Changes In Household Structure Research Articles

서울시 2인 가구의 주거실태와 공간적 입지 특성 연구 - GIS를 활용한 다변량 분석 -

The goal of this research is to explore quantitative and residential features and spatial patterns of two-person households to suggest policy implications for housing supply and development in Seoul. Major findings of this study are as follows. First, the number of two-person households has increased rapidly mainly due to the growth of the elderly and single-parent households. They are mainly composed of the elderly over 60s and the youth of 30s of householder age. They are less likely to have well-paying jobs, and thus more likely to suffer from poverty. They are also inclined to live in rental and small-sized residential units and spatial segregation between the youth and the elderly became serious. In addition, their residential area can be classified into four types: area adjacent to employment centers, hinterland of urban centers, affordable multi-family housing area and redeveloped apartment area. It is necessary to change the current housing policy directions to take changing population and household structure into consideration. Also, diversified housing strategies and programs should be prepared to consider various household types and their needs and demands. Place-based strategies for housing supply and development are needed in consideration of spatial patterns and locational attributes of two-person households. Attention needs to be paid to resolving the social issue of residential segregation between different generations.

Welfare Reform, Living Arrangements, and Economic Well-Being: A Synthesis of Literature

A primary objective of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) is reducing single mothers' dependence on the welfare system. This objective is sought not only through increased work, but also through changes in household structure — particularly encouraging healthy marriages and the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. Indeed, moving from a one-parent to a two-parent family may have positive implications for the economic well-being of families with children.This literature review focuses on the relationships between welfare reform, household structure, economic well-being, and resource sharing. In particular, we address two questions:Have changes in welfare policies in the 1990s affected household structure? What are the effects of household structure on economic well-being and intra-household resource sharing? Studies examining these research questions have used qualitative and quantitative (both nonexperimental and experimental) methods. The qualitative studies reviewed are based on in-depth interviews with relatively few respondents; the nonexperimental quantitative studies are, for the most part, carried out with large-scale nationally representative data sets; and the experimental quantitative studies use both state administrative and welfare client survey data, and are based on random assignment designs. The effects of welfare reform on living arrangements have been examined using nonexperimental quantitative and experimental quantitative methods, while studies of the effects of living arrangements on economic well-being and resource sharing have used qualitative and nonexperimental quantitative methods.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality in Germany, 1999/2000–2005/2006

We examine the factors behind rising income inequality in Europe's most populous economy. From 1999/2000 to 2005/2006, Germany experienced an unprecedented rise in net equivalized income inequality and poverty. At the same time, unemployment rose to record levels, part‐time and marginal part‐time work grew, and there was evidence for a widening distribution of labor incomes. Other factors that possibly contributed to the rise in income inequality were changes in the tax and transfer system, changes in the household structure (in particular the rising share of single parent households), and changes in other socio‐economic characteristics (e.g., age or education). We address the question of which factors were the main drivers of the observed inequality increase. Our results suggest that the largest part of the increase was due to increasing inequality in labor incomes, but that changes in employment outcomes and changes in the tax system also contributed considerable shares. By contrast, changes in household structures and household characteristics, as well as changes in the transfer system only seem to have played a minor role.

Changes in travel mode use after residential relocation: a contribution to mobility biographies

In recent years, a growing body of research has been emerging that focuses on changes in travel behaviour over an individual’s life course. It has been labelled the ‘mobility biographies approach’ and highlights changes in travelling induced by key events and experiences in an individual’s life course. In this context residential relocation plays an important role. This paper examines changes in travel mode use after residential relocations using structural equation modelling. It draws on retrospectively recorded empirical data collected in the region of Cologne. The findings show that relocations and associated changes in the built environment induce significant changes in car ownership and travel mode use and thus may be regarded as key events in an individual’s mobility biography. Changes in levels of satisfaction with attributes of the built environment have a significant impact in this context as well. The causal direction of the changes fulfils expectations: suburbanisation is followed by increases in car use and decreases in public transport use, bicycle use and walking. The opposite is true for relocations into the city. In addition, changes in household structure that tend to go along with relocation have significant effects. The findings provide further evidence for the built environment having a causal impact on mode use: modal changes temporally follow changes in the built environment and thus appear to be adjustments to the new spatial setting.

Land Property Rights and Resource Allocation

In this paper, we review the most significant empirical literature on the causal effects of land property rights. The literature indicates that secure property rights boost investment in both rural and urban areas. These effects, however, do not appear to be the result of improved credit conditions. In rural areas, clear land rights also lead to increases in productivity and farm earnings. In contrast, for urban areas, the evidence for an effect on earnings is mixed. We find little empirical evidence to suggest that land-titling programs enhance the development of land markets. Finally, some evidence suggests that land titling induces changes in household structure that foster human capital accumulation and may help to increase the incomes of future generations.

Towards Affordability: Maximising Use Value in Low-Income Housing

Much research into housing concentrates on the dwelling as a place of shelter for the household, as a unit to accommodate basic domestic activities or as an asset to secure and facilitate social reproduction. However, the dwelling is more than an enclosed private space; it involves a diversity of indoor and outdoor spaces that house a multitude of activities to fulfil latent functions and meanings. The scarcer the resources of the residents, the more critical it is to maximize the use-value of the home environment, and key ways to add value is for the dwelling to become a place to house income generating activities, a place to produce one's food or a place to accommodate changes in household structure over time. In such cases, public and private space use within the home range is intensified through multiple usage, often changing diurnally or seasonally to afford the occupants increased adaptability and maximum use value. Drawing upon empirical data from Egypt, Colombia and Indonesia, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to analyse the diverse manifestations of this phenomena and to identify lessons for designers and policy makers concerned with making housing more appropriate and affordable.

Sharing the Interior:

Economy is often neglected in the literature on housing, and the design of house interiors. Exploring emerging forms of interior environments, this paper examines the relationship between sharing practices and models of economic domestic interiors. It maintains that sharing can be seen as a sustainable desirable and economic practice because it reduces total housing cost (and total construction), provides opportunities for exchange through collective use of space, and increases overall quality of life by enhancing chances for social interaction. The paper then provides examples of shared housing drawn from the authors’ current research and practice with respect to conjoined hous- ing in New Zealand and Australia, and concludes by suggesting interior design strategies to better accommodate changing household structures and facilitate desirable sharing practices while achieving economies.

A Dynamic Analysis of Household Decision-Making in Urban Colombia, 1976-1998: Changes in Household Structure, Human Capital and its Returns, and Female Labor Force Participation

The objective of this paper is to examine the changes and dynamics of household structure, human capital and the returns to education, labor earnings, women’s labor force participation and investment in human capital. The approach used in the analysis is the so-called cohort technique, which consists of following across time men and women born in the same year or year spell. The main sources of information for this work are the quarterly Household Surveys beginning in 1976. With such information a database of more than 6 million observations (workers, parents, children, etc. ) was constructed. The research results show that the number of children of the younger parents has drastically decreased. This process has been accompanied by a significant increase in women’s labor force participation and higher women’s school attainment. The study also points out that the school attainment of the younger generation of women is higher than men’s and that the income gap between men and women of the new generation, after controlling for education, is lower than the gap in older generations. Finally, the study indicates that human capital accumulation has been very unequal for different income groups. The children of low educated parents achieve low levels of education both in old and new generations. Thus, escaping from the poverty trap is as difficult today as in the past, as education opportunities are concentrated in the middle and high-income groups.

Household and Individual Decision-Making Over the Life Cycle: A First Look at Evidence from Peruvian Cohorts

Peruvian society has achieved significant improvements in terms of lower fertility and mortality over the last forty years, which has brought down population growth rates to less than 1. 2% a year. These improvements have led, on average, to a demographic transition with lower dependency ratios. In general, this transition increases the ability of the society to take proper care of its non-working population groups, children and the elderly, which may be reflected in changes in household structure. We identify stylized facts about the implications of these changes at the micro level through the use of pseudo-panels from household-level data for Peru. We calculate age, cohort and year effects for variables related to household structure, educational attainment, labor force participation and savings. We find some evidence that suggests differences, by educational level, in the Peruvian demographic transition. Household size is smaller for the younger cohorts in all households but those with less educated heads. We argue that these different profiles are explained by the fact that reductions in fertility have not reached the less educated. On the one hand, these differences in household size patterns are similar to those in the number of children. On the other hand, cohort patterns in family living arrangements—i. e. , households with extended families—are similar across educational groups. However, family living arrangements change throughout the life cycle, in the sense that extended families are more common for households with very young (under 25) and elderly (over 60) heads. These changes in family arrangements over the life cycle add confusion to the meaning of headship, since in some cases the household reports as its head the older member and in other cases the main income earner. We also find that younger cohorts are more educated, are larger than older ones, and show lower returns to education. This is consistent with an increase in relative supply of educated workers that outpaces the increase in relative demand induced by economic growth, under the assumption of imperfect substitutability between equally educated workers of different cohorts. Finally, we show that intergenerational family arrangements over the life cycle limit the ability of the life cycle hypothesis (LCH) to explain household savings behavior. We find evidence that Peruvian households, especially the less educated, smooth consumption over the life cycle, not only through the typical saving-dissaving mechanism, but also by smoothing income. Net cash transfers, or living arrangements between parents and their offspring, play an important role in this income smoothing.

DOES SIZE MATTER? THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN GERMANY

Income inequality in Germany has been continually increasing during the past 20 years. One cause of this development, among others, could be structural shifts in household formation due to long‐term societal trends. These affect per capita incomes, which has repercussions for the income distribution even if wages remain constant. The aim of this paper is to quantify the proportion of changing household structures in the increase in inequality. We find that the growth of the income gap in Germany (for both East and West from 1991 to 2007) is indeed strongly related to changes in household structure and employment behavior, and a large part of this increase is compensated by the welfare state.

Household composition and the importance of experience attributes of nature based tourism activity products – A Norwegian case study of outdoor recreationists

This study examines the relationship between household composition and the consumption of nature based tourism products by analysing the results of a survey among members from two of Norway’s largest outdoor recreation NGOs. Survey respondents were categorised into five main household types, namely: nuclear family, single parent, couples without children, single, and adults living together. These five main household types were then further divided into 19 age-based subgroups. Four key experience attributes connected to nature based tourism activities were identified, namely: Risk/challenge, Facilitation, Learning and Family/children friendly. This study reveals differences between household types in terms of the importance of the experience attributes sought from nature based tourism activity products. The tourism sector needs to be aware of variations in the key experience attributes different household types seek and to adapt to the process of changes in household structures in post-industrialised societies.

Does Size Matter? The Impact of Changes in Household Structure on Income Distribution in Germany

In Germany, two observations can be made over the past 20 years: First, income inequality has been constantly increasing while, second, the average household size has been declining dramatically. The analysis of income distribution relies on equivalence-weighted incomes which take into account household size. Therefore, there is an obvious link between these two developments. The aim of the paper is to quantify how the trend towards smaller households has influenced the change in income distribution. In order to do so, we are using a decomposition of changes in inequality measures over time allowing for a separation between wage and demographic effects respectively. We propose similar decompositions for the change in poverty and richness as well and compare them with results that were obtained by a re-weighting procedure. Our results show that the income gap would also have increased without the demographic trend. But its level would be lower than it actually is. In addition, the demographic effect turns out to be larger for incomes before tax and benefits.

Does Size Matter? The Impact of Changes in Household Structure on Income Distribution in Germany

Does Size Matter? The Impact of Changes in Household Structure on Income Distribution in Germany

Does Size Matter? The Impact of Changes in Household Structure on Income Distribution in Germany

Does Size Matter? The Impact of Changes in Household Structure on Income Distribution in Germany

Women, income and poverty: Gendered access to resources in Post-Apartheid South Africa

abstract Far-reaching changes in the post-apartheid period in South Africa are likely to have affected gendered access to resources. In this Article, we use nationally representative household survey data to examine whether trends in the extent of income poverty over a recent ten-year period have been gendered. We find that females are more likely than males to live in poor households. Poverty rates have fallen from 1997 to 2006, and particularly following the expansion of the social grant system. However, the decline in poverty rates has been larger among males than among females. Higher levels of unemployment and lower earnings among women, as well as changes in household structure, help explain why the gender gap in poverty rates has widened over the period. We find also that female-headed households are far more vulnerable to income poverty than male-headed households and further, that the extent of poverty has fallen by more among households headed by men. However, we show that there are significant differences in poverty risks not only among female-headed households, but also among male-headed households, depending on the employment status of household members.

Household transitions in rural South Africa, 1996—2003

To investigate changes in household structure in rural South Africa over the period 1996-2003, a period marked by politico-structural change and an escalating HIV/AIDS epidemic. In particular, the authors examine whether there is dissolution of extended family living arrangements. Data from the Agincourt demographic surveillance system, in rural north-eastern South Africa, and the rural sub-samples of selected nationally representative data sets were used to compare changes in the cross-sectional distribution of household types. Surveillance system data were further analysed to estimate the transition probabilities between household types. The latent pressures for change within the Agincourt area were analysed by projecting the household transition probabilities forward and comparing the projected steady-state distributions to the current distributions. The national surveys show dramatic changes in the social structure in rural areas, particularly an increase in the importance of single person households. These trends are not confirmed in the surveillance system data. The national "changes" can possibly be ascribed to changes in sampling frames or household definitions. The transition probabilities within the Agincourt area show considerable changes between household types, despite a slower change in the aggregate distributions. The most important projected long-run changes are an increase in the proportion of three-generation linear households. "Simpler" household types such as single person households and nuclear households will become relatively less common. The structure of households is evolving under the pressure of social change and increased mortality due to HIV/AIDS. There is no evidence, however, that the social fabric is unravelling or that individuals are becoming increasingly isolated residentially.

Women’s Work and Breastfeeding Simultaneously Rise in Ghana

Breastfeeding increased in Ghana during 1988–98 despite women’s increased participation in the paid labor force. The modern health care sector seems to have been successfully promoting breastfeeding even over a period when other forces of modernization could have depressed breastfeeding. Full breastfeeding significantly increased in urban areas. Changes in household structure had more complex effects. Over time, fewer new mothers were living with another woman, and this depressed breastfeeding since coresident women support breastfeeding. However, women who worked in the paid labor force and who did not live with other women were particularly likely to bring their child during the workday, and expansion of employment relatively compatible with child rearing partly explains the simultaneous rise in women’s work and breastfeeding. Family nucleation nonetheless worked against extended breastfeeding in another way: wives who resided with their husbands became significantly more likely to wean over the course of the decade, perhaps because their husbands have reduced the number of outside partners in the wake of the AIDS epidemic.

Understanding New Zealand's Changing Income Distribution, 1983–1998: A Semi‐parametric Analysis

This paper analyses income distribution changes in New Zealand between 1983 and 1998. We use a semi‐parametric kernel density approach and a range of inequality summary measures to assess the distributional effects of changes in five sets of factors: household structure, National Superannuation (old age pension), socio‐demographic attributes, employment outcomes, and ‘economic returns’ to such attributes and employment outcomes. Changes in household structure and attributes are the main factors contributing to the rise in inequality. Employment changes and changing returns had a more modest impact. The results are qualitatively robust to a variety of equivalization, income, and weighting measures.

Votre ménage a-t-il changé de « boss » entre 1971 et 1981?

"The number of women head of the household has more than doubled in Canada between 1971 and 1981. This paper investigates to what extent this increase may be imputed to changes in household structure (for instance, the rise in the number of lone-parent families) and to what extent it may be due to the introduction, in 1981, of a new concept to identify the person who is 'head' of the household.... The existence of wide interprovincial disparities leads to the hypothesis that the change of concept may have had a different impact according to the characteristics of the household, and of the spouses." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Female‐Headed Families and Poverty in Rural America*

Abstract Employing data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 March supplements of the Current Population Surveys, this study examines changing household and family structure in metro and nonmetro areas and corresponding changes in poverty, emphasizing female‐headed families with children under age 18. We also pay particular attention to the structure and economic conditions of subfamilies with children during this period. Household and family structure in suburban metro and nonmetro areas were quite similar by 2000. In contrast, families and households in nonmetro and metro central city areas were similar in their high prevalence of poverty. Finally, the risk of female‐headed families and subfamilies with children living in poverty is highest for nonmetro residents, and their individual characteristics suppress rather than account for this disadvantage. This pattern persisted across the decades studied, despite economic growth during the 1990s.