilizing a qualitative method is needed to tailor the theory to local situations. This study contributes to the inadequate information base on leadership in Malaysia and throws light on the evolution of educational systems by providing foundational knowledge and guidance for scholars and practitioners.

Contested water- and miningscapes – Explaining the high intensity of water and mining conflicts in a meta-study

Conflicts around access to, control over, and quality of water accompany mining projects all over the globe. Often, they are associated with high intensity as means of contestation range from verbal complaints to protest marches, civil disobedience and violent confrontations. While numerous case studies on water-related mining conflicts exist, scholarship that synthesizes insights remains rare. In order to better understand the dynamics that lead to the escalation of conflicts and to further theory development on the role of, e.g., political economic contexts, hydro-social conditions and social relationships, a systematic overview of the existing empirical evidence is needed.Our meta-study of 53 water and mining conflicts identifies several combinations of conditions that are tied to large-scale mobilization and the use of civil disobedience measures, sabotage or hunger strikes by environmental defenders. As our results show, raised stakes and ontological differences, e.g. in situations where water is essential for livelihoods and cultural and spiritual practices, play a role, in particular when coupled with a lack of meaningful participation. Discursive or physical coercion by the state or by private security forces also intensify mobilization rather than containing it while the role of international NGOs is more ambiguous. To identify explanatory scenarios, we conducted a two-step, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) based on data collected in a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. Taking its data from published research, our study identifies a geographic bias towards Latin America in academic literature on water and mining conflicts and points out topical blind spots. By looking for conditions that are consistently associated with high-intensity conflicts, it also provides insights on priority areas of engagement for community leaders, policy-makers, and private sector and civil society representatives seeking to avoid the escalation of conflicts.