Changing Weather Conditions Research Articles

The influence of changes in agrometeorological conditions on the interphase periods of Hordeum vulgare l. sensulat and its productivity in the center of the European part of Russia

The studies were conducted in 2006-2022. in the Ryazan branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FNATS VIM. The object of research was released varieties and promising lines of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of changing weather conditions on the development phases and productivity of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato in the center of the European part of Russia. It was established that in the region there was an increase in the average daily air temperature during the growing season from 16.3 to 20.9°C (4.6°C/17 years, CV = 4.7%). The length of the growing season is closely related to the conditions of the hydrothermal regime of the year (r=+0.507...+0.508). The data obtained revealed a negative effect of the sum of air temperatures on the yield in the sprouting-tillering phase r = - 0.364, but the correlation with the amount of precipitation in this period was r = + 0.331, HTCM r = + 0.300. A closer relationship between the yield and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.308) and the hydrothermal coefficient (r=+0.337) is manifested in the interphase period of tillering and heading. The duration of the interphase period of germination-tillering has an average direct relationship with the HTC (r = +0.361) and a high inverse relationship with the sum of temperatures (r = -0.804), a similar picture is observed in the interphase period of earing-filling (r = +0.320 and r = -0.813 , respectively). The decisive weather factors that determine the size of the harvest and the duration of interphase periods of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato in the conditions of the Ryazan region are precipitation and thermal conditions from the second decade of May to the second decade of July.

Unlocking the potential of passive cooling: A comprehensive experimental study of PV/PCM/TEC hybrid system for enhanced photovoltaic performance

In recent times, one major direction in which researchers are taking interest is the cooling of PV systems, and in that direction, passive cooling techniques like thermoelectric cooling, the use of phase change material, or hybrid PV systems based on TEC and PCM are at the forefront of this research interest as the first-generation solar PV has a very low conversion efficiency that is primarily caused by the high temperature of the cells. This research conducts a thorough long-term experimental study on PV/PCM/TEC, exploring their effectiveness under changing weather conditions. A new design integrates PCM and TEC on the PV module's backside, ensuring free convection is maintained. The study aims to assess the potential of these cooling techniques for enhancing photovoltaic system performance. On average, the phase change temperature of the ternary mixture gradually increases from 27.97 °C to 41.59 °C, providing a complete pattern of effectiveness and ineffectiveness of phase change material. The highest average value for maximum temperature reduction of 9.28 °C and maximum output power of 9.69 % was achieved by PV/PCM/TEC in comparison to reference PV module. Another notable finding is that TECs based on PCM offer higher power output compared to TECs without PCM, while in the absence of PCM, TECs and the PV interface require a conductive thermal paste to enhance heat transfer and improve power output. Despite the limitations posed by the fixed encapsulation thickness and quantity of the phase change material, the reported results demonstrate the positive impact of PCM in comparison to both standard PV and PV/TEC systems.

A prospective longitudinal study on the elimination trend of rural cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: Climate change, population displacement, and agricultural transition from 1991 to 2021

Leishmaniasis is a complex disease. Any change in weather conditions affects the humans' social and agricultural expansion and, consequently, the parasite's life cycle in terms of ecology, biodiversity, social stigma, and exclusion. This population-based prospective longitudinal investigation was conducted between 1991 and 2021 in a well-defined CL (cutaneous leishmaniasis) focus in Bam County, southeastern Iran. A robust health clinic and health surveillance system were responsible for the ongoing systematic documentation, detection, identification, and management of CL cases. The exponential smoothing method via the state space model was used in the univariate time series. The TTR, smooth, and forecast packages were used in R software. Landsat satellite images from 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 were employed in the physical development. During this period, the temperature increased while the rainfall and humidity decreased. The findings showed a downward trend in the standardized drought index. Also, the results showed that climate warming and ecological changes profoundly affected the area's agricultural patterns and topographical features. Furthermore, the last three decades witnessed an elimination trend for zoonotic CL (ZCL) and the predominance of anthroponotic CL (ACL). The present findings showed that the critical factors in the predominance of ACL and elimination of ZCL were rising temperature, drought, migration, unplanned urbanization, earthquake, and agrarian reform. The wall-enclosed palm tree gardens excluded the primary ZCL reservoir host. They controlled the disease while providing suitable conditions for the emergence/re-emergence of ACL in the newly established settlements and the unplanned ecozone. Therefore, robust health infrastructures, sustained financial support, and evidence-based research studies are crucial to facilitating the necessary surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation to control and eliminate the disease.

Assessment of the potential of solar energy to power municipal utilities

The use of alternative energy sources in the housing and utilities sector of Ukraine is a pressing issue today. Powering household consumers or life-support facilities from a photovoltaic power plant allows achieving energy autonomy, reducing electricity costs, and reducing the negative impact on the environment. Over the past ten years, there has been a significant reduction in the cost of solar power plant elements while improving the quality characteristics of the equipment. This affects the speed of transition of various consumer groups, from households to industry, to alternative energy sources or the use of a hybrid energy system. The efficiency and productivity of photovoltaic power plants are affected by the type of technology used and environmental factors. In the process of converting solar energy, losses may occur that are related to the efficiency of solar panels, inverters, and other system components. When designing a photovoltaic power plant, it is necessary to take into account the latitude of the area where it is planned to install it and possible changes in weather conditions that may reduce solar energy production. To increase the reliability of power supply to equipment in the housing and communal sector, it is proposed to equip the pumping station for increasing the pressure in the water supply network of a nine-story residential building with solar panels. The calculation of the amount of energy generated by the solar power plant is based on angle of panel installation, chosen in accordance with the latitude of the region. To calculate the required number of panels, a method was chosen that takes into account the amount of direct and scattered solar radiation received by the solar panel surface. Based on the results of the calculations, the potential amount of hourly generated power during the year and the consumed hourly power were compared. It was found that the potentially high productivity of the station is in the spring-summer and summer-autumn periods, but it is not able to meet the growing demand for electricity in the evening. In the spring and summer, the morning peak in energy consumption can be met by a photovoltaic plant. Under favorable weather conditions, the amount of generated power will be greater than the power consumption, and the excess energy can be accumulated in the battery and used in the evening. The payback period of the investment in the solar station was calculated using the discounted cash flow method and is 1,6 year

On the issue of adjustment and calculation of navigation depth parameters during route creating

The calculation of the values of navigation depths when planning the preliminary route has a strong influence even on the choice of one or another route, and changing weather conditions sometimes lead to its replacement with an alternative during the execution of the route, which adds to the risk of unexpected situations and the need to solve them in a short time frame. Also, determining the appropriate SENC settings for pre-laying, understanding the essence of the calculated safety parameters regarding navigation depths on ECDIS charts and the accepted values of ECDIS remain relevant due to the large number of involved ECDIS interfaces of different developers. The article deals with the issue of setting up SENC in relation to the previous layout, taking into account the use of various additional overlays: NavTex, AIO, weather maps. The necessity of using text signatures of vector objects, which were previously ignored due to blind trust in vectorization of maps, is shown. The article provides an in-depth interpretation of such vector objects as IDS, which do not change their own scale when changing the scale of the map. The given examples of erroneous interpretation of the Category Zone of Confidence showed the need for additional clarification of the essence of confidence zones and the specifics of using such errors when planning routes. Since the formulas for calculating the values of both UKC (under keel clearance) and Safety Contour have only recommended rules, the article provides information on the use of parameters in these formulas, as well as their interpretation by ECDIS software. The reasons and consequences of the lack of in-depth understanding of safety parameters regarding navigational depths for the route are shown. One of the variants of the Safety Contour and UKC calculation model is proposed, as well as the features of using the Safety Depth parameter. Specifics of using XTD and LDL are given

Изучение однолетних травосмесей в условиях северных территорий Архангельской области

The results of a study of annual mixtures of spring oats with spring vetch, field peas, narrow-leaved lupine and spring rapeseed in the conditions of the northern territories of the Arkhangelsk region (Kholmogory district) in 2020–2021 are presented. In the field experiment, according to generally accepted methods, the growth, development and productivity of grass mixtures were studied. The soil of the site is soddy-small-podzolic sandy loam highly cultivated. During the growing season — June and July — the weather conditions differed: in 2020, favorable conditions were formed for the life of annual crops, and in 2021 — dry. As a result of the research, it was found that in the changeable weather conditions of the northern territories of the Arkhangelsk region, it is most preferable to create annual grass stands from varieties of spring oats and field peas intended for use on green mass. Such agrocenoses, at the stated stand density, allow to obtain from 6.31 t/ha to 7.31 t/ha of dry matter, 62.03–70.44 GJ of metabolic energy and 1.01–1.15 t/ha of crude protein. Plants of narrow-leaved lupine and spring rapeseed are upright, do not need support and are not subject to lodging, it is possible to regulate the structure of the crop, and, accordingly, productivity indicators by changing the ratio of sown components and the total density of plants. The use of spring rape in a mixture with spring oats ensures, regardless of weather conditions, the productivity of agrocenoses at the level of the control variant, which makes it possible to diversify the species assortment of crops and reduce the risks of adverse factors.

Latent Infestation of Potato Tubers with Soft Rot and Ring Rot Pathogens under Changing Weather Conditions in Ukraine

Potato is one of the most important food crops in the world. Cultivation of potatoes is an important segment of the agriculture and economy as a whole in Ukraine. Bacterial diseases such as ring rot caused by Clavibacter sepedonicus, as well as soft rot and blackleg caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum evoke tremendous losses of the potato crop. Stored seed tubers are the main source of accumulating pathogens in latent form. In addition, potato crop yield and quality are significantly affected by weather conditions. Along with affecting potatoes directly, meteorological factors such as air temperature and humidity can also impact tuber infestation with bacterial pathogens. The aim of the study was to monitor the prevalence of bacterial ring rot pathogen C. sepedonicus and soft rot pathogen P. atrosepticum in potato tubers on the territory of Ukraine in 2020 and 2021 years and assess its association with different weather conditions. Methods. Potato seed lots from newly harvested crops in eight regions of Ukraine (Odesa, Kyiv, Donetsk, Kherson, Cherkasy, Mykolaiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Zhytomyr regions) without visual symptoms of diseases were used for the experiments. The detection of C. sepedonicus and P. atrosepticum was conducted by the immunochemical method DAS ELISA. Basal meteorological data (the sum of precipitation (mm/month) and average air temperature (°C) were obtained from the local meteorological stations. The amplitude of air temperature and the sum of precipitation during potato planting, growing, and harvesting seasons, as well as Sielianinov’s hydrothermal coefficient (K) were additionally calculated. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used for the analysis of the correlation between pathogen prevalence and weather parameters. Results. Both ring rot pathogen C. sepedonicus and soft rot pathogen P. atrosepticum were detected in potato lots from all surveyed regions, but the prevalence of latent infestation varied between 2020 and 2021. In 2020, the highest soft rot pathogen prevalence values were registered for Mykolaiv, Kyiv, and Cherkasy regions (21.7, 10.5, and 10% respectively), where high rainfall levels in May and June were observed. In 2021, potato planting, growing, and harvesting seasons were marked by significantly higher precipitation levels, as compared to 2020, in all regions. Average occurrence values for P. atrosepticum in potato lots were 1.7 times higher than that in 2020. The highest prevalence (40%) was observed in the Donetsk region with extremely high air humidity during the potato growing period. Strong positive correlation (r = 0.721) was found between soft rot pathogen prevalence and K coefficients during the potato growing season, as well as between P. atrosepticum prevalence and the sum of precipitation during planting and early growing seasons. Prevalence of ring rot pathogen didn’t differ significantly in 2020 and 2021. The highest C. sepedonicus prevalence was observed in 2020 in the Kyiv region (18.9%), and in 2021 — in the Donetsk region (20%). A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.591) was found between pathogen prevalence and air temperature during planting and early growing season. Conclusions. Weather factors such as air temperature and humidity over the planting and early growing potato season can influence progeny tuber infestation with P. atrosepticum and C. sepedonicus. Knowledge of the effect of the changing weather conditions on the susceptibility of potato varieties with different genetic features to infestation with soft rot and ring rot pathogens warrants future investigation since it is crucially important for developing measures for disease control by potato producers.

Limited influence of air temperature and precipitation on six-year survival and growth of non-native tree species in a Central European multi-site field trial

The biggest challenge for forest management in the near future will be the silvicultural adaptation of forests on sites where climate change will increase the risk for drought induced tree mortality and for a decrease of the growth performance. One management option is the diversification by promoting climate change adapted non-native tree species. Currently, we have in depth experience with only a few non-native tree species in Central Europe. Other tree species that may complement the species pool in Central Europe need to be carefully selected by a range of criteria. Before establishing larger silvicultural experiments at stand-level, the suitability of species to grow well with a low risk of failure under expected future climatic conditions as well as a good performance already today should be tested, amongst other aspects. We present results of a multi-site common garden experiment where growth and survival of five non-native tree species (Abies bornmuelleriana, Cedrus libani, Fagus orientalis, Tilia tomentosa, and Tsuga heterophylla) and one climate adapted local native species per site are tested in five field trials in Austria, Germany and Switzerland along a temperature (7.9–10.4 °C mean annual Temperature) and precipitation (490–1147 mm annual precipitation) gradient. Each species was replicated on three plots per site using a block-wise design. Lower survival and growth of the non-native species as the native reference on most sites indicate that the studied non-native species are today not as well adapted to current climatic conditions as native species. However, the performance of the non-native species was sufficiently high to justify further trials. Survival and growth rates were mostly equally high on the two sites at the opposing ends of the temperature and humidity gradient and lower on all other sites. Height growth and survival were only marginally affected by the strong summer drought in 2018 in all except one site, presumably due to the low water storage capacity of the sandy soils on this site. This indicates that the tested non-native tree species grow well in the wide range of climatically changing weather conditions from our transnational study sites across Central Europe. So far, the tested tree species did not reach their climatic growth limitation. However, edaphic site conditions may have influenced the performance of the tested non-native species as well and must be considered when discussing the suitability of these tree species.

Performance evaluation of VSC based control strategy for a large-scale grid connected PV system and harmonics analysis under sudden changes in weather conditions

Performance evaluation of VSC based control strategy for a large-scale grid connected PV system and harmonics analysis under sudden changes in weather conditions

The Effect of Hot and Cold Check Tests on Surface Roughness and Glossiness in Varnished Wood Material

In this study, specimens from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) tree species, prepared according to ISO 3129, were conditioned according to TS ISO 13061-1. Cellulosic varnish, water-based varnish, and glass polish varnish were applied to their surfaces in accordance with ASTM-D 3023 principles. In the study, roughness (TS 2495 EN ISO 3274 and TS EN ISO 21920-3) and gloss (according to TS EN ISO 2813) values of the samples were calculated after hot and cold check test. Varnished test specimens prepared in 100 mm × 100 mm ×10 mm dimensions were first kept in drying oven at (50±5) °C for 1 hour, then were kept in conditioning room for 1 hour, and then at (-20±2) °C for 1 hour, according to ASTM D1211-97. These processes were accepted as one cycle, and tests were continued until 15 cycles. Afterward, glossiness was measured as perpendicular and parallel to fibers at 60º with a gloss measurement device, and surface roughness values of Ra and Rz were determined with a surface roughness measuring device. According to the results obtained, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky), and Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) varnish-coated wood material surfaces all showed a decrease in gloss values after hot-cold shock effect. While an increase occurred in Rz values of roughness for all wooden surfaces, Ra values roughness increased for Scots pine and chestnut and decreased for eastern beech. Gloss and roughness values of surface-treated wood materials against changing weather conditions can determine usefulness of the surface material used. The findings obtained in this study can be useful to manufacturers who use wooden products in the design of marine vehicles and those who export furniture to countries in different climatic conditions.

The effect of global warming and climate changes on aircraft accidents between 2010-2022

PurposeOne of the sectors most affected by the variable weather events caused by climate change and global warming is the aviation sector. Especially in aircraft accidents, weather events increasing with climate change and global warming are effective. The purpose of this study is to determine how much the change in weather conditions caused by global warming and climate changes affect the aircraft in the world between the years 2010 and 2022.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, it was investigated which weather events were more effective in aircraft crashes by determining the rates of air events and aircraft crashes in aircraft crashes with a passenger capacity of 12 or more that occurred between 2010 and 2022.FindingsIt is clearly seen that increasing weather conditions with global warming and climate change increase the effect of weather conditions in aircraft crashes.Originality/valueThe difference of this study from other studies is the evaluation of the data of the past 12 years, in which the increasing consequences of global warming and climate change have been felt more. It also reveals the necessity of further research on the effects of weather conditions on aircraft.

INFLUENCE OF PREDECESSORS ON THE FORMATION OF INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING TRITICALE VARIETIES

Ukraine's agricultural production is dominated by winter crops, with winter wheat accounting for the largest area. At the same time, due to dynamic climate change and unstable weather conditions in the autumn-winter and early spring periods, there is a need to reseed significant areas of winter crops every year. Spring triticale is one of the insurance crops. Due to its high productivity and unpretentiousness to growth and development conditions, its cultivation on large areas can contribute to a significant increase in food grain production. In the current conditions of reforming the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy, as well as climate warming, there is an urgent need to develop agrotechnological methods that would ensure the efficient use of crop rotations in general. One of the methods to increase the efficient use of arable land in modern business conditions is to grow crops that produce less costly and competitive products. Triticale meets these requirements best of all. Modern varieties, in particular those of Ukrainian breeding, are characterized by high physical properties, and in terms of grain quality and technological properties of flour are not inferior, and in some respects even superior to bakery wheat. Thanks to this, spring triticale can be grown as a major food crop. To date, many technological methods have been developed that ensure sufficiently high grain yields of this crop both in irrigated and non-irrigated farming. However, the technology of triticale cultivation in the context of climate change remained insufficiently developed and studied. In particular, such important elements of the technology as triticale varieties, precursors and doses of mineral fertilizers have not been determined. Therefore, the study of the peculiarities of growth and development of high-yielding varieties of spring triticale and the introduction of basic methods of growing the crop, establishing the effect and interaction of the variety and mineral fertilizers, which significantly affect the yield and quality of grain, sowing and yielding qualities of seeds in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe are relevant, which determined the choice of the topic of the master's thesis. On average, over two years of research, the influence of different precursors was also significant in the cultivation of spring triticale. Thus, the most mineral fertilizers significantly influenced the formation of grain yield of spring triticale varieties, namely increased it, but a significant increase in yield - 1.58 t/ha was obtained only when N30P60K60.+ N30 was applied in the earing phase. Thus, the highest grain yield of the studied spring triticale varieties was obtained in the most favorable year of 2019 - 6.48 t/ha, in 2020 it was 5.99 t/ha, which is 0.49 t/ha less. The yield of the spring triticale variety Boriviter in 2019 was the highest and amounted to 6.48 t/ha, respectively, in 2020 it was 5.47 t/ha and on average for two years of research did not exceed 5.97 t/ha.

Disentangling effects of habitat on salmonid abundance in thermal refuges while accounting for imperfect detection

AbstractThermal refuges provide critical habitat for cold‐water‐dependent salmonids in marginal riverscapes during extreme heat events globally. Studies of thermal refuge use by salmonids are complicated by short‐term changes in weather conditions during heat waves, intermittent fish use, and the use of different analytical endpoints. We passively surveyed cold‐water‐dependent brown, rainbow, and brook trout (hereafter “trout”) thermoregulating in several thermal refuges along the Housatonic River, Connecticut, USA, during a two‐week heatwave using underwater action cameras (UACs). Using these data, we assessed the influence of various short‐term riverscape conditions on the abundance of trout within thermal refuges using a zero‐inflated Poisson, time‐stratified N‐mixture model in a Bayesian framework that accounts for imperfect detection. We detected at least one trout per sampling occasion, and estimated abundances summed across all thermal refuges ranged from 63.99 (95% credible interval [CRI] = 55.0–79.0) to 182.04 (167.0–199.0). We estimated higher trout abundances in larger thermal refuges located in low‐gradient river sections, and refuges that were deeper and cooler than the Housatonic River during the sampling occasion (all β estimates >0.0 and did not overlap zero). We also found evidence that less variable and cooler temperature regimes in the nearby Housatonic River led to higher estimated trout abundances within thermal refuges (all β estimates <0.0 and did not overlap zero). Last, we found that trout detection probabilities within thermal refuges were moderate (range = 0.521–0.634) when using UAC surveys and that the video image brightness negatively influenced detection (αbright = −0.193, 95% CRI = −0.330 to −0.058). To aid in trout population persistence in dynamic, marginal riverscapes as the climate changes, focusing on modifiable refuge attributes (e.g., depth, cold‐water plume area), and strategically targeting refuges in riverscape segments beneficial to trout may be tactics that could enhance conservation strategies globally.

Impact of climate change factor on the resource (providing) ecosystem services of the Lower Danube wetlands

Problem Statement. Wetlands perform many vital functions, in particular: accumulation and storage of surface waters; protection from storms and floods; strengthening the coastline and curbing water erosion; hydraulic connection with groundwater; surface water purification; nutrient content; deposit formation; pollutants retention; stabilization of local climatic conditions, especially the amount of precipitation and temperature of the near-surface layer of the atmosphere. They are the world's most productive ecosystems, focus of biodiversity, sources of water and primary productivity on which the existence of innumerable species of plants and animals depends. Wetlands support numerous species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. The ecological character of wetlands is the totality of their ecosystem components, processes and services at one time or another. Wetland ecosystem services are understood as the benefits that people receive from these. These are providing services (water and food); regulatory services (regulation of floods, droughts, land degradation, etc.); supporting services (soil formation, nutrient cycling, photosynthesis, biodiversity); cultural services (cultural and entertainment, spiritual, religious and other intangible benefits). In Ukraine, there are 2417 wetlands with a total area of about 255 million hectares. Among them are 50 wetlands of international importance with a total area of about 734 thousand hectares, a significant proportion of which falls on the territory of the North-Western Black Sea region coastal zone. The aim of this study is to determine the state, vulnerabilities and climate change impact on the ecosystem services of the «Chilia Branch» wetlands. Research Methodology. To determine the periods of drought, the study used the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) from April to October 1980-2023. The SPEI index was calculated at a point located in the southern part of the Danube Biosphere Reserve. The assessment of the state of the vegetation cover was carried out on the basis of the analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) the period 2017-2023 at two sites (Ermakov Island and Limba Island). To analyze dynamics land cover in the wetland area, were used Sentinel-2 land use satellite imagery for the period 2017-2021. Results. Analysis of the SPEI index showed that during the study period there was a positive statistically significant linear trend towards an increase in dry conditions (0.26 / 10 years). In the period 1980-2023 during the growing season on the territory of the "Chilia Branch" wetland, there is a change in weather conditions towards arid, which poses a certain threat. At the same time, it should be noted that the unique hydrological complex of the Danube Delta has a mitigating effect of the atmospheric drought impact on the vegetation. Also, it should be noted that the threat to coastal wetlands is the anthropogenic transformation of coastal natural systems (urbanization processes, expansion of land for agricultural needs, pollution of soil and surface waters), which can lead to loss of habitats of living organisms and deterioration of ecosystem services.

Weather Condition Changes in the Middle Urals and the Impact of These Changes on the Yield of Spring Wheat

Weather Condition Changes in the Middle Urals and the Impact of These Changes on the Yield of Spring Wheat

Review of big-data and AI application in typhoon-related disaster risk early warning in Typhoon Committee region

ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee Members are directly or indirectly affected by typhoons every year. Members have accumulated rich experiences dealing with typhoons' negative impact and developed the technologies and measures on typhoon-related disaster risk forecasting and early warning in various ways to reduce the damage caused by typhoon. However, it is still facing many difficulties and challenges to accurately forecast the occurrence of typhoons and warning the potential impacts in an early stage due to the continuously changing weather conditions. With the development of information technology (IT) and computing science, and increasing accumulated hydro-meteorological data in recent decades, scientists, researchers and operationers keep trying to improve forecasting models based on the application of big data and artificial intelligent (AI) technology to promote the capacity of typhoon-related disaster risk forecasting and early warning. This paper reviewed the current status of application of big data and AI technology in the aspect of typhoon-related disaster risk forecasting and early warning, and discussed the challenges and limitations that must be addressed to effectively harness the power of big data and AI technology application in typhoon-related disaster risk reduction in the future.

Evaluation of economically valuable traits in millet cultivars bred by scientific research institutions of different geographical locations

In 2022, a study of economic traits was conducted on 16 varieties and lines of millet breeding from various research institutions (RI). The aim of the study was to investigate the productivity structure of millet varieties and lines of different ecological and geographical origins in the vegetation conditions of the Saratov region. To achieve this goal, research was conducted in experimental fields of the Federal Agricultural Research Center of South-East, where Saratov selection varieties and lines were grown, and their comparison was made with varieties of different geographical locations. Phenological and morphological measurements were carried out to assess adaptive properties. The results showed that Saratov selection varieties and lines demonstrate high adaptability to changing weather conditions in conditions of sharp continental climate in the agro-climatic region. They have high yield, economic coefficient, are resistant to smut pathogens and have high grain quality. The results of the study can be used in other research institutions to create new millet varieties combining yield, grain quality, and resistance to variation in hydrothermal conditions.

Phenological aspects of the development of sweet cherry varieties in the environmental conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The article presents the results of the study of the seasonal rhythm of the growth and development processes of sweet cherry varieties in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The beginning of culture development, passage and duration of the main phenophases are determined. There is slight varietal variability between the dates of the beginning and duration of vegetation in accordance with changes in weather conditions. As a result of the conducted observations, it was established that the beginning of vegetation of sweet cherry varieties takes place in the first decade of April. The beginning of flowering of cherry trees is noted in the first half of the third decade of April, the variation of cherry blossoming beginning over the years reaches 5–10 days, which is most typical for the example of the «Dar Mlieva» and «Drogan yellow» varieties. The onset of harvestable ripeness largely determines the variety's belonging to the ripeness group. The fruits of the «Mliivska yellow», «Dar Mlieva», and «Zoryana» varieties are the first to be harvested, and after 26 days, the fruits of the «Amazon» variety are harvested. According to the results of observations, sweet cherry varieties were conditionally divided into groups of ripeness: early ripening, in which the fruits ripen 44-48 days after flowering, medium ripening – fruits ripen 50–60 days after the end of flowering, late ripening – fruits ripen later than 60 days after flowering. Depending on the onset of the harvestable ripeness of the fruits and the duration of the fruiting phase, for timeliness and convenience of harvesting it became possible to create a kind of harvesting conveyor. The duration of the growing season was on average 186 days in the early-ripening group of sweet cherry varieties with the shortest period in the «Mliivska yellow» variety, 191 days for the medium-ripening group varieties with the longest period in the «Melitopolska krapchasta» variety and the shortest in the «Alyonushka» variety, in the lateripening varieties «Biruza» and «Amazon» varieties 196 and 200 days respectively. Key words: sweet cherry varieties, phenological phases, vegetation period, vegetative organs, duration of the growing season.

Stand density and productivity of sainfoin

Prolonged vegetation and changes in weather and climatic conditions according to seasons and vegetation periods result in the loss of sainfoin plants and a decrease in productivity of forage and seeds. The identification of new varieties with high adaptability to the agroclimatic conditions of a particular region of their cultivation, the study of patterns of changes in various economic traits according to a year of life will allow selecting more productive and adapted lines and forms of sainfoin plants. The purpose of current paper was to present the study of plant density of sainfoin varieties and new lines during 3 years of life according to their productivity. The study was carried out in the laboratory for breeding and seed production of perennial grasses of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center «Donskoy». The objects of study in the nursery for preliminary variety testing were 3 varieties and 6 lines of sandy sainfoin that were promising for feed and seed productivity. Conditions in the south of the Rostov region made it possible to obtain seedlings with a plant density of 309–313 pcs/m2 with a field seed germination rate of 75.2–80.2 %. In the second year of sowing, the plant stand density varied from 198 pcs/m2 to 251 pcs/m2. With such plant density there has been formed a dry mass yield of 6.41–7.17 t/ha. In the third year, the plant density compared to the previous year decreased significantly and varied from 109 pcs/m2 to 127 pcs/m2, while the dry mass yield was formed at 6.25–7.13 t/ha. The number of gen erative shoots in the studied varieties and lines varied over the years from 981 pcs/m2 to 1244 pcs/m2 in the second year, while the seed productivity of the best lines was 0.90–0.95 t/ha, and from 415 pcs/m2 to 525 pcs/m2 in the third year of life, while the best lines had a seed yield of 0.85–1.09 t/ha.

PSVIII-A-3 Activity Behavior and Growth Performance During Summer of Grazing Beef Heifers with Divergent Residual Feed Intake

Abstract Concerns about sustainability of beef production systems generate an interest in improved feed efficiency; however, there is a lack of research evaluating cattle activity budgets in response to the interaction between residual feed intake (RFI) and environment while grazing. Lying behavior and activity can provide insight into how animals interact with the environment and serve as an indicator of animal comfort. Furthermore, exposure to severe environmental factors can change behavioral patterns and impair animal performance. Therefore, this study evaluated activity budgets and performance in grazing beef heifers with divergent residual feed intake (RFI) during the summer season. From July to August 2022, forty-four crossbred beef heifers [358 ± 4.78 kg of body weight (BW); approximately 14 months of age] previously tested for RFI in drylot and classified as more (n = 21; LOW-RFI = -0.9 ± 0.70) or less feed efficient (n = 23; HIGH-RFI = 1.3 ± 1.00) were grazed at 2.72 AUM/ha over 7 wk in Alberta, Canada. IceRoboticTM pedometers (IceQube+) were used to track 24-hr heifer activity budgets [n = 43; total steps and lying and standing time (min/d and min/h) for 36 d]. Full BW was obtained on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 42, and 43 while fat scan on rib and rump were measured by ultrasound (Aloka 500 V diagnostic real-time) on d 0 and 42. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation information were collected within 1 km of the grazed area to calculate the Comprehensive Climate Index (CCI). Based on CCI, weather conditions were considered to impose risk to cause mild, moderate, severe, and extreme stress for 5, 18, 7, and 1 days, respectively. For BW, average daily gain (ADG), rump (RF) and rib fat (RiF), the data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, while behavior activity included repeated measures. An RFI x day interaction was observed for lying and standing times (P = 0.02) and total steps (P = 0.001). Greater number of steps (P < 0.01) and an increased standing time (P < 0.01) were observed in HIGH-RFI heifers. RFI × hour interaction was observed for lying and standing times (P = 0.006), where LOW-RFI heifers spent more time lying at 10:00 am (P < 0.01). Furthermore, LOW-RFI heifers had decreased number of steps per hour throughout the study (P = 0.03; 178 vs 191 ± 4.1). No effects were observed for ADG, BW, RF, and RiF (P > 0.24). In summary, selected activity behaviors differed between beef heifers with divergent residual feed intake while summer grazing. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of continuous changes in weather conditions to better understand the environmental impacts on animal behavior while selecting for more efficient beef cattle.