Changes In Width Research Articles

Wind and river effects on a coastal current in Chatham Sound, British Columbia

Chatham Sound is an ecologically and economically important semi-enclosed basin in the northeast Pacific which has received only limited oceanographic attention. Here we investigate the surface circulation in the southern Sound by analyzing hourly current fields obtained from a high-frequency (HF) radar array, installed there in 2017 and still in operation, as well as other hydrographic and mooring measurements that allow us to characterize subsurface features at several specific locations during 2018 and 2019, and satellite imagery processed to obtain a measure of suspended particulate matter at high spatial resolution. We find that the surface circulation is dominated by the plume of the Skeena River, which flows into the southeast corner of the Sound. On average, this plume forms a northward flowing coastal current in the eastern half of the Sound, and is turbid during the freshet. The plume width changes only marginally even though the Skeena’s flow changes seasonally by a factor of about 7. However, the depth of the plume and its salinity is dramatically different during the early summer freshet compared to values in winter. Fastest plume currents appear near the offshore edges of the plume, even though the plume depth is greatest near the coast. We show that these features are consistent with those predicted from an analytical 1-1/2 layer buoyant coastal current model. Winds can accelerate or retard the coastal current; when strong enough the flow is arrested and turbid plume water fills the southern Sound.

Investigating diverse photogrammetric techniques in the hazard assessment of historical sites of the Museum of the Coal Basin Area in Będzin, Poland

Abstract Assessing the condition of historical sites at risk requires an interdisciplinary approach based on combining multiple measurement technologies. Due to the dynamic development of technology, non-invasive remote sensing methods are gaining significant importance. Among these techniques is photogrammetry based on images taken from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and those taken with a smartphone. In the study, the authors specified the possibilities and limitations of using remote photogrammetric methods to build accurate digital models of the walls of historic buildings with cracks in them. Point clouds, TIN grids, and façade orthophotos were examined. Statistical analysis was used to determine the repeatability of the data. Two parameters were identified that affect the accuracy of the data: the first – the direction of the segment between two points in the façade plane, and the second – the distance of the segment between two points in the plane of the façade. The study showed that the average accuracy of crack width measurements on the data acquired with the DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise RTK is 1 mm. Testing of crack width measurements using a Samsung Galaxy S20 FE smartphone showed an average absolute error of 0.24 mm. Based on the results, it was concluded that the imagesacquired using mobile devices can be used to determine changes in crack widths on walls.

Cyanoacrylate versus Collagen Membrane as a Sealing for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study involved a randomized clinical trial that included 140 patients. Alveolar ridge preservation was performed with xenografts. Sealing in the control group consisted of a collagen membrane versus cyanoacrylate in the test group. The dental implants were placed immediately after extraction. The variables were evaluated at 3, 12, and 18 months of follow-up. Pearson's chi-squared test was used for qualitative variables and the Student t-test for related samples was used for quantitative variables. The change in buccolingual alveolar bone width was significantly greater in the CMX group than in the CX group after three months (p < 0.005). However, significance was not reached at the other follow-up timepoints (p > 0.005). CAL showed significantly greater values in the CMX group than in the CX group (p < 0.005), and MBL proved greater in the CMX group than in the CX group, with p < 0.001. Five membrane exposures were recorded in the CMX group. Cyanoacrylate as a sealing method for alveolar ridge preservation seems to afford better clinical and radiological results than collagen membrane.

Eutrophication weakens the positive biodiversity–productivity relationship of benthic diatoms in plateau lakes

Context Freshwater primary productivity is threatened by the decline in biodiversity associated with nutrient enrichment, but there is still uncertainty about how the biodiversity and productivity relationship (BPR) varies with the trophic states. Aims We aimed to examine the variation of benthic diatom BPRs in three plateau lakes with different trophic states and their underlying driving mechanisms. Methods We examined the relationship between diatom taxonomic and functional diversity, niche width, and niche overlap with productivity. Key results The taxonomic and functional diversity, niche width and productivity of benthic diatoms were highest in the mesotrophic lake. The benthic diatom BPRs were linear and positive, with the slope of BPRs being the lowest in eutrophic lake. Motile, non-attached and small-sized diatoms were dominant in eutrophic lake. Nutrient concentrations indirectly affected primary productivity by influencing algal community structure, niche width and biodiversity change. Conclusions Diatom productivity and diversity showed a positive relationship, but nutrient enrichment weakened this relationship. By combining taxonomic and functional diversity indices, supplemented by niche analysis, we can further understand the variation of diatom productivity. Implications The results provide a basis for predicting the changes in BPRs of benthic diatoms in the littoral zone with different trophic states.

Vertically Stacked Broadband GNIF‐MoS2/p‐Ge Photodetector for Dark Current Suppression, High Photoresponse, and Ultrafast Transient Response

AbstractThe proposed model structure, featuring a gold (Au) nano‐island film (GNIF) integrated with a vertically stacked van der Waals heterojunction and offering an elegant platform for high‐performance, efficient, and sensitive photodetection across a broad spectral range, is designated as GNIF‐MoS₂/p‐Ge(MoS2 = Molybdenum disulfide, p‐Ge = p type germanium). The GNIF is fabricated via ultrathin film deposition, based on the surface dewetting properties of MoS2. The as‐fabricated photodetector (PD), offering ≈20 times reduction in dark current and characterized by wavelength‐dependent high responsivity (R(λ)), photoconductive gain (G(λ)), and detectivity (D(λ)), respond to a broad spectral range from visible light (400 nm) to short wave infrared (SWIR) (1600 nm). The ultrahigh transient response (τr) is found to be ≈2.5 and 16 µs for the 470 (visible light) and 1550 (SWIR) nm wavelengths, respectively, resulting in 3‐dB bandwidths of up to ≈48 kHz, which is considered high for such devices. To understand the inherent mechanisms of broadband detection and the high photoresponse and ultrafast transient response of PDs, a meticulous investigation is conducted on the wavelength‐dependent behaviors, depletion width changes, and material properties. The results provide valuable insights and a basis for the construction of suitable PDs based on nanometer‐thin metal films, 2D semiconductors, and a 3D hybrid structure.

Geometric tunability of interlaminar resistance

The inherent weakness and variability in the interlaminar properties of composites and associated delamination pose significant challenges, compromising the performance of composite structures. This study investigates a strategy to tailor the apparent interlaminar resistance by altering the geometry of the interface to control crack propagation. We have developed analytical models, which propose a formulation that links the geometry, i.e. the interface width change rate and shape factor of the crack growth plane, with the reaction force–displacement curve. The results obtained, a family of power law relations followed during interlaminar crack growth, indicate that the analytical formulation is valid for all geometries tested, including those with significant width change rates; however, it may not always be easy to use or interpret. An approximated solution, constrained to slowly varying geometries, is also proposed. The limits of using this model are presented and discussed. The final validation of the models is performed using numerical and experimental approaches, considering the delamination of carbon fiber laminates. This work offers new insights into the design of composites and the fracture process in general, featuring unique shapes and improved crack resistance. It also addresses practical issues, e.g., related to composite repairs, which can enhance the performance and longevity of composite structures. Specifically, the proposed formulations can be easily adopted to obtain optimized patch geometries.

Changes in mandibular width and frontal-lower facial profile after orthognathic surgery using sagittal split ramus osteotomy with removal of internal bone interference in patients with class III skeletal malocclusion

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to analyze changes in mandibular width and frontal view ramus inclination using cone beam CT in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion who underwent BSSRO, with the removal of bone interference between segments. MethodsFor all 20 subjects, cone-beam CT imaging was performed prior to surgery (T1), immediately post-surgery (T2), and 6 months after surgery (T3). Reorientation was performed using R2GATE software (MegaGen, Seoul, Korea). The gonion and antegonial notch were used as reference points in the sagittal view, and the most lateral point of the condyle head was used as the reference point in the frontal view. All measurements were recorded in the frontal view.ResultsInter-gonial width decreased by 2.64 mm at T3-T2 (P < .001) and by 2.58 mm at T3-T1 (P < .05). Inter-antegonial width decreased by 1.75 mm at T3-T2 (P < .05) and by 3.5 mm at T3-T1 (P < .001). In the frontal view, the right ramus inclination based on the gonion increased by 2.07° at T3-T1 (P < .05). The left ramus inclination based on gonion increased by 2.45° at T2-T1 (P < .05) and by 3.94° at T3-T1 (P < .001). The right ramus inclination based on antegonial notch increased by 2.35° at T2-T1 (P < .05) and by 3.04° at T3-T1 (P < .01). The left ramus inclination based on antegonial notch increased by 2.73° at T2-T1 (P < .001) and by 3.18° at T3-T1 (P < .001).ConclusionsDuring bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, removing bone interference between the proximal and distal segments results in a reduction of postoperative mandibular width and an increase in frontal view ramus inclination.

In situ Synchrotron X-ray Metrology Boosted by Automated Data Analysis for Real-time Monitoring of Cathode Calcination.

Synchrotron X-ray-based in situ metrology is advantageous for monitoring the synthesis of battery materials, offering high throughput, high spatial and temporal resolution, and chemical sensitivity. However, the rapid generation of massive data poses a challenge to on-site, on-the-fly analysis needed for real-time process monitoring. Here, a weighted lagged cross-correlation (WLCC) similarity approach is presented for automated data analysis, which merges with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction metrology to monitor the calcination process of the archetypal nickel-based cathode, LiNiO2. The WLCC approach, incorporating variables that account for peak shifts and width changes associated with structural transformations, enables rapid extraction of phase progression within 10 seconds from tens of diffraction patterns. Details are captured, from initial precursors to intermediates and the final layered LiNiO2, providing information for agile on-site adjustments during experiments and complementing post hoc diffraction analysis by offering insights into early-stage phase nucleation and growth. Expanding this data-powered platform paves the way for real time calcination process monitoring and control, which is pivotal to quality control in battery cathode manufacturing.

Multiscale mushy layer model for Arctic marginal ice zone dynamics

Perhaps the most dynamic component of the Arctic sea ice cover is the marginal ice zone (MIZ), the transitional region between dense pack ice to the north and open ocean to the south. It widens by a factor of four while seasonally migrating more than 1600 km poleward in the Bering–Chukchi Sea sector, impacting climate dynamics, ecological processes, and human accessibility to the Arctic. Here we showcase a transformative mathematical modeling approach to understanding changes in MIZ location and width, focusing on their seasonal cycles as observed by satellites. We view the MIZ as a liquid-solid phase transition region, or mushy zone, on the scale of the Arctic Ocean. Invoking the physics of phase changes, the MIZ is modeled as a dynamic, multiscale composite material layer; this model captures 96% of the annual cycle of MIZ location and 78% of the annual cycle of MIZ width. Temperature in the upper ocean is described by a nonlinear heat equation with effective parameters obtained using homogenization theory for a random medium of ice floes in a sea water host. Observations and simulations together indicate that MIZ location closely tracks the below-ice 273 K isotherm while the width of the MIZ follows vertical heat flux convergence, but with a three-week lag.

Risky Business: Predator Chemical Cues Mediate Morphological Changes in Freshwater Snails.

Many prey organisms respond to the nonconsumptive effects of predators by altering their physiology, morphology, and behavior. These inducible defenses can create refuges for prey by decreasing the likelihood of consumption by predators. Some prey, as in marine mollusks, have been shown to alter their morphology in response to the presence of size-limited predation. To extend this work, we exposed pointed campeloma snails (Campeloma decisum) to chemical cues from a natural predator, the rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus), to better understand how snail morphology changes under the threat of predation. The total force needed to crush shells, total shell length, aperture width, and total weight, along with changes to these 3 body measurements, were recorded for each individual and used to quantify morphological changes as a function of risk. Snails exposed to crayfish chemical cues had shells that required significantly more force to crush their shells than controls (P=0.023). Total shell length was greater in crayfish-exposed snails than in control snails (P=0.012), and snails in the crayfish treatment also showed significantly more change in shell length than control snails (P=0.007). Similarly, aperture width was significantly greater in exposed snails (P=0.011). However, exposed snails exhibited significantly less change in aperture width than controls (P=0.03). Finally, we found that snails exposed to crayfish weighed significantly more than snails in the control (P=0.008). Thus, the results of this study show that morphology of gastropods is altered in the presence of predators, and this may be an antipredator tactic directly related to predation risk.

Improved stability of open bite deformities: taking control of the transverse width using digital technology and robotic archwire bending

Many factors need to be considered when selecting the treatment protocol for the surgical correction of skeletal open bite deformities. In order to achieve stable long-term results, it is essential to explore the origin of the open bite, including any dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint or tongue and compromised nasal breathing, in addition to the skeletal deformity. Recurrence of a skeletal open bite is associated with relapse of the expanded transverse width. Three-dimensional virtual planning allows different treatment options to be explored and final decisions to be made together with the orthodontist who also designs the patient’s digital occlusion. This study presents a treatment protocol for predictable and stable widening of the maxillary transverse width over the long term, involving premolar extraction and rounding and shortening of the upper dental arch by advancing the molar segments. The stability of inter-canine, inter-premolar, and inter-molar distances, as well as overjet and overbite, were measured in 16 patients treated with this technique; measurements were obtained pre- and post-surgery, and the mean follow-up was 43 months. Orthodontic treatment was designed digitally and finished with robotically bent wires (SureSmile), which allowed exact planning of the overall treatment until debonding, thus making orthognathic surgery more predictable for the patient. The changes in transverse width were significant and stable over time.

Effectiveness of using implant fixture as a ridge expander.

Adequate bone thickness around dental implants is vital for their stability and to reduce resorption. This study evaluated the ability of implant fixtures to serve as ridge expanders by measuring width changes pre- and post-implantation. Measurements including initial alveolar bone width, post-osteotomy width, post-expansion width, and buccal bone thickness were recorded for patients undergoing implant placement. Bone quality was assessed using established criteria. Of the 102 subjects (52% male, 48% female), significant ridge width increases at 0mm and 2mm levels were noted (p < 0.05). Larger implant diameters resulted in greater ridge expansion. Absence of prior augmentation was linked to higher bone quality (B = -1.684, p = 0.001), explaining 15% of bone quality variance. Ridge expansion effects also correlated with the site, implant diameter, and design. Dental implant fixtures can effectively expand the ridge, with expansion influenced by implant diameter, anatomical location, prior augmentation, and implant design. These factors must be considered for tailored treatment planning in implant dentistry. This study's clinical relevance lies in its exploration of the potential benefits of dental implant fixtures can effectively to expand the ridge taking into consideration implant diameter, anatomical location, prior augmentation, and implant design.

Factors Affecting Lateral Overgrowth in Operatively Treated Lateral Condyle Fractures in Children.

The most frequent sequelae of pediatric lateral condyle fractures is lateral condyle overgrowth (LCO). The purpose of our study was to investigate LCO in relation to age, quality of reduction, type of fixation, and fracture displacement. We retrospectively analyzed operatively treated lateral condyle fractures in children. The percent change in interepicondylar width (IEW) ((final - initial)/ initial x 100) was used to quantify LCO. IEW was measured from the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal humerus, using the AP radiographs taken at admission (initial) and follow-up visits (final). The Song classification was used to classify fractures. Fixation was classified as pins, screws or both. The quality of reduction was defined as anatomic or nonanatomic (>2mm of displacement). Patients were stratified into mild (0% to 10% overgrowth), moderate (10% to 20% overgrowth), and severe (>20% overgrowth) subgroups for further analysis. Two hundred one patients were included in the study with an average time between initial and final radiograph measurements of 11.32 weeks. There was an average 11.84 %LCO. Using multivariable analysis, three variables demonstrated significant, independent associations with %LCO: age, race, and quality of reduction. Increasing age remained inversely associated with %LCO. Compared with White patients, Black and Asian patients had significantly greater %LCO. Patients with nonanatomic reductions had a significantly greater %LCO compared with anatomic reductions. When patients were stratified into mild, moderate, and severe groups, age in the mild group, nonanatomic reduction in the moderate group, and race in the severe group were found to be independently associated with increased %LCO using multivariable analysis. The amount of LCO was found to be related to nonanatomic reduction, younger age, and Black and Asian race. Interestingly, it was not related to the amount of initial displacement or type of hardware used. To date, this is the largest study investigating LCO in surgically treated lateral condyle fractures. Level III-retrospective cohort study.

Unveiling the mechanical role of radial fibers in meniscal tissue: Toward structural biomimetics

The meniscus tissue is crucial for knee joint biomechanics and is frequently susceptible to injuries resulting in early-onset osteoarthritis. Consequently, the need for meniscal substitutes spurs ongoing development. The meniscus is a composite tissue reinforced with circumferential and radial collagenous fibers; the mechanical role of the latter has yet to be fully unveiled.Here, we investigated the role of radial fibers using a synergistic methodology combining meniscal tissue structure imaging, a computational knee joint model, and the fabrication of simple biomimetic composite laminates. These laminates mimic the basic structural units of the meniscus, utilizing longitudinal and transverse fibers equivalent to the circumferential and radial fibers in meniscal tissue.In the computational model, the absence of radial fibers resulted in stress concentration within the meniscus matrix and up to 800 % greater area at the same stress level. Furthermore, the contact pressure on the tibial cartilage increased drastically, affecting up to 322 % larger areas. Conversely, in models with radial fibers, we observed up to 25 % lower peak contact pressures and width changes of less than 0.1 %. Correspondingly, biomimetic composite laminates containing transverse fibers exhibited minor transverse deformations and smaller Poisson's ratios. They demonstrated structural shielding ability, maintaining their mechanical performance with the reduced amount of fibers in the loading direction, similar to the ability of the torn meniscus to carry and transfer loads to some extent. These results indicate that radial fibers are essential to distribute contact pressure and tensile stresses and prevent excessive deformations, suggesting the importance of incorporating them in novel designs of meniscal substitutes. Statement of significanceThe organization of the collagen fibers in the meniscus tissue is crucial to its biomechanical function. Radially oriented fibers are an important structural element of the meniscus and greatly affect its mechanical behavior. However, despite their importance to the meniscus mechanical function, radially oriented fibers receive minor attention in meniscal substitute designs. Here, we used a synergistic methodology that combines imaging of the meniscal tissue structure, a structural computational model of the knee joint, and the fabrication of simplistic biomimetic composite laminates that mimic the basic structural units of the meniscus. Our findings highlight the importance of the radially oriented fibers, their mechanical role in the meniscus tissue, and their importance as a crucial element in engineering novel meniscal substitutes.

Foot Anthropometry Measures in Relation to Treatment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Longitudinal Study.

Approximately 90% of patients with arthritis exhibit forefoot deformities, including deformities within the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Current pharmacological treatment with Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) consists of two groups: synthetic drugs (sDMARDs) and biological drugs (bDMARDs). The objective of our study was to investigate foot anthropometry changes in RA patients based on the administered treatment over a five-year period Method: A longitudinal analysis was conducted with RA patients who were grouped based on their pharmacological treatment. The pharmacological treatment groups were categorized into (I) methotrexate (MTX), (II) MTX plus biological treatments (including all variables), (III) biological treatment alone, and (IV) a miscellaneous group comprising patients with diverse treatments, including patients for whom various drugs had failed or who had not achieved remission with pharmacological treatment. For the anthropometric measurements, a foot measurement platform validated by McPoil et al. was used. Post hoc analyses with Bonferroni correction were performed to identify pairwise differences between the treatment groups while controlling for Type I errors due to multiple comparisons. Results: In the period from 2018 to 2023, significant changes were observed in several foot measurements. For instance, the MTX group showed a statistically significant increase in left heel width (p = 0.026). The MTX group experienced a slight increase in left foot length, while the Biologics and MTX + Bio groups exhibited more substantial increases in both maximum medial arch height and midfoot width. Conclusions: Different RA treatments can have a significant impact on foot structure over a five-year period, showing notable changes in heel width and overall foot morphology. Combined treatments with MTX and biologics potentially offer better management of RA.

Changes of the peripapillary vascular parameters in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity using U-net segmentation.

To quantitatively assess the changes in mean vascular tortuosity (mVT) and mean vascular width (mVW) around the optic disc and their correlation with gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). A single-center retrospective study included a total of 133 (133 eyes) premature infants [mean corrected gestational age (CGA) 43.6wk] without ROP as the premature group and 130 (130 eyes) CGA-matched full-term infants as the control group. The peripapillary mVT and mVW were quantitatively measured using computer-assisted techniques. Premature infants had significantly higher mVT (P=0.0032) and lower mVW (P=0.0086) by 2.68 (104 cm-3) and 1.85 µm, respectively. Subgroup analysis with GA showed significant differences (P=0.0244) in mVT between the early preterm and middle to late preterm groups, but the differences between mVW were not significant (P=0.6652). The results of the multiple linear regression model showed a significant negative correlation between GA and BW with mVT after adjusting sex and CGA (P=0.0211 and P=0.0006, respectively). For each day increase in GA at birth, mVT decreased by 0.1281 (104 cm-3) and for each 1 g increase in BW, mVT decreased by 0.006 (104 cm-3). However, GA (P=0.9402) and BW (P=0.7275) were not significantly correlated with mVW. Preterm birth significantly affects the peripapillary vascular parameters that indicate higher mVT and narrower mVW in premature infants without ROP. Alterations in these parameters may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of ocular vascular disease.

Effects of rim seal exit geometry on the cooling characteristics of turbine endwall and blade suction side

For a turbine blade endwall, the leakage (purge flow) exits through rim seal to prevent hot gas ingress and provide some cooling to the endwall. However, changes in the rim seal geometry will inevitably affect the leakage flow over the endwall. To obtain a clearer and quantitative understanding of the effect of rim seal variation on the cooling performance and flow structure, this paper investigated the effects of width and inclined angle of rim seal exit geometry, as well as the flow structure inside the gap and above the passage. A correlation fitting was constructed using the area-averaged cooling effectiveness to quantify the cooling performance on the suction side. The results indicate that the cooling performance of endwall is not sensitive to changes in width. However, a decrease in the inclined angle benefits the inhibition of the cavity vortex, prevents the gas ingress and improves the cooling performance overthe endwall. The cooling performance of blade suction side is sensitive to the leakage mass flow ratio. As the mass flow rate increases from 0.5 % to 1.0 % and 1.5 %, the area-averaged cooling effectiveness on suction side for original case increases by 44.4 % and 30.7 %. The correlation established for the cooling of suction side shows a good fit, which provide a possible evaluation method for cooling design.

A preliminary study on the stability of bare footprint linear measurements in four motion states

In some crime scenes, there may be bare footprints. Analyzing and testing the linear measurements of bare footprints in crime scenes can play an important role in personal analysis and individual identification. However, the linear measurements of bare footprints may be influenced by different motion states, leading to changes in length and width or even significant deviations. Previous studies focused on the linear differences between static and dynamic footprints, and failed to take the speed factor into consideration. This paper studied the stability and change regularities of the linear measurements of bare footprints in four different motion states: standing, normal walking, fast walking and trotting. Dust footprints of the right feet were collected from 80 healthy young adults under these four motion states. Seven linear measurements were obtained for each footprint using the Reel method, totaling 2240 data sets. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the measurement variations across the four states. The results showed that there were statistically significant variances in the length measurements (A1-A5) between the standing state and other motion states, whereas no statistically significant variances were observed between the three dynamic states. It was found that the mean values of the five length measurements (A1–A5) increased from static to dynamic state, and then gradually decreased slightly as the walking speed increased. Additionally, no significant differences were found in the two width measurements (MPJ Width and Calc Width) between the four motion states. As a preliminary study, this study can provide a reference for the analysis of bare footprints in different motion states extracted from crime scenes.

Morphological response of gravel bed rivers near a knickpoint: Effect of bars on dynamic equilibrium river profile

AbstractGeomorphological evolution is one of the main factors that increases flood damage in small or medium rivers located in upstream river reaches. These types of flood damage have been increasing at knickpoints where the riverbed slope and river width change abruptly and are likely to cause non‐equilibrium conditions for sediment transport during floods. Therefore, it is important to understand the non‐equilibrium morphological response at the knickpoint and the resulting new dynamic equilibrium state under given external forces. The effects of two‐dimensional (2D) morphological features on the dynamic equilibrium riverbed profile, however, have not been specifically studied because the methods currently in use for calculating equilibrium profiles are based on zero‐ or one‐dimensional (0D or 1D) modeling. Here, we perform numerical calculations using the 2D morphodynamic model iRIC‐Nays2DH to clarify the dynamic equilibrium profile and the process of reaching a dynamic equilibrium state. We also use an existing 1D model to show the 2D effect in the dynamic equilibrium state. To understand this, we set up three channels: slope transition point, width transition point, and both the slope and width transition point. 1D results show a constant slope profile in channels with constant width and upward‐convex profiles in channels with width expansion at the equilibrium state, owing to the adjustment of the difference in sediment transport volume in the two reaches with different widths by changing the slopes. In contrast, the 2D results show that the alternate bars create a small autogenic knickpoint even in the straight channel and significantly dampen sediment deposition at the width expansion point, as seen in the 1D model result. This was because the bars' shape increased the volume of sediment transport because the shape of the bars concentrated flow. These results suggest that 2D morphological features, such as fluvial bars, play a significant role in the equilibrium riverbed profile.

Assessment of the application of a novel three-dimension printing individualized titanium mesh in alveolar bone augmentation: A retrospective study.

To assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of alveolar ridge augmentation using a novel three-dimensional printed individualized titanium mesh (3D-PITM) for guided bone regeneration (GBR). Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate alveolar ridge defects, followed by augmentation with high-porosity 3D-PITM featuring circular and spindle-shaped pores. Postoperative CBCT scans were taken immediately and after 6 months of healing. These scans were compared with preoperative scans to calculate changes in bone volume, height, and width, along with the corresponding resorption rates. A statistical analysis of the results was then conducted. A total of 21 patients participated in the study, involving alveolar ridge augmentation at 38 implant sites. After 6 months of healing, the average bone augmentation volume of 21 patients remained at 489.71 ± 252.53 mm3, with a resorption rate of 16.05% ± 8.07%. For 38 implant sites, the average vertical bone increment was 3.63 ± 2.29 mm, with a resorption rate of 17.55% ± 15.10%. The horizontal bone increment at the designed implant platform was 4.43 ± 1.85 mm, with a resorption rate of 25.26% ± 15.73%. The horizontal bone increment 2 mm below the platform was 5.50 ± 2.48 mm, with a resorption rate of 16.03% ± 9.57%. The main complication was exposure to 3D-PITM, which occurred at a rate of 15.79%. The novel 3D-PITM used in GBR resulted in predictable bone augmentation. Moderate over-augmentation in the design, proper soft tissue management, and rigorous follow-ups are beneficial for reducing the graft resorption and the incidence of exposure.