Changes In Physical Characteristics Research Articles

Study on the Change of Physical Characteristics by Polarity and Additives of SiC DPF Binder for Diesel Engine Application

Study on the Change of Physical Characteristics by Polarity and Additives of SiC DPF Binder for Diesel Engine Application

The Effect of Simulated Field Storage Conditions on Dental Restorative Materials for Military Field Use.

Dental readiness, one critical component of medical readiness, is adversely impacted by dental emergencies. Many dental emergencies require restorative materials such as glass ionomers, resins, and zinc oxide eugenols to remedy them. The Authorized Dental Allowance List (ADAL) and Authorized Medical Allowance List (AMAL) contain the equipment and materials used by Navy dentists to treat Sailors and Marines. These supplies are subjected to harsh storage conditions on deployments. Much is known about how materials behave when stored at room temperature, but less is known about how their properties are affected after exposure to high temperatures and humidity. We subjected five dental restorative materials to storage in aggravated conditions, and then tested them to determine which products are more robust. Unopened packages of Fuji Triage, Fuji IX GP (both GC America Inc., Alsip, Illinois), TPH Spectra ST Low Viscosity, Intermediate Restorative Material (both Dentsply Sirona, York, Pennsylvania), and Herculite XRV (Kerr Corporation, Orange, California) were exposed to 0, 5, or 10days' storage at 30-60°C with 95% relative humidity. After storage in these aggravated conditions, we tested the compressive strength, hardness, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, sorption, and solubility of each material. The physical properties of all materials were affected by storage in aggravated conditions, though the properties of some materials degraded more than others. Both glass ionomers, Fuji Triage (P=0.0012) and Fuji IX GP (P=0.0031), and the composite Herculite XRV (P=0.0253) lost compressive strength after 5 or 10days in aggravated conditions. The hardness values for all materials were affected (P<0.05) by the aggravated conditions, though the elastic modulus of TPH Spectra was not affected (P>0.05). None of the materials lost flexural strength (P>0.05) or had changes in their flexural modulus (P>0.05). The water sorption behavior of Fuji Triage (P=0.0426) and Fuji IX GP (P=0.0201) changed after 10days of aggravated storage, and the solubility of all materials was altered by the harsh conditions. Some materials degrade more than others in aggravated conditions. Both resin composite materials were more resistant to high temperatures and humidity levels than the glass ionomers tested. These changes in physical characteristics should be considered when reviewing or optimizing the ADAL/AMAL for different projected operational environments.

The Effect of Temperature and Duration Roasting of the Physical Characteristics of Arabica Coffee

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and roasting time on changes in physical characteristics of arabica coffee beans. Rotary type mechanical coffee roaster equipment equipped with a digital temperature measuring device to measure the roasting temperature. The heat source used is from the gas stove with the inner surface temperature of the coffee bean roaster cinder being kept constant. Arabica dry coffee as much as 500 grams with 14 % moisture content is put into the roasting device which has been heated at the desired temperature. The roasting is done by repetition twice for each temperature which is 165 °C, 175 °C, 185 °C and 195 °C with variations in the average length of time ie 35 minutes, 29 minutes, 25 minutes and 23 minutes. The results showed that the temperature and roasting time had an effect on the physical characteristics of the coffee beans, especially the very real color changes and also the changes in the average moisture content of coffee beans were 1.82 %, 1.43 %, 1.12 % respectively. and 0.94 %. Keywords: Arabica coffee, temperature, roasting time, physical characteristics

Short-Term Safety and Tolerability of an Antimalarial Herbal Medicine, CoBaT-Y017 in Healthy Volunteers.

Background Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic disease in Benin and the main cause of morbidity and mortality. To fight this disease, a large proportion of the population resorts to herbal drugs. However, for most of these herbal preparations, no scientific evidence of their safety or efficacy has yet been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term safety and tolerability of CoBaT-Y017 and collect some data on its antimalarial efficacy. Material and Methods CoBaT-Y017 was formulated into syrup accommodated in 70 mL bottles. The trial involved a sample of 10 male volunteers, selected using the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) method and declared apparently healthy by a physician through clinical examination. During the baseline analysis, two cases of parasitaemia were detected. The volunteers were hospitalized for 5 days and orally given 35 mL of CoBaT-Y017 diluted in 1.5 L of mineral water, for four consecutive days. Safety and tolerability were monitored clinically, haematologically, biochemically, and parasitologically on days 0 to 5, 7, and 14. Adverse events were recorded by self-reporting or by a physician through clinical examinations and biological investigations. Results 60% of the volunteers experienced no adverse events; appetite increase (40%) and drowsiness (20%) were adverse events noted. There were no changes in physical characteristics or vital signs and haematological and biochemical parameters. The two initial positive cases of parasitaemia became negative 24 hours after administration. Conclusion CoBaT-Y017 presented a significant safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers to allow its further development by starting a phase II clinical study.

Artificial diets for neonatal black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

This study determined the optimal nursery diet for neonatal black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae. The standard specifications of a poultry layer hen (feed source often used for larvae rearing) was used for the formulation of the control diet (L120), whilst an iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diet was formulated that included animal protein (10% spray dried blood meal; L120B). Also, the carcass milling technique was used to determine the ideal amino acid profile of the animals. Two diets were subsequently formulated according to this profile i.e. a plant protein based diet (IAAP) and a diet containing 10% spray dried blood meal (IAAPB). Thirdly, the addition of sterols to the diets were tested with the addition of sterols in the form of pork brains (3%) to both the L120 and IAAP diets. Lastly, a commercial store bought layer mash was used as a second control diet. These seven treatments were replicated eight times in 100 ml pill pots, each pot being inoculated with 100 neonates. Results obtained showed that the inclusion of animal protein in the diet significantly increased survivability by 25% from 69.8±3.98 to 91.3±4.26% in layer mash diets which was similar to that of the other blood meal diets (92.0±3.98 and 93.9±3.98%, respectively). The treatments that included a sterol source yielded the lowest number of larvae. The change in physical characteristics of these diets probably resulted in the low yield rather than the sterolsper se and further research in this regard is recommended. In this study cheaper, more efficient feeds were developed for feeding BSF neonates using the ideal amino acid profile of the animals which resulted in the establishing of an initial matrix for the nutrient requirements of these animals.

Interrelation between Mechanical, Physical and Damage Parameters at Fracture of Steels

In the study, we investigated changes in physical parameters of non-destructive testing (coercive force, eddy current parameter, self-magnetic field intensity and acoustic emission parameters) and characteristic of real damage (S* - relative area of the damaged surface occupied by microcracks) at tension of steel specimens. It was established that the achievement of characteristic stresses – the yield strength and ultimate strength – affect the magnetic and acoustic parameters. The real damage estimation was carried out by studying the microcracks patterns at various stages of deformation of steel specimens. The increase in damage during the tension was characterized by a change in damage parameter S*. Correlation of real damage with change in physical characteristics of nondestructive testing was established.

Changes in Physical Characteristics of Bamboo in Response to Its Degradation in Water and Soil Environments

Changes in Physical Characteristics of Bamboo in Response to Its Degradation in Water and Soil Environments

Diversidade de presas e predadores (Insecta) em mesohabitats de córregos de Cerrado

ABSTRACT Tropical streams feature high variety of habitats and environmental gradients, which reflect on the greater richness of aquatic insects. In this way, we evaluate if the diversity of aquatic insects of prey and predator categories is influenced by the type of substrates or by longitudinal portions in Cerrado streams. Our hypothesis is that prey and predator diversity will be determined by the type of substrate, assuming that the substrate serves as a source for foraging and / or refuge. In addition, the folhiço substrate will present greater abundance and richness due to the availability of shelter and food provided by this type of substrate. There will be differences in prey and predator composition among substrates, since some species have associations with the substrate type. The portions of the stream will have no effect on the diversity of prey and predator, since in streams of up to third order does not present considerable changes in physical characteristics. The study was carried out in nascent (1st order), intermediate (2nd) and estuary (3rd), in two streams, during dry and rainy periods. Five subsamples of sand, gravel, rocks or boulders were collected, backwaters, rapids and roots (substrate). The substrate influenced all prey and predator responses (abundance, richness and composition), but the environment (longitudinal portions) did not influence the abundance and predator composition. The influence of substrates on the diversity of prey and predators evidences the importance of riparian vegetation as a source of allochthonous material in bedside streams.

The effect of using dental and oral health book on the knowledge and skills of parents with Down Syndrome children

Introduction: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder experienced by individuals due to an excess of one chromosome in the body cells as the 21st chromosome. This trisomy 21 will result in changes in physical characteristics thus affecting the dental and oral health problems of the patient. This study was a quasi-experimental study aimed to determine the effect of using the dental and oral health book on the knowledge and skills of parents with Down Syndrome children in carrying out the children’s dental and oral health care. Methods: The study design was one group pre-post test with an intervention in the form of reading a book. The sample was 36 parents of Down Syndrome children who were members of the POTADS (Persatuan Orang Tua Anak dengan Down Syndrome/Association of Parents with Down Syndrome Children) in Bandung. The statistical test used was the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Result: The results showed that parents' knowledge of their Down Syndrome children’s dental and oral health care and conditions were increased after reading educational books (from (4.44 ± 1.362) and (7.47 ± 2,274) respectively, into (6.69 ± 0.856) and (9.00 ± 1,394) respectively; p &lt; 0.05). The skills of parents on performing Down Syndrome children’s dental and oral health care were also increased, from (5.00 ± 2.014) into (8.03 ± 1.134); p &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: The book of Down Syndrome children’s dental and oral health increased parental knowledge regarding the dental and oral health care and condition of Down Syndrome children. The book also improved the parental skills in carrying out the Down Syndrome children’s dental and oral health care.Keywords: Parental skills, book, parental knowledge, Down Syndrome, Trisomy 21.

Skin Penetration and Stability Enhancement of Celastrus paniculatus Seed Oil by 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Cosmeceutical Applications.

This study aimed to encapsulate Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (CPSO) in 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) cavities and investigate their biological activity, physicochemical stability, and skin penetration by vertical Franz diffusion cells of the CPSO-HPβCD inclusion complex formulations. For biological activity studies-including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging, metal ion chelating, and inhibition of lipid and tyrosinase inhibition activities-the CPSO-HPβCD inclusion complex exhibited lower inhibition activity than free CPSO. CPSO-HPβCD dispersion, serum, and gel formulations were prepared. All formulations containing the CPSO-HPβCD inclusion complex showed no significant changes in physical characteristics after three months' storage. The percentages of oleic acid remaining in all formulations were over 80% of the initial amount during a three-month stability study. For the skin-penetration study, compared to other formulations, the CPSO-HPβCD serum formulation exhibited the highest cumulative amount of oleic acid in the whole skin and flux through receptor fluid, after six hours, of 32.75 ± 1.25 µg/cm² and 1.02 ± 0.15 µg/cm²/h, respectively. The CPSO-HPβCD serum formulation also showed the proper viscosity. Hence, the CPSO-HPβCD inclusion complex will be beneficial for the further development of cosmeceutical products.

Pb removal in pervious concrete filter: Effects of accelerated carbonation and hydraulic retention time

In this study, the effects of accelerated carbonation and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the lead (Pb) removal in pervious concrete filter (PCF) were investigated. The Pb containing solution of 8 mg/L concentration was constantly passed for 60 min through three PCF monoliths that were arranged in series with progressively decreasing water heads. This three-tier filtration experiment was conducted on PCFs, which were tested right after initial curing as well as after an accelerated carbonation exposure. Cumulatively, the Pb removal in 7-day cured and carbonated PCFs were found to be 97.2% and 99.1%, and thus it showed that the CO2 uptake by PCF marginally improved the Pb fixation, and further these results strongly recommend the HRT consideration in concrete filter design for real-field applications. Moreover, the leachability test results suggests that the change in physical characteristics of treated water from carbonated PCF was found lesser than 7-day cured PCF regardless of the inlet solution pH. The Ca ions removed from both PCFs post-treatment were found well below drinking water acceptable limits. The cost of both PCFs were estimated, which appeared inexpensive unlike treatment units that are currently in practice. On the whole, this study effectively demonstrated the potential of 7-day cured and carbonated PCFs for cost-effective Pb removal.

DARK Side of Amphetamine and Analogues: Pharmacology, Syndromic Manifestation, and Management of Amphetamine Addiction

The threat imposed by the use of psychoactive, illicit drugs on human health and the cost of rehabilitation of the affected individuals is nothing less than billions of dollars per year. Of the psychoactive substance abuse drugs are amphetamine and its analogues like methamphetamine. This Viewpoint intends to draw the attention of readers toward the neurological basis of "falling a prey" to methamphetamine. Attention has been paid toward a rapid desensitizing attribute that develops shortly after the repetitive use of drugs belonging to sympathomimetic agents of this group. Also summarized are the changes in physical characteristics and behavioral changes that could herald the loved ones around the methamphetamine abuser to seek the help of healthcare professionals before permanent and irreversible neurological damage ensues. A brief pharmacology of methamphetamine also precedes the management of these patients, for which no standard procedures exist at present.

Periodic Variations of an Autowave Structure in Two-dimensional System of Parabolic Equations

The work is aimed to study front solutions of a nonlinear system of parabolic equations in a two-dimensional region. The system can be considered as a mathematical model describing an abrupt change in physical characteristics of spatially heterogeneous media. We consider a system with small parameters raised to the different powers at a differential operator, that represents the difference of typical processes speeds for the system components. The study of the system is conducted by using the contrast structures theory methods, which allowed us to obtain conditions for the existence of front solutions contained in the neighborhood of a closed curve, to determine the front velocity depending on time and coordinate along the front curve, and to obtain the zero-order and the first-order terms of the asymptotic approximation to the solution. The scope of the system includes the description of autowave solutions in the field of ecology, biophysics, combustion physics and chemical kinetics. The approximate solution allows us to choose the model parameters so that the result corresponds to the processes observed, to explain and describe the characteristics of the solutions with sharp gradients, to create models with stable solutions and thereby to simplify the numerical analysis. Note that the numerical experiment for the two-dimensional spatial models requires a considerable amount of processing power and the use of parallel computing techniques and does not allow to effectively analyze and modify the model. In this paper, we obtain the asymptotic approximation that is to be justified, which can be done by the method of differential inequalities.

Variations in important aerobic fitness parameters and physical characteristics during two consecutive preseason periods in adolescent soccer players

PurposeThis study examined the variations in selected aerobic fitness parameters, namely maximum oxygen consumption (VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max), running velocity at VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max (vVO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max), running velocity at ventilatory threshold (vAnT) and 1-minute post-exercise heart rate recovery (%HRrec) as well as height, body mass and percentage of body fat (%BF) in high-level adolescent soccer players. The relationship between %BF and VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max values was also analyzed.Methods25 athletes (mean age: 14.5 ± 1.3 years) were measured at the second week of the preseason period (1st period) and at the same corresponding week after a 12-month period (2nd period).ResultsVO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max, vVO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max and vAnT increased significantly by 6.6, 6.5 and 3.27%, respectively, from the 1st to 2nd period (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ≤ 0.01 - 0.05; effect size (ES) = -0.35 - 0.66). In contrast, %HRrec remained relatively unchanged (-0.5%) during the same period (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05; effect size (ES) = 0.01). %BF showed a negative trend, but no significant correlation with VO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;max was found during the same period (r = -0.331; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05). Significant variations were found for height and body mass (2.64 and 11.17%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ≤ 0.01; effect size (ES) = -0.56 and -0.72, respectively), but not for %BF (1.34%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05; effect size (ES) = -0.27).ConclusionsThis data can provide useful information regarding physiological aerobic adaptations and changes in physical characteristics as a result of a year of soccer training, including growth and maturations processes, during the specific periods tested.

Determination of Quality Characteristic of Biscuits Including Ground Yellow Poppy Seed as Fat Replacer

In this study, fat was replaced by ground yellow poppy seed in biscuit formulation for producing low fat biscuit and the changes in physical characteristics, color values and total phenolic content of biscuits with fat replacement were investigated. Fat replacement caused an increase in weight and spread ratio of biscuits, indicating improved quality. Lower L* values, higher a* and b* values were obtained for biscuits including ground yellow poppy seed. Total phenolic content of biscuits increased gradually as ground yellow poppy seed level in biscuits increased.

Single phase microreactor for the continuous, high-temperature synthesis of

The reproducibility of key nanomaterial features is essential in nanomedicine applications where small changes of physical characteristics often lead to a very different behavior. In this regard, continuous microreactors are often advocated as a means to achieve highly precise synthesis of nanomaterials. However, when the synthesis must take place at high temperatures the use of these devices becomes restricted in terms of materials and practical problems (e.g. plugging of microchannels). Here we present the continuous synthesis of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) through a polyol-based process at high temperatures (>200 °C). The microfluidic reactor designed allows SPION production at residence times under 1 min, was able to work continuously for 8 h without channel blockage and reached high production yields by coupling microreactors using stacked plates. The effect of operating conditions was optimized to produce homogeneous particles with a narrow particle size distribution. In summary, the microreactor developed in this work enables easy-to scale up, reproducible continuous production of SPIONs.

10.36: Advanced numerical analysis of steel, concrete and composite structures under fire conditions

ABSTRACTHigh temperature in common fire causes changes in physical characteristics and mechanical strength of the materials used in the structures. In both steel and concrete, such characteristics deteriorate during the exposure to fire, and the structure load capacity and stiffness are reduced significantly with the increasing temperature. This work is on advanced analysis context of structures under fire, and it aims to develop a computational system for analysis of steel, concrete and composite structures in fire situation, based on the finite element method. The use of advanced analysis as a methodology of analysis/design of structures has various advantages. Among these advantages, there is the capture of strength limit and stability of a structural system and its members directly, without the need for separate verification of each member capacity. This provides a more realistic analysis and determine adequately the performance of a structure in a real fire. To achieve the objective, the CS‐ASA (Computational System for Advanced Structural Analysis) is used and expanded to advanced analysis of structures in fire situation, taking advantage of existing features and adding new ones. Two new modules were created: CS‐ASA/FA (Fire Analysis) and CS‐ASA/FSA (Fire Structural Analysis). The first aims to determine the temperature field in the cross section of the structural elements by FE thermal analysis in permanent and transient regimes. The second was created to perform the inelastic second‐order analysis of structures under fire considering the refined plastic hinge method coupled to strain compatibility method. The adopted numerical methodology is described and, for a more comprehensive validation of the implemented modules, various structural systems under fire are analyzed.

Evaporation and boiling crisis of droplets alcohol solution

Evaporation and boiling crisis of droplets ethanol aqueous solution were studied experimentally. The evaporation intensity depends on the nucleate boiling, solution diffusion, a change in physical characteristics with time and droplet interfacial surface area. At nucleate boiling in a droplet, most evaporation relates to a growth in the droplet surface area and only 20 % relates to the diffusion effect and a variation in the thermophysical coefficients. At boiling crisis, experimental dependence for vapor layer height on overheating was observed. At Leidenfrost temperature, the height of the vapor layer was many times higher than the surface microroughness value of the wall. There are oscillates of liquid-vapor interface, and this increases the transitional temperature range associated with a boiling crisis of droplets.

Influence of surface active substances on the intensification of extraction when changing hydrodynamic indices of the technology of organopreparations

An influence of surface-active substances (SAS) on the change of physical characteristics of extractants of the group of organic preparations (chonsorid, heparin, and ronidase) was studied. Authors established rational concentrations of SAS in extractants, at which the minimum of coefficient of surface tension and the decrease in coefficient of dynamic viscosity are reached. For the solution of extractant of chonsurid – SAS butanol in the concentration of 0,05–0,06 % by weight, of heparin – butanol in the concentration of 0,5–0,6 % by weight, of ronidase – butanol in the concentration of 0,45–0,6 % by weight. Mean values of a near–surface laminar layer were established with the help of theoretical calculations, namely: for heparin – 1 mm, for chonsurid – 3 mm, for ronidase – 1 mm. Kinetics of extracting demonstrated an increase in the amount of the mass of extract when using extractants with SAS: for chonsurid – by 1,4 times, for heparin – by 1,7 times, for ronidase – by 1,9 times. Mathematical calculations proved a change in the similarity numbers under the influence of the surfactants, the Archimedean, Euler and Reynolds numbers were calculated and their values were compared. The Archimedean number changes its value for the extractants of chonsurid from 1028 to 10028, for those of heparin – from 3463 to 5910, for those of ronidase – from 990 to 6236. The value of the Reynolds number changes with the use of industrial extractants and the proposed extractants with the addition of SAS for chonsurid – from 18,6 to 91,6, for heparin – from 34,8 to 265, for ronidase – from 17,5 to 65,1. The Euler number with the use of industrial extractants for chonsurid is 170, for heparin – 92,2, for ronidase – 69,9, and when using the proposed extractants with the addition of SAS, it is: 37,5; 11,3; 12, respectively. Authors assessed hydrodynamic situation on the border of the contact “solid body – liquid” using the ratio of forces of surface tension to inertial forces on the basis of dimensionless set – surface number. Surface number changes its value when using industrial extractants and the proposed extractants with the addition of SAS for chonsurid from 2295 to 2164, for heparin from 530 to 346, for ronidase from 4641 to 197. The expediency of applying surface number was proved.

Analytical Techniques for Analyzing Thermally Degraded Monoethylene Glycol with Methyl Diethanolamine and Film Formation Corrosion Inhibitor

Gas hydrate formation and corrosion within gas pipelines are two major flow assurance problems. Various chemical inhibitors are used to overcome these problems, such as monoethylene glycol (MEG) for gas hydrate control and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and film formation corrosion inhibitor (FFCI) for corrosion control. As an economical solution, MEG is regenerated due to the large volume required in the field. MEG regeneration involves thermal exposure by traditional distillation to purify the MEG. During this process, MEG is subjected to thermal exposure and so might be degraded. This study focuses on evaluating six analytical techniques for analyzing the degradation level of various MEG solutions consisting of MDEA and FFCI that were thermally exposed to 135 °C, 165 °C, 185 °C, and 200 °C. The analytical techniques evaluated are pH measurement, electrical conductivity, change in physical characteristics, ion chromatography (IC), high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS), and gas hydrate inhibition performance (using 20 wt % MEG solutions with methane gas at pressure from 50 to 300 bar). Most of the analytical techniques showed good capability, while electrical conductivity showed a poor result for solution without MDEA and IC showed poor results for solution exposed to 135 and 165 °C. The primary aim of this paper is thus to provide the industry with a realistic evaluation of various analytical techniques for the evaluation of degraded MEG solutions and to draw attention to the impact of degraded MEG on gas hydrate and corrosion inhibition as a result of the lack of quality control.