Changes In Climatic Parameters Research Articles

The Influence of Weather and Climate Variability on Groundwater Quality in Zanzibar

Climate change and variability have been inducing a broad spectrum of impacts on the environment and natural resources including groundwater resources. The study aimed at assessing the influence of weather, climate variability, and changes on the quality of groundwater resources in Zanzibar. The study used the climate datasets including rainfall (RF), Maximum and Minimum Temperature (Tmax and Tmin), the records acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) Zanzibar office for 30 (1989-2019) and 10 (2010-2019) years periods. Also, the Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) monthly records of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Ground Water Temperature (GWT) were used. Interpolation techniques were used for controlling outliers and missing datasets. Indeed, correlation, trend, and time series analyses were used to show the relationship between climate and water quality parameters. However, simple statistical analyses including mean, percentage changes, and contributions to the annual and seasonal mean were calculated. Moreover, t and paired t-tests were used to show the significant changes in the mean of the variables for two defined periods of 2011-2015 and 2016-2020 at p ≤ 0.05. Results revealed that seasonal variability of groundwater quality from March to May (MAM) has shown a significant change in trends ranging from 0.1 to 2.8 mm/L/yr, 0.1 to 2.8 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.0℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, respectively. The changes in climate parameters were 0.1 to 2.4 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.3℃/yr and 0.1 to 2.5℃/yr in RF, Tmax, and Tmin, respectively. From October to December (OND) changes in groundwater parameters ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 mm/L/yr 0.1 to 2.9 μS/cm/yr, and 0.1 to 2.1℃/yr for TDS, EC, and GWT, whereas RF, Tmax, and Tmin changed from 0.3 to 1.8 mm/yr, 0.2 to 1.9℃/yr and 0.2 to 2.0℃/yr, respectively. Moreover, the study has shown strong correlations between climate and water quality parameters in MAM and OND. Besides, the paired correlation has shown significant changes in all parameters except the rainfall. Conclusively, the study has shown a strong influence of climate variability on the quality of groundwater in Zanzibar, and calls for more studies to extrapolate these results throughout Tanzania.

The Influence of Landcover and Climate Change on the Hydrology of the Minjiang River Watershed

Changes in the climate and landcover are the two most important factors that influence terrestrial hydrological systems. Today, watershed-scale hydrological models are widely used to estimate the individual impacts of changes in the climate and landcover on watershed hydrology. The Minjiang river watershed is an ecologically and economically important, humid, subtropical watershed, located in south-eastern China. Several studies are available on the impacts of recent climate change on the watershed; however, no efforts have been made to separate the individual contributions of climate and landcover changes. This study is an attempt to separate the individual impacts of recent (1989–2018) climate and landcover changes on some of the important hydrological components of the watershed, and highlight the most influential changes in climate parameters and landcover classes. A calibrated soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) was employed for the study. The outcomes revealed that, during the study period, water yield decreased by 6.76%, while evapotranspiration, surface runoff and sediment yield increased by 1.08%, 24.11% and 33.85% respectively. The relative contribution of climate change to landcover change for the decrease in the water yield was 95%, while its contribution to the increases in evapotranspiration, surface runoff and sediment yield was 56%, 77% and 51%, respectively. The changes in climate parameters that were most likely responsible for changes in ET were increasing solar radiation and temperature and decreasing wind speed, those for changes in the water yield were decreasing autumn precipitation and increasing solar radiation and temperature, those for the increase in surface runoff were increasing summer and one-day maximum precipitation, while those for the increasing sediment yield were increasing winter and one-day maximum precipitation. Similarly, an increase in the croplands at the expense of needle-leaved forests was the landcover change that was most likely responsible for a decrease in the water yield and an increase in ET and sediment yield, while an increase in the amount of urban land at the expense of broadleaved forests and wetlands was the landcover change that was most likely responsible for increasing surface runoff. The findings of the study can provide support for improving management and protection of the watershed in the context of landcover and climate change.

The result of the comparative use of OCO-2 information to find the relationship between changes in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and air temperature in the Argentine Islands and Ukraine.

The results of comparative analysis of data of data of changes CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere over the polar regions adjacent to the "Akademik Vernadsky" station (the size of the study area 1.5° × 1.5°, or approximately 166 km by 75 km) were obtained satellite Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) and air temperature according to ground meteorological observations at the "Akademik Vernadsky" station for 2014-2020. From obtained graph, we can see that the air temperature and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere over the study area tend to increase slowly. In addition, the analysis of the above results showed that in this way it is possible to determine the integrated trends in the impact of greenhouse gas content in the atmosphere on air temperature. A comparative analysis of data of data of changes CO2 concentrations according to OCO-2 between regions where there is a direct anthropogenic impact (Ukraine) and the region where anthropogenic impact is minimized (areas adjacent to the "Akademik Vernadsky" station) for 2014-2020. It was found that CO2 concentrations over areas with direct anthropogenic impact are growing much faster than over areas where there is no such impact at all. However, we see that CO2 concentrations tend to increase in both cases. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that conducting a comprehensive, simultaneous and consistent with satellite observations measurements of various series of variables, will provide an opportunity to optimize information of changes in climatic parameters (air temperature) in the polar regions.

Sensitivity analysis of CROPGRO- cotton model to intra-seasonal climatic variability in middle Gujarat

The CROPGRO-Cotton model was first calibrated and validated with the six years (2011-12 to 2016-17) of experimental data collected at Regional Research Station, A.A.U., Anand for two cultivars of cotton (DCH 32 and G. Cot. Hy. 102) to study the effect of intra-seasonal climatic variability on seed cotton yield. The model sensitivity analysis was carried out by incremental change in climatic parameters (maximum and minimum temperature from -30 to +30C) and rainfall (-25% to +25%). Results revealed that elevated temperature had negative effect on seed cotton yield and reduced temperature had positive effect on seed cotton yield. The varieties DCH 32 was slightly less affected by the temperature variation than G. Cot. Hy. 102. Temperature variation during October to December was found to have maximum effect on cotton crop. The effect of minimum temperature on seed cotton yield was more than that observed with maximum temperature.Cotton crop was affected more by variation in rainfall during September in comparison to that of July and August.

Climate change and the activities of botanical gardens

Problems and prospects of botanical gardens in a changing climate are discussed in the article. An increase in the average annual surface air temperature, changes in seasonal indicators and the length of the growing season require action from botanical gardens. Decisions on the management of natural and man-made ecosystems, with the aim of their conservation and sustainable development, must be taken taking into account the ecological situation. The knowledge and experience concentrated in botanical gardens makes it possible to assess the threats and opportunities for climate change and develop adaptation measures to them. All activities of botanical gardens should be aimed at counteracting climate change, include preventive measures based on the expected plant responses and compensatory measures. Research work in all areas should take into account the situation with changing climatic parameters. Special attention should be paid to endemic rare and endangered species, historical landscapes, and changes in the assortment of resistant species, cultivation technologies, and biological invasions. Botanical gardens must be proactive by providing information, plant materials and technologies for national and global climate change adaptation programs.

Bulk Processing of Multi-Temporal Modis Data, Statistical Analyses and Machine Learning Algorithms to Understand Climate Variables in the Indian Himalayan Region.

Studies relating to trends of vegetation, snowfall and temperature in the north-western Himalayan region of India are generally focused on specific areas. Therefore, a proper understanding of regional changes in climate parameters over large time periods is generally absent, which increases the complexity of making appropriate conclusions related to climate change-induced effects in the Himalayan region. This study provides a broad overview of changes in patterns of vegetation, snow covers and temperature in Uttarakhand state of India through bulk processing of remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, meteorological records and simulated global climate data. Additionally, regression using machine learning algorithms such as Support Vectors and Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) network is carried out to check the possibility of predicting these environmental variables. Results from 17 years of data show an increasing trend of snow-covered areas during pre-monsoon and decreasing vegetation covers during monsoon since 2001. Solar radiation and cloud cover largely control the lapse rate variations. Mean MODIS-derived land surface temperature (LST) observations are in close agreement with global climate data. Future studies focused on climate trends and environmental parameters in Uttarakhand could fairly rely upon the remotely sensed measurements and simulated climate data for the region.

The effects of climate change scenarios on Tilia ssp. in Turkey.

Global climate change will cause significant changes in climate parameters, especially temperature increases and changes in precipitation regimes worldwide. Since the life of living things is directly related to climate parameters, this process will inevitably affect all living things. The plants will be the most affected living things from this process because they do not have an effective movement and migration mechanism. Therefore, global climate change will cause significant species and population losses in plants. To minimize the potential loss of species and populations, it is necessary to predetermine the potential changes in species' distribution areas and take necessary actions. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the distribution areas of three Tilia species (Tilia tomentosa, Tilia cordata, and Tilia platyphyllos), which have economic, ecologic, and social value and show the local distribution in Turkey and to determine how they will be affected by global climate change. Within this scope, nineteen bioclimatic variables, Emberger climate classification, aspect, and topographic altitude variable were used in the modeling process. By modeling the scenarios SSP 245 and SSP 585, the projections were made for 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 regarding the areas suitable for the growth of these species and how these areas will change compared to their current situation. The results suggest that the distribution areas of all threeTiliaspecies will change due to climate change, and the area of loss will be 43.5 km2 (4%) forT. tomentosa, 9953.6 km2 (15%) forT. platyphyllos, and 448.0 km2 (19%) forT. cordata. Moreover, a more important point here is that increases and decreases will be observed in their distribution areas, and these changes will occur in a short process and at significant levels. In this case, the migration mechanism that these species will require must be provided by humans.

Projected changes in temperature and rainfall during 21st century simulated by CSIRO-Mk-3-6-0 model under RCP based scenarios in Punjab

A study was conducted to assess the projected changes in climatic parameters during 21st century in Punjab state. The CSIRO-Mk 3-6-0 model simulated data was downscaled from the website http://gismap.ciat.cgiar.org/MarkSimGCM/ for seven locations under four RCP scenarios. The two future periods, i.e., mid-century (MC: 2020-2049) and end-century (EC: 2066-2095) were assessed on annual and seasonal (kharif and rabi) basis. During mid-century the annual, kharif and rabi seasons maximum temperature is projected to increase from baseline period between 0 to 1.5 °C, 0.3 to 1.5 °C and 0 to 1.6 °C, respectively; minimum temperature to increase from baseline period between 1.1 to 3.1 °C, 0.1 to 4.8 °C and 0.3 to 1.8 °C, respectively but the rainfall to decrease from baseline period between 33 to 554 mm, 20 to 443 mm and 20 to 110 mm, respectively. During the end-century the annual, kharif and rabi seasons maximum temperature is projected to increase from baseline period between 0.8 to 4.4°C, 0.8 to 4.3 °C and 0.6 to 4.9 °C, respectively; minimum temperature to increase from baseline period between 0.4 to 6.6 °C, 0.5 to 6.3 °C and 0.0 to 5.5 °C, respectively but the rainfall to decrease from baseline period between 3 to 610 mm, 14 to 506 mm and 17 to 107 mm, respectively. Rainfall was projected to increase at Abohar (11-41 mm) while it may decline at Amritsar (49-128 mm), Ballowal Saunkhri (501-554 mm), Ludhiana (131-152 mm), Patiala (148-187), Bathinda (49-82 mm) and Faridkot (33-67 mm).

Assessing of impact climate parameters on the gap between hydropower supply and electricity demand by RCPs scenarios and optimized ANN by the improved Pathfinder (IPF) algorithm

This study evaluates the effect of climate change on electricity generation, electricity demand, and GHG emissions. For this purpose, using climate scenarios RCPs changes of climatic parameters are predicted. Due to the high importance of energy demand in the management of energy generation resources innovation research is related to forecasting electricity demand. The novelty is the use of an Artificial Neural Network optimized to predict the energy demand. To optimize the ANN method, the Improved Pathfinder algorithm has been used. The use of the optimization method in the ANN method provides a model with more precision and fewer errors for the prediction of energy demand. The results showed that due to the weather changes, hydropower generation for the near future under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 increases by about 2.765 MW, 1.892 MW, and 1.219 MW and for the far future increases by about 3.430 MW, 2.475 MW, and 1.827 MW. The electricity demand forecasting by The ANN-IPF model for the near and far future will increase compared to the base period of 391.9 MW and 716.65 MW, respectively. Therefore, the gap between the demand the power supply will increase. Using other resources, the difference between demand and power supply will decrease.

Organic matter temporal dynamics in the river ecosystem basin using remote sensing

Environmental research addresses ecosystems of various hierarchical levels. One of the ecosystem types is the river basin. The basin approach has been applied in the research. We consider the river basin as a single ecosystem of complex landscape structure. The research objective was to assess the biological processes in various landscapes within a holistic natural geosystem – a catchment area. The Klyazma River Basin (a part of the Volga River of 40 thousand km2 area) was the research object. It is a complex combination of different landscapes, each marked by a diverse composition of geomorphological and soil-vegetation structures. According to the geomorphological structure and soil and vegetation cover, four landscape provinces and eight key sites have been identified in the studied catchment area where the ecosystem parameter have been measured. The study is based on remote sensing data and the Trends. Earth Land Degradation Monitoring. The calculation of productivity indicators (GPP, NPP) in carbon units and the land use structure analysis are based on Modis data. The soil organic carbon pool was determined by the UN FAO’s data, based on Trends. Earth and QGIS 2.18. The two-factor variance analysis ANOVA has been used for the data statistic processing. The cartographic analysis of the land use structure dynamics of the entire Klyazma Basin resulted in revealing the areas where various land transitions from one category to another have been identified. They are basically associated with the agricultural land overgrowth. The forest area increased by 9% during the period from 2001 to 2017. Considerable increase in the waterlogged, wetlands areas was observed in the eastern part of the Basin, in the Volga-Klyazma Province. The landscapes react differently to changes in climatic parameters and land use. Thus, the active revegetation of farmland by forests gives the increased rate of carbon accumulation in the soil. Landscapes covered with grasses and shrubs are more productive those covered with forest. On the other hand, woody biotopes are more stable in their development over time. Statistical analysis using the two-factor variation analysis ANOVA method resulted in demonstrating that phytoproductivity dynamics of the key sites does not depend on their productivity parameters nor on the site landscape structure, but is mainly determined by a time factor. In different landscapes the biological processes, characterising the organic matter dynamics in the form of plant production, organic matter accumulation and others are shown to differ both in rate and intensity and ambiguously respond to changes in climate parameters and land use. The river basin, as a single ecosystem, showed sufficient stability of the dynamic processes. This suggests that holistic natural ecosystems, such as catchment areas, have internal compensatory mechanisms that maintain the development stability for a long time, while unplanned land use remains the main damaging factor.

MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF A BOLTED CONDUCTIVE JOINT UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHANGING MODE PARAMETERS

The reliability of the transmission and distribution of electricity in ports, ships and energy enterprises depends on the condition of the bolted conductive joints. Operational practice shows that 2 % of cases of emergency shutdowns of technological lines and fires on electrical equipment occur due to the weakening of bolted conductive joints. The main reasons for the bolted joint weakening are dynamic changes in operating current loads and changes in climatic parameters. It is possible to increase the reliability of bolted conductive joints using modern diagnostic methods that allow identifying the appearance of bolted joint weakening. The existing methods for diagnosing the state of bolted joints, which are based on monitoring the temperature of the bolted joint, are analysed. It has been established that the use of such methods to identify the initial moment of the joint weakening is impractical, since they react to the emergency state of the bolted joint, that is, to the critical temperature value. To identify the initial moment of the bolted joint weakening, it is proposed to simultaneously monitor the values of the load current and the parameters of the ambient air, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of detecting pre-emergency situations. To diagnose the initial moment of the bolted joint weakening, it is proposed to use the estimated Boolean functions. Arguments of Boolean variables are obtained for a stationary and continuous process of changing current and ambient temperatures, a stationary and deterministic process as well as a random and deterministic process. The minimized Boolean functions are given for the normal operation of the bolted joint, when the initial moment of weakening appears and when the emergency mode occurs.

Assessment of organic matter temporal dynamics in the klyazma basin using remote sensing and qgis trends.earth

The article addresses the dynamics of biological processes in various landscapes within a holistic natural geosystem—a catchment area. The Klyazma river (the fourth order tributary to the Volga) was selected as the object of study. The natural complex of the Klyazma river basin is a combination of different landscapes, each marked by a diverse composition of geomorphological and soil-vegetation structures. The study is based on remote sensing data and the Trends.Earth Land Degradation Monitoring Project (Land Cover Dataset, European Space Agency 2015, 300 m spatial resolution) implemented using the open-source Quantum GIS 2.18. Four landscape provinces and eight site were identified in the studied catchment area according to the geomorphological structure and the soil and vegetation cover. The ecosystem parameters Gross Primary Productivity, Net Primary Productivity, and Ecosystem Respiration were measured in the identified sites. In different landscapes the biological processes, characterizing the organic matter dynamics in the form of plant production and organic matter accumulation, differ in both rate and intensity, and variously respond to the changes in climate parameters and land use. The river basin, as a holistic ecosystem, showed sufficient stability of the dynamic processes. This suggests that holistic natural ecosystems, such as catchment areas, have internal compensatory mechanisms that maintain the development stability over long period of time, while irrational land use remains the main damaging factor.

Modelling rice yield from biochar-inorganic fertilizer amended fields

Rice yield is vulnerable to climatic changes. High concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 is noted to increase yield by improving upon nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of plants. Temperature variations also affect plant growth and eventually crop yield as it has an effect on respiration and photosynthesis. Soil fertility is an important parameter affecting the production of most crops and rice is not an exception. The cost as well as the environmental consequences of using inorganic fertilizers makes it necessary to use other soil amendments such as biochar. Field experiments are often time consuming and involves a lot of drudgery. This research was therefore conducted to model the quantities of biochar-inorganic fertilizer combinations that give optimum yields of rice and assess the effect of changes in climatic parameters on the yield of rice. CERES-Rice model was used to simulate the yield of rice using different combinations of biochar-inorganic fertilizer as soil amendments. Effects of changes in climatic parameters on the yield of rice were also simulated. The yield of rice from the simulations were sensitive to the soil amendments especially the biochar. Treatments with no biochar had relatively low rice yields compared with those with biochar. The average simulated yields were 1.5 t/ha, 5.6 t/ha and 5.5 t/ha for treatments with 0 t/ha, 20 t/ha and 30 t/ha of biochar respectively. Increasing or decreasing rainfall resulted in reduction in the yield of rice. Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations generally led to an increase in the simulated yields of rice. On the other hand, decreasing the carbon dioxide concentrations resulted in decreased simulated rice yields. It was observed that increasing temperature resulted in a reduction in rice yield for the various treatments. The reduction in the yield of rice ranged from 7.64% to 34 .67%. • Biochar-inorganic fertilizer improve upon simulated rice yield. • Increase in temperature results in a decrease in simulated rice yield. • Increase in carbon dioxide results in an increase in simulated rice yield. • An increase in solar radiation results in an increase in rice yield.

Acute cold stress: a potential threat to Royle's pika (Ochotona roylii) survival at Central Himalayas of Nepal

Climate change and its threat to human life and biodiversity are under discussion as the major issue of this century. In this study, pika (Ochotona roylii) was taken as a model animal to study the effect of changing climatic parameters in the Central Himalayas of Nepal. The study was carried out for three consecutive years (2011−2013) in the Kyanjing Valley situated at 3900 m asl, Langtang National Park, Nepal. The study focused on the population density of pika, its lowest elevation distribution, and temperature patterns of the pika-burrows and their immediate surroundings. An iButtons Temperature Recorder was installed inside a pika-burrow for acquiring burrow temperature while the ambient temperature data were obtained from the nearby metrological station. The population density of pika decreased compared to those based on the previous studies. Over the last 25 years, there was a significant increase in the minimum temperature (R2 =0.77) that decreased the snow cover which might have reduced the insulation effect and colder winter to animals living inside the burrow. The temperature inside the burrow was recorded below −5°C for nearly 50% time during January alone and 25% time during total winter days. The environment with a temperature below −5°C could be a threat to the survival of pikas suffering from acute cold stress. Neither there was any record of heat stress (above 25°C) recorded nor there was an increasing trend of the ambient maximum temperature within the LNP during the study period. The lowest elevation of the pika's habitat was found to have shifted 200 m upwards over the last 46 years, indicating that the animals had either migrated upwards or facing extinction locally at lower elevations. However, this short-term study is not sufficient to reflect the effects of climate change on the population of pika in the Central Himalayas. Therefore, a long-term study is required to explore the relation between pikas and their vulnerability to the changing climate

Apparent Periodic and Long‐Term Changes in AAIW and UCDW Properties at Fixed Depths in the Southwest Pacific, With Indications of a Regime Shift in the 1930s

AbstractMetal/calcium ratios in two long‐lived deep‐sea gorgonian corals (Lepidisis and Corallium spp.) in the Southwest Pacific evidence periodic decadal variability at depths that correspond to Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and shallow Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, and a shift in the mid‐1930s to late‐1930s in mean ambient temperatures, barium/silicate concentrations and possibly pH, the rate at which these properties change over time, and the relationship between temperatures at fixed depth and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). The decadal periodicity, which is evident in other biological indices in the study area, can be accounted for by water mass heave on the order of 100–150 m, which is consistent with observed scales of variability in the AAIW. The proximate and ultimate causes of the midcentury shifts are unclear, but could be related to suggested mid‐20th century changes in climate parameters globally and, more specifically, in the subpolar SW Pacific.

ЗМІНИ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЇХ ВПЛИВ НА ВИБІР АРХІТЕКТУРНО-ПЛАНУВАЛЬНИХ РІШЕНЬ

The article provides an analysis of changes in climatic parameters and their relationship with the choice of architectural planning and building solutions with the aim of increasing intended to increase the energy efficiency. The analysis is carried out for four cities of Ukraine. From among many various climatic parameters, we have chosen for comparison the average monthly values of outdoor air temperature and humidity during the period 2010 to 2020 and similar parameters given in DSTU-N B V.1.1-27:2010 Construction climatology. The conducted assessment of changes in the parameters reveals a significant increase in the average monthly and annual temperatures. This increase will lead leads to a significant increase in energy consumption for cooling of premises and, as a result, the overloading of the engineering systems and decrease of the energy efficiency. To prevent these, it is necessary to increase the heat resistance of external fencing structures and to provide sun-protection elements for light openings; increase the number and area of green areas in the construction area, and consider the possibility of designing green roofs and facades. In addition, the analysis of the data obtained shows that the relative humidity decreases during the summer months, while slightly increases during the winter months.

Assessing the Risks from Changing Climate in South Texas Region

The yearly dose of havoc unleashed from the overwhelming forces of changing climatic parameters on coastal communities does not differentiate among boundaries when inflicting damages of any kind. For that, in the last several years, climate risks continue to plague the southern portion of Texas. Give its location, the South Texas’ region, and adjourning areas along the Gulf of Mexico as a hub for speculative capital and natural resource extraction face exposures from the menace of tropical storms of immense scales. The ferocious pressures from heavy storms in these settings are such that, they often leave in their wake indelible footprint on the surrounding ecology. This comes with extreme impacts on both the natural and built-up environments particularly around big cities holding vital infrastructure crucial in economic development and productive capacity of petroleum and natural resource assets of South Texas. While the situation is further compounded by the region’s propensity to natural disasters and the fragile coastal ecosystem close to enormous network of large-scale energy infrastructure made up of oil and gas fields, refineries, and pipelines. The presence of petrochemical complexes, thriving natural resource base, transportation corridors, burgeoning urban centers, and neighborhoods often at the receiving end of recurrent climate hazards over time, increases the inherent risks, due to environmental, physical, and socio-economic and policy factors located within the larger regional ecosystem. Yet, current studies in climate change have done very little in assessing the situation in south Texas region with the latest advances in geospatial information technology under a mix scale orientation. Considering these voids in research, this paper assesses changing climate impacts in the South Texas region using secondary data analyzed with descriptive statistics and (GIS) Geographic Information System under a mix scale method. With emphasis on the issues, trends, impacts, factors, and mitigation measures. The results revealed widespread occurrence of climatic hazards in the study area with visible impacts in the form of heavy floods from storms leading to environmental damages. This involves also risks to petroleum amenities and displacement of citizens and the loss of properties. The GIS mapping of the trends pinpointed clusters of heavy presence of stressors and degraded amenities dispersed across space over time with linkages to socio-economic, physical, and ecological elements. To remedy the situation, the paper proffered numerous solutions ranging from the adoption of effective policy, growth management, monitoring, the design of a regional climate information systems and education of the public.

Analyzing NPP Response of Different Rangeland Types to Climatic Parameters over Mongolia

Global warming threatens ecosystem functions, biodiversity, and rangeland productivity in Mongolia. The study analyzes the spatial and temporal distributions of the Net Primary Production (NPP) and its response to climatic parameters. The study also highlights how various land cover types respond to climatic fluctuations from 2003 to 2018. The Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model was used to simulate the rangeland NPP of the last 16 years. Satellite remote sensing data products were mainly used as input for the model, where ground-based and MODIS NPP were used to validate the model result. The results indicated that the BEPS model was moderately effective (R2 = 0.59, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 13.22 g C m−2) to estimate NPP for Mongolian rangelands (e.g., grassland and sparse vegetation). The validation results also showed good agreement between the BEPS and MODIS estimates for all vegetation types, including forest, shrubland, and wetland (R2 = 0.65). The annual total NPP of Mongolia showed a slight increment with an annual increase of 0.0007 Pg (0.68 g C per meter square) from 2003 to 2018 (p = 0.82) due to the changes in climatic parameters and land cover change. Likewise, high increments per unit area found in forest NPP, while decreased NPP trend was observed in the shrubland. In conclusion, among the three climatic parameters, temperature was the factor with the largest influence on NPP variations (r = 0.917) followed precipitation (r = 0.825), and net radiation (r = 0.787). Forest and wetland NPP had a low response to precipitation, while inter-annual NPP variation shows grassland, shrubland, and sparse vegetation were highly sensitive rangeland types to climate fluctuations.

Evaluating watershed hydrological responses to climate changes at Hangar Watershed, Ethiopia

AbstractThe aim of this study is to model the responses of Hangar Watershed hydrology to future climate changes under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. Future changes in precipitation and temperature were produced using the output of dynamically downscaled data of a regional climate model (RCM) 0.44° resolution under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for 2025–2055 and 2056–2086. The future projection of the RCM model of precipitation and temperatures showed an increasing trend relative to the base period (1987–2017). At 2025–2055 average annual precipitation increments of +15.7 and +19.8% were expected for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. For 2056–2086 of RCP 4.5 and 8.5, a similar trend was also shown as average annual precipitation may increase by +20.1 and +23.4%, respectively. The changes of climate parameters were used as input into the SWAT hydrological model to simulate the future runoff at Hangar Watershed. The increment in precipitation projection resulted in a positive magnitude impact on average runoff flow. The average annual change in runoff at 2025–2055 of both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 may increase by +24.5 and +23.6%, respectively. In 2056–2086, a change in average annual runoff of +73.2 and +73.2% for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 may be expected, respectively.

A Resource Conservation Technology for Adapting Argroecosystems to the New Natural Conditions of a Warming Climate in South-Eastern Kazakhstan

This article presents the results of research aimed at developing a resource conservation technology for the adaptation of the soybean agroecosystem to the new natural conditions of a warming climate. In particular, measures to combat drought have been studied: The efficiency of soil-protecting technology (Mini-till) and minimization of anthropogenic impact on soil, the effective use of soil moisture and its impact on soybean productivity. Given: -The estimation of changes in climatic parameters on the average annual air temperature by months of the 12-year duration, - the impact of changing climatic parameters (aridity, dry winds, drought risk) on the ecological situation of the agroecosystem and the development of ways of adaptation of soybean cultivation to the changing climatic conditions of South-Eastern Kazakhstan. During the study of this problem, experimental research was carried out according to generally accepted classical methods: Experiment and observation. The analysis of multifactorial field experience was accompanied by numerous observations, surveys and laboratory analyses. Obtained experimental materials were processed using statistical methods. The warming of the climate is a remarkable phenomenon as the value of average annual air temperature indicates a slight global change, where the anomaly of average annual temperature (reaches a maximum of 8.8 to 11.7°С, which exceeds the long-term value (7.7°С)) shows the global warming of the climate in conditions of cultivation of the valuable leguminous crop, soybean. Based on the received results, the ecological (preservation and restoration of soil resources) and economic efficiency of agroecosystem of soil-protective methods of soy cultivation technology depending on the influence of emerging climatic conditions for 2015-2018 was determined. The improvement of ecological conditions of soybean agrophytocenosis was revealed, as it depends on the use of soil-protective practices that mitigate the risk of drought in years with high temperatures. It provides optimal crop growth and development with an increase in soybean productivity of up to 23.8%.