Changing Role Of Women Research Articles

Quantifying the Spatial Evolution of Bai People’s Courtyard Houses

Bai People’s courtyard houses in the rural parts of China’s Dali area are a particular type of Chinese courtyard house, adapted to local culture and conditions. These dwellings were constructed in vernacular tradition up until the 1980s but underwent significant changes in the following decades. The goal of this study is to examine the evolution of the spatial structure using quantitative data, and relate it to changes in the social culture of the inhabitants. Three vernacular and three contemporary cases in the village Gushengcun are compared. To enhance understanding and examine the idea of evolutionary change in architecture, the concept of a Spatial DNA is applied, building on a metaphor of the biological DNA. It uses Space Syntax techniques and links numerical values of integration and space type to functional information. Findings show that the integration of the courtyard and bedrooms is decreasing, and space types indicate a change from rings to sequences. In contrast, the kitchen space integration is increasing. These results reveal parallels to changes in the means of subsistence, social structure of the family and conceptions of privacy: Decreasing spatial centrality of the courtyard - once a key space in the processing of agricultural produce - coincides with a shift from work in the primary sector to secondary and tertiary industries. Modern conceptions of privacy and individualism replacing the family as a unit of privacy are related to the segregation of bedrooms. The change in the spatial location of the kitchen is interpreted in the context of abolished gender separation and the changing role of women. This study hence provides measurable evidence to the links between space and culture in an intertemporal comparison of dwelling types.

The double penalty: How female migrants manage family responsibilities in the Spanish dual labour market

Objective: This study examines the convergence of employment behaviour and work-life balance of foreign-born women with those of native-born Spanish women between 2014 and 2018.
 Background: The changing role of women in the labour market is a central development of the past century. However, the study of female labour market participation has focused on native women, typically with a college education.
 Method: We use the Spanish Labour Force Survey and its 2018 ad hoc module on the reconciliation of work and family life to compare the working behaviours of native and migrant women. We use a matching algorithm to construct a sample of native workers with comparable human capital and living arrangement characteristics.
 Results: The segmentation of the Spanish labour market leads to the concentration of female immigrants in specific occupational niches with precarious employment conditions, regardless of the length of their stay in the country. The country’s employment and care regime forces female migrants to deal with their care responsibilities differently than their native counterparts: i.e., migrants are more likely than natives to interrupt their employment to fulfil household duties, and are less likely to engage in part-time work and to outsource care provision to family and professional caregivers.
 Conclusion: Female immigrants are doubly penalised as both immigrants and mothers.

Gender Equality and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Labour Market, Family Relationships and Public Policy

During the recovery, investing in gender equality is essential: it will lead directly to higher GDP and indirectly to increase human capital and promote a sustainable society.Or Women as economic agents may themselves have an impact on policies: the changing role of women in families and societies and their greater representation in decision making positions contribute to focusing and redirecting the policy agenda toward items that ultimately reduce gender gaps.

The Rise of Feminine in ‘Patriarchal’ Mosques: An Inquiry into The Changing Role of Women in Mosque Architecture

Traditionally, there has been attribution of public spaces to males and private spaces of domesticity to females; moreover, mosques have been seen as ‘male’ spaces. Since the 90s, both Islamism and feminism have been on the rise, and public places and topics on women’s roles are reinterpreted. In contrast to the patriarchal character of Islam and political Islamism, Turkey, under the power of the Islamic party, witnessed an increase in women’s role in mosque architecture in the last 20 years. Mosque projects that consider and welcome women are designed, and women as mosque designers became visible. Unlike Islamist feminists’ debates around the world, in which the topic is on ‘women-only’, ‘gender-mixed’ and ‘women-focused/women-led mosques, in Turkey, the debate has been on sharing the same space of the two genders. This research will be an inquiry into the changing role of women and their relation to the production of mosque spaces, focusing on Turkey. It will look into women as the agents, designers of mosques and users of mosques. In this study, Ramazanoglu Mosque, designed by four female architects in Adana, is chosen as a case study. Space analysis is done in the case study, and circulation paths are examined based on gender. Field research, observations, architectural analyses, and literature review are done, and interviews are conducted with the architects. This research aims to contribute to feminist discourse by including Islamic women, trying to understand women’s claim and their work on the equal usage of the religious space.

Dilemmas in the Changing Role of Women in Advertisements in Terms of Gender: An Evaluation on Mothers and Women's Day Ads

Toplumsal cinsiyet, kadın ve erkeğin toplum tarafından belirlenen roller çerçevesinde davranması ve bu rolleri içselleştirmesini sağlayan ideolojik bir söylemdir. Kadın ve erkek özünde farklı kalıtsal cinsiyet özelliklerine sahiptir. Bu farklılıkların dışındaki her öğreti toplum tarafından inşa edilmektedir. Özellikle kadın açısından toplumda eşitsiz ve hegemonik bir söylem inşa edilmektedir. Medya, toplum ve kültürün kadın ve erkeğe biçtiği rollerin öğrenilmesi ve içselleştirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Özellikle kadınlar, farklı roller içinde tüketim kültürünün temel öğelerinden biri olarak reklamlarda sürekli kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, reklamların satış hedeflerine ulaşmak için kadınlara yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet açısından söylemlerindeki tutarsızlığı ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada GSM operatörlerinin 2019 yılında yayınladıkları Anneler ve Kadınlar Günü reklamları eleştirel söylem analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular, kadınların Anneler Günü reklamlarında fedakâr annelik söylemi ile birlikte hep kapalı bir alanda (ev gibi) gösterildiğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kadınlar Günü reklamlarında ise, bunun aksine kadınlara kendi sınırlarının dışına çıkmaları vurgulanmaktadır. Bu durum markanın mesajlarında bir çelişki göstermektedir. Markaların iletişim faaliyetlerindeki tutarlı mesajları tüketici açısından önemli unsurlardan biridir. Ancak incelenen reklamlarda ortaya çıkan bu çelişki markanın mesajlarındaki samimiyet açısından yeni sorunsallar yaratabilir. Bu nedenle markalar yeni mesajlarını oluştururken önceki söylemleriyle çelişkiye düşmemeye dikkat etmelidir.

The changing role of women in 21st century Hindi cinema

Cinema is one of the most powerful mediums of mass communication and entertainment. A combination of several arts like painting, dance, music, sculpture, puppetry, Cinema has the power to reach heterogeneous audience. Hindi cinema has been a mirror of society. Hindi cinema has reflected the socio-cultural patterns, trends, political upheavals surfacing the society. It is an agent of social change. A Woman is a very important segment of society. In fact, she forms the base of superstructure of society. One of the best ways to judge the spirit of a civilization, appreciate its strength, glory and recognize its weakness and limitations is to study the position and status of women in it. No doubt, the equality of status has been bestowed to her by the constitution but ensuring a woman’s autonomy and increased participation and decision making power in family and public life is still existential. It is very sad to admit that our Indian society is patriarchal to the very core. Here men are seen as breadwinners and the role of a woman is being confined to a good homemaker. She is rarely seen as individual. Despite empowerment notions and various reforms, heinous crimes against women are on the rise In earlier films, female experience was ignored and was given less importance. They were trapped in secondary roles and they handled with care the male ego but 21st century Hindi Films are showing various aspects in the representation of women and their multifarious role in society 21st Century Cinema is giving vent to the hidden motifs of feminine sensibilities, her quest for freedom, self-respect, dignity and her changing role in society through films like, Kya Kehna, English Vinglish, Dor, Mardaani, Thappad, Queen, Panga and many such movies. Their contribution is significant in making the society aware of women’s needs and aspirations.

Teaching the Twentieth-Century Irish Short Story in the Sixth-Form Classroom in Northern Ireland: A Literary-Critical Exploration

ABSTRACT This paper is predicated on an argument for presenting the Irish short story as a statutory recommendation within the A Level English syllabus in Northern Ireland (and also, perhaps, in syllabi set by Examination Boards in other parts of the United Kingdom). Employing a carefully considered literary-critical perspective, the paper offers a detailed evaluation of a representative selection of twentieth-century Irish short stories. The first part, sub-divided into two sections, provides, firstly, some observations about form in the Irish short story and, secondly, it offers some historical and social contexts which provide a backcloth to the evolution of the short story as the twentieth century progressed. The second part, in exploring a carefully selected range of stories, seeks to highlight both their thematic richness and their well-honed craftsmanship. Some of the themes which emerge, and which arguably have universal resonances, include the trauma of emigration, the changing role of women in a society beginning to loosen the shackles of patriarchy, and the inhumanity of war.

Off/On-Screen Representation Of Women in Kurdish Television Advertisements

The present study attempts to examine the ‘on/off screen portrayal’ of women in mass media in particular in Kurdish television advertisements. As gender representation, stereotyping and objectification of women in Kurdish television advertisements have received little attention in academic filed. This research focuses on the issues of mis/representation of women in Kurdish Media advertisements. It also implements feminism and postfeminism literature on contemporary Kurdish advertisements to see if they are applicable. Therefore, this research, critically explores the role of women in advertisement in Kurdistan region media to understand the impact of advertisement on the changing role of women in the society. We employ qualitative methodology of questionnaire to collect the data from ads ‘directors’. 6 Kurdish advertisements selected in accordance of three themes, 2 videos for each theme. And for the questionnaire 8 Kurdish advertisement directors. In this regard, the research implements more than one tool to achieve triangulation to enhance validity and reliability of this study

A century of the Journal of Comparative Psychology.

The Journal of Comparative Psychology, the oldest continuously published journal on animal behavior, has reached its centennial year. I examined each article published in the Journal over the past 100 years to document the changing roles of women and of international authors over the past century. The analysis also documented changes in the range of species and topics studied over the Journal's history. The Journal published the greatest number of articles in 1969, but as new journals appeared that focused on animal learning and behavioral neuroscience, the number of articles published decreased. In the past 35 years, since these other journals appeared, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of female authors and of authors working from outside North America. At the same time, the diversity of species and topics studied has increased. As a result, the Journal today is very different than it was 100 years ago. Comparative psychology appears to be thriving better in Europe and Asia than in North America, so maintaining a diversity of taxa studied and an international authorship and readership will be critical for the Journal's continued vitality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

From empowerment to disempowerment? The changing role of women in the colonial agricultural economy of Okunland, Kogi State, Nigeria

This study examines the changing role of women in the agricultural economy of Okunland occasioned by the transition from the pre-colonial arrangement to colonisation. Opinions are divided in the literature on the gendered processes in relation to colonial agricultural economy in most of Africa. The first thinking is that women lost power and economic autonomy as a result of discriminatory colonial policies. The second thinking suggests that the residual role of women in the agricultural economy was a product of choice rather than a deliberate colonial policy. The third maintains that women were economically active and productive but were unable to claim the proceeds of their labour. In Okunland, while women were prominently involved in the agricultural economy in the pre-colonial period, they appeared to be relegated to playing a residual role during the colonial period, leading to disempowerment. The data for this study were generated using the primary and secondary sources. While the primary sources involved the use of interviews, the secondary method involved the use of archival and documented materials. The data were analysed using thematic descriptive analysis. The study finds that the residual role played by women in the agricultural economy of colonial Okunland could be attributed to British colonial economic policies which generally favoured the men.

The Mothers of the Righteous Society: Lay Buddhist Women as Agents of the Sinhala Nationalist Imaginary

Discussions about the gendered experience of Buddhism, especially in the modern period, have often centered on the status of Buddhist women and the changing role of women’s authority and legitimacy vis-a-vis their male counterparts. Based on fieldwork conducted in Sri Lanka between 2009-2010, this essay explores some of the conceptual challenges that lay Buddhist women's participation within Buddhist nationalism in Sri Lanka pose to standard liberal conceptions of women's agency and power. Women’s religious giving and charity has played a pivotal role in efforts to sustain a postcolonial Sinhala Buddhist imaginary in Sri Lanka. They derive their power and agency in these nation-building efforts not feminist consciousness within the oppressive patriarchal nationalist project. Instead Sinhala middle-class lay Buddhist women enacted their own privileged place in Sri Lankan society by shoring up culturally prescribed notions of motherhood for the purpose of the elite nationalist aspirations to realize a “righteous society.”

The Portrayal of Gender Inequality in Selected Female Oriented Bollywood Movies

Men have been considered superior in most cultures since they have been the ones who bring home the bacon, whereas women have always been considered a subject to her father, husband or son, thus inferior. Cinema is not just a modern-day art; rather it is a modern-day mind; while watching a film, we are constantly watching ourselves. In the form of a mirror, Cinema has sharply reflected the Indian psyche and the changing roles of women from time to time. This paper deals with gender inequality and its influence on the patriarchal Indian society with a focus on some female-oriented Bollywood movies. It also tries to highlight how, even though the Indian Constitution emphasises gender equality, Indian Cinema has failed to provide decision making roles to women in Bollywood movies.

From Pawn to Knights: The Changing Role of Women’s Agency in Terrorism?

As terrorist groups became more technologically advanced with their media campaigns, the global audience began to see pictures of women in black burkas pledging allegiance to the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and posing with guns. Although there is a backlash against such change that we see reflected in the ideologies of violent extremism; the shifts in gender relations within these groups are significant to examine. Further, we face questions about the repatriation of ISIS women and children to their countries of origin – notably questions of agency and culpability within the mainstream media. This paper asks: to what extent have women’s roles changed within and across terrorist groups? Is there a move toward women’s empowerment, or is it a facade? Analyzing the three cases of Al-Qaeda (AQ), Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) does their advent represent a significant shift? The emergence of ISIS and Boko Haram’s explicitly gendered strategies of violence and recruitment within the highly patriarchal and misogynistic Salafi-jihadist culture, and PKK’s postconflict gender-equal political advances demonstrates that addressing women’s agency through a gendered analysis outside of the masculine domain is imperative. Scholars should challenge the idea that women have limited roles.

A systematic review of the indirect and social costs studies in fragility fractures.

Fragility fractures (FF) are the main clinical consequence of osteoporosis. FF lead to a loss in quality of life (QL), increased dependency and higher costs due to loss of productivity. Despite this, very few studies have been performed about the indirect or social costs of FF. The objective of this review was to systematically synthesize published evidence regarding indirect costs of FF. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical studies published as peer review papers between 1998 and 2019. A total of 295 papers were found about costs and osteoporosis. After an iterative process, only 16 papers fit the criteria of selection. Despite the important consequences for QL, only seven studies have included research of the issue and only one about dependency. Treatments are cost-effective, but adherence is low. Multiple fractures, older age and low socioeconomic profile imply higher costs. Most studies are performed using the human capital methodology. The main two variables are loss of productivity and absenteeism. Most of the people included in the samples are out of the active population. Those studies that include a follow-up period vary in a range between 3months and 2years. Depending on sample and methodology, the indirect costs (IC) are between 2 and 50%. The direct costs associated with FF generally far outweigh the IC. There is a lack of studies about the effects of treatments and adherence and about the dependency system. The changing role of women in coming generations will increase indirect costs.

The Socio-Cultural Context of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

This paper will give a historical account of breastfeeding and explain the socio-cultural context in which the shift from breastfeeding to bottle feeding occurred in the western industrialized nations in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Whereas in the nineteenth century most infants were breastfed by the middle of the twentieth century bottle-feeding had become the norm. The growth of artificial infant feeding was related to economic conditions as well as the socio- cultural changes within the burgeoning industrial societies. Aside from the rise of infant formula industry one of the major factors that affected the decline in breastfeeding rates was the shift of breastfeeding from a natural practice into an object of medicine and science. Other cultural factors including religious beliefs, feminism and the changing roles of women within society have affected women's infant feeding choices. Throughout these socio-historical developments breastfeeding was promoted as the best option for infant health. However, concern over breastfeeding rates was also a concern over women's proper mothering behavior and a desire to control women and their mothering practices.

A Thousand Thirsty Beaches: Smuggling Alcohol from Cuba to the South during Prohibition by Lisa Lindquist Dorr

Reviewed by: A Thousand Thirsty Beaches: Smuggling Alcohol from Cuba to the South during Prohibition by Lisa Lindquist Dorr Michael Lewis A Thousand Thirsty Beaches: Smuggling Alcohol from Cuba to the South during Prohibition. By Lisa Lindquist Dorr. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2018. 312 pp. $39.95. ISBN 978-1-4696-4327-4. Lisa Lindquist Dorr’s book offers readers familiar with the scholarly and popular literature on Prohibition something old and something new. The picture Dorr paints of vast networks supplying illegal alcohol to hordes of Americans who wished to drink despite the national dry law is one that has been told many times before. What sets Dorr’s book apart is its focus on the United States South, a region that is typically considered to be the bastion of Prohibition support. In considering the South explicitly, Dorr’s book offers three insights previously ignored by scholars. The first is an examination of United States policy towards Cuba which, Dorr points out, was the primary source of the South’s illegal liquor. Dorr’s thorough research, especially of the Records of the U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence Division, shows that the United States had no standing to interfere with trade partners beyond its shores. Despite ample evidence gathered by “Uncle Sam’s Booze Cops” in Cuba that ships loaded with alcohol were leaving Havana with cargo meant for Savannah, Miami, Mobile, or New Orleans, the United States was powerless since these ships could credibly claim their cargo was intended for Canada where the sale of alcohol was legal. To enforce its Prohibition law, the United States had to negotiate treaties that gave the Coast Guard the ability to stop vessels they reasonably believed would bring alcohol to the United States. Eventually these treaties proved flawed, as ships could create plausible reasons, such as distress due to inclement weather or mechanical failure, for docking in U.S. ports. Thus, Dorr writes, “Havana never entirely lost its reputation as a smuggling port … [and] in the face of American efforts, the liquor traffic was resilient indeed” (125). Dorr’s second contribution is to point out that, in addition to alcohol, smugglers to the U.S. South “bootlegged” people, creating an informal immigration network with its corresponding underground [End Page 184] economy. This was a response not to the prohibition of alcohol, but to immigration restrictions enacted at roughly the same time. Dorr notes that, in the popular imagination, alcohol abuse and immigrant communities were intertwined, from Germans seen as master manipulators of an invisible liquor trust to drunkards hailing from countries and cultures that did not share Americans’ respect for temperance. Of course, these views were inaccurate, but they had the result of more closely tying alcohol and immigration together once both became illegal. People seeking to migrate to the United States first journeyed to Cuba. Then, they attempted to enter the United States by various means: as stowaways on ferries or steamers, as fraudulent members of shipping crews, hidden underneath and alongside liquor on smugglers’ ships, or as part of human trafficking rings. Dorr’s story is all the more poignant and important given current events. Dorr ends her book with a pair of chapters that consider the impact of illegal booze finding its way through the “dry” South. In particular, Dorr focuses on two trends. Firstly, Dorr points out that liquor was deeply intertwined with the changing roles of women across the region. Much of this is generational, and Dorr mines university yearbooks and other paraphernalia to tease out how collegiate women availed themselves of this new possibility. The mix of drinking and dating is not all lighthearted either, as one can see in these yearbooks views of women that were invitations to sexual assault. The second trend Dorr explores is the increased tourism fueled almost exclusively by access to alcohol. Drinkers from other parts of the country, who presumably wished to keep their behavior secret, traveled to southern cities that had both easy access to liquor and little respect for the national dry law. Havana itself was also a destination, as there visitors could drink legally. Through tourism, Dorr argues, the South became more connected...

Introduction

Introduction

The science fiction horror: Alien, George R. R. Martin's Nightflyers and the surveillance of women

Abstract The subgenre of the science fiction horror has a lengthy history, one that is purported to begin with Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein (1818). In Shelley's novel, the body is a space in which a man enacts his ambitions. Significantly, the female voice that was so prominent in the novel disappears in later adaptations including Danny Boyle's National Theatre production examined here. In the science fiction horror film of the later twentieth century, the monstrosity appears famously in what is now a franchise. Ridley Scott directs Alien (1979), a renowned haunted ship mystery (territory of the horrific). When she is not defending herself from attacks, Ripley must contend with her objectification by Ash, the corporation's representative and by the rest of the crew. A new addition to the science fiction horror subgenre is Syfy channel's adaptation of George R. R. Martin's Nightflyers. Unbeknownst to the crew of the Nightflyer, the former captain of the ship, Cynthia, has had her consciousness transferred to the ship and she is watching everyone. Like Ripley, the Nightflyer's female characters – Agatha, Melantha and Cynthia – are subjected to others' fear of the unknown, namely the changing roles for women and how that will impact their societal construction. Here, I will examine the body on display. This essay is primarily interested in the female characters and whether or not they are empowered or violated by the act of looking or violated.

Communist daughters

Abstract This article explores communists’ attitudes towards gender roles and sexuality in Britain and the Netherlands during the Cold War (ca. 1948‐1970). It looks at the changing roles of women in the communist movement in the public sphere, as well as the changes in practices of gender relations in the communist home—that is, the private sphere. This article, which is based on interviews with Dutch and British individuals raised in communist families, argues that communist children who were taught progressive theories while simultaneously witnessing traditional practices in the home were spurred to feminist thinking and so joined the movement in its early stages. In light of these findings, this article makes the case for the inclusion of communists in the vanguard of feminism in Britain and the Netherlands.

Book Review: The changing role of women in higher education

Book Review: The changing role of women in higher education