Sound Change Research Articles

The role of perceptual salience in a strengthening sound change

Abstract The current study examines the extent to which perceptual factors may account for the emergence of assibilated variants of the alveopalatal approximant /j/ in two geographically remote varieties of Spanish. Participants from Medellin, Colombia and Santiago, Dominican Republic completed a discrimination task and a matched guise. Both tasks presented listeners with stimuli containing affricate [ʤ] and approximant [j] allophones of /j/. Participants were more accurate when discriminating between sound pairs that included the affricate allophone, suggesting that the presence of (af)frication is a salient acoustic cue upon which judgments are reliably made. Therefore, we argue that the emergence of assibilated variants ([ʤ], [ʒ]) can be explained in part by more prominent acoustic cuing and thus greater perceptual salience. Evidence of the relationship between these findings and a possible sound change in progress is observed in the association of social characteristics with [ʤ] and [j].

Psycholinguistic Studies: Acquisition of Indonesian Phonology in Down Syndrome Children

Language acquisition is a process that takes place in a child's brain when he acquires his first language or mother tongue which means language acquisition in relation to his first language. This study aims to analyze the acquisition of Indonesian phonology in Down syndrome children. This study was conducted on 5 Down syndrome, age range of 6-9 years. This study use Blumstein's theory of speech changes is used to determine the change of speech sounds and Jacobson's theory is used to determine the acquisition of phonology Indonesian and Jean Piaget's theory is used to describe the language development of them. The method used is proficient and record. It was found that the five respondents in pronouncing several words there was a change in the sound of speech, namely sound Deletion (Omision), sound addition (Addition), and sound replacement (Substitution). They have also acquired some of the Indonesian vowel sounds [i], [ u], [e], [o] and [a]. They can produce several vowels sounds either at the beginning, middle or end words. There are some consonants that have been acquired Indonesian and there are some consonant sounds that have not been obtained, [w], [f]. [z], and [h]. The phonological development is the stage of holoprastic. Their chronological age is 6 to 9 years, but the age of language acquisition is equivalent to the age of two years.

Lost in translation

Abstract Here, we provide new perspectives on the relationship between the extinct Angolan language Kwadi and the Khoe languages of southern Africa. Using an innovative approach which combines newly collected data from two Kwadi rememberers with a reanalysis of historical recordings and fieldnotes, we were able to reconstitute the Kwadi phoneme inventory and relate Kwadi to Proto-Khoe and its daughter branches Khoekhoe and Kalahari Khoe through regular sound correspondences. Our reconstruction of 127 lexical roots in form and meaning provides further evidence for a Khoe-Kwadi language family and shows that the lexical and phonological proximity between Proto-Khoe-Kwadi and Proto-Khoe is closer than would be expected from the significant differences that Khoe and Kwadi display in the domains of morphology and syntax. Taken together, our study contributes to a better understanding of diachronic sound change in languages with phonemic click sounds and introduces novel ways to incorporate different historical data sources.

Proses Morfofonemik pada Bahasa Jawa Kabupaten Bengkalis

This research discusses morphophonemic phenomena in the Javanese language in Bengkalis with a focus on sound changes that occur at the morpheme level. Morphophonemics, as a linguistic study that explores the relationship between morphemes (minimal meaning units) and phonemes (minimal sound units), is a theoretical basis for describing morphemic sound changes in Javanese. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. Research data was obtained from the results of Javanese speech by speakers. Research data was obtained from the results of data collection techniques using the listen, speak, note method. The data analysis technique is carried out through the following stages: 1) observing research data; 2) Transcription of research data; 3) Translating research data; 4) Classifying research data; 5) Analyzing changes in nasal meaning according to theory; 6) Draw conclusions from the research results. The research results show that the Javanese language on the island of Bengkalis experiences several morphophonemic phenomena, including changes in phonemes, addition of phonemes, and deletion of sounds at the morpheme level. If the prefix (N-) meets the phoneme /p/ it will change to /m/. Likewise with the prefixes (Sa-) and (Pa-), if they meet the initial phoneme of a vowel, the phoneme /a/ will disappear. Concrete examples are given to illustrate sound changes that occur in various morphemic contexts.

Analisis Variasi Fonologis Bahasa Jawa

This research explores the phonological variations of Javanese language in three regions of Indonesia, namely Batang, Brebes, and Serang. With a focus on occupation, education, and age as social variables, the study employs phonological and lexical analysis methods to identify changes in vowel and consonant sounds, as well as lexicon within these dialects. The results reveal distinctive phonological and lexical characteristics in each region, highlighting significant differences between Batang Javanese (BJB) and Standard Javanese (BJS) as well as Javanese Banyumasan (BJBY). In conclusion, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of Javanese language variations at the dialectal level, with implications for further studies involving syntactic and semantic aspects. Recommendations for future research include expanding informant samples and delving deeper into the interplay between social factors and phonological variations.

The pitfalls of near-mergers: A sociophonetic approach to near-demergers in the Malaga /θ/ vs /s/ split

Abstract The near-merger hypothesis has served to explain many situations where other explanations have not sufficed, including mainly those where apparently completed mergers have been reversed. However, the situation in the city of Malaga (Spain) calls for a critical review of the main pitfalls of this hypothesis and for a sociolinguistic reorganisation of sound change to allow for near-demergers. The present work focusses on the reversal of the coronal fricative /θ/ and /s/ merger (Casa ‘house’ = Caza ‘hunting’) that has been widely observed in Malaga. Acoustic-perceptual analysis of the realisations of 54 speakers reveals that a completed phonological merger can, in fact, revert and that acoustic cues do not necessarily indicate a near-merger.

Analysis of Nursing Clinical Practice with Chest Physiotherapy Innovation Intervention and Pronation Position on Airway Clearance in Pediatric Patients with Pneumonia in The Keruing Room

Introduction: Pneumonia is also known as "the forgotten killer of children". Based on the 2018 Riskesdas report, the age prevalence of pneumonia among children aged 1-5 years was 2.1%. The prevalence of pneumonia in toddlers and children based on gender characteristics was (2.1%) in males and (2.0%) in females. After observations and interviews in the Keruing room of Harapan Insan Sendawar Hospital, it was found that the innovative intervention of chest physiotherapy and pronation position to improve airway clearance in pediatric patients with pneumonia had never been carried out. Objective: The purpose of KIAN is to analyze the intervention of providing chest physiotherapy actions and pronation positions on improving airway clearance in pneumonia patients in the Keruing room. Methods: Sampling in this KIAN was selected according to the inclusion criteria desired by the researcher with a total sample size of five pneumonia clients. Results and Discussion: From the results of the study, it was found that the provision of chest physiotherapy and a pronated position had changes in secretion production, breath sounds, oxygen saturation (SPO2), pulse and respiratory frequency (RR) in the five patients. So that the intervention of chest physiotherapy innovation and a pronated position is very effective in dealing with airway cleansing in pediatric pneumonia patients. Conclusion: Chest physiotherapy intervention and pronation position can reduce secretion production and increase SPO2 in paediatric pneumonia patients

Polish 'wydra' and English 'otter'

The aim of this paper is to trace the development and relationship between Polish wydra and English otter in a broader Indo-European context. The methodology of the research involves three steps: gathering cognates (to determine the time and place of attestation), identifying morphological structure and describing the sound changes that have occurred in two descending lines of development: one, from ProtoIndo-European *ud-r-eh2 leading to Polish wydra, and the other, from Proto-Indo-European *ud-r-o- to English otter. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the word for ‘otter’ in Proto-Indo-European must have had distinct masculine and feminine forms and, structurally, represents a substantivized adjective meaning ‘aquatic’: its root was the zero-grade form of PIE *uod-r/n- ‘water’ and the -r- suffix used to perform the adjectival function.

Zur Eindeutschung slawischer Ortsnamen in Bayern

Abstract The way in which Slavic names in Bavaria have been transmitted into Old High German has been well researched already, but open questions remain. It is possible to date the loan processes when the names contain sounds with diagnostic value or show datable sound changes, such as the metathesis of liquids or the rounding of Proto-Slavic *a to Common Slavic *o or when Slavic *b is substituted by OHG *v > f. The integration of Slavic names into OHG started before 800 and came to an end around 1100. The way in which Slavic *ě was loaned also might play a role in dating these processes, but the situation remains unclear so far: Mostly it appears as OHG e, ē, but in a few cases there is a resulting sound containing /i/. This sound may have come into existence either by an early integration of Slavic *ě as OHG *ē2 or when a younger Sorbian raising of *ě to some i-diphthong had already taken place.

Chen Di’s Investigations of the Ancient Pronunciations of the Mao Odes (Mao Shi guyin kao) and Textual Research in the Late Ming

Abstract Chen Di’s 1606 masterwork of historical phonology, Investigations of the Ancient Pronunciations of the Mao Odes, has been identified as foundational for Qing dynasty text-critical scholarship, providing systematic evidence for historical sound change via comparative analysis of the Odes’ rhyme schemes. I argue, however, that this research was motivated and shaped by Neo-Confucian xinxue commitments to embodied moral knowledge, typically seen at odds with later Qing approaches. Both Chen and his Taizhou school collaborator Jiao Hong located the moral substance of a text not in the intention of its sagely authors, but rather in the authentic emotional experiences prompted by its historically specific phonological and narrative features. Although recent scholarship has begun to reveal how xinxue fostered philological enquiry to reveal universal sagely truths, less well recognized is how xinxue could also motivate investigation of historical contexts—unsettling the division of moral concerns from the production of textual and historical knowledge.

Changes in brain function and heart sound in acute sleep deprivation individuals

AimsSleep deprivation (SD) has become a health problem in modern society due to its adverse effects on different aspects. However, the relationship between sleep and cardiovascular system function remains unclear. Here we explored the changes occurring in the brain and the heart sounds after SD. MethodsNinety healthy adult men were recruited and subjected to 36 h of Sleep Deprivation (SD). They participated in a number of tests, including measurements of the heart sound, blood oxygen, and heart rate every 2 h. By using of principal component analysis to reduced the dimensionality of heart sound data. While the ALFF and ReHo indexes were measured via fMRI before and after SD. Correlation and regression analyses were used to reveal the relationship between fMRI and heart sound changes due to SD. ResultsIn this study, there were no abnormal values in the heart rate and blood oxygen during 36 h of SD, whereas the intensity of heart sounds fluctuated significantly increased and decreased. The ALFF was increased in bilateral pericalcarine(Calcarine), left anterior cuneus, (Precuneus_L), right superior temporal gyrus(Temporal_Sup_R), left supplementary motor area (Supp_Motor_Area_L); However, it was reduced in the right medial superior frontal gyrus (Frontal_Sup_Medial_R), right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (Frontal_Sup_R) and left medial frontal gyrus (Frontal_Mid_L). The regression analysis uncovered that the intensity of the heart sound in the systole, s1, and s2 phase could be explained by Calcarine_L changes. ConclusionAcute sleep deprivation affects cardiac-brain axis and the specific brain regions. Calcarine_L changes during sleep deprivation are involved in regulating heart contractions.

Permeating etymology– remarks on Permic etymology

This article discusses five Permic words or group of words including *ki̮ri̮m ‘handful, bunch’, *kun ‘lye’, *li̮a ‘sand’, *mi̮r- ‘to take by force, exert effort’ and *vi̮ŋ ‘strength, might’. The words typically have an existing etymology, which in most cases is a Uralic comparison. This traditional proposition is rejected and a new etymological proposal is made. Permic languages have only rarely been the starting point or the focus of etymological studies and have often been viewed with a certain anything goes approach towards their historical phonology. This article tries to remedy this by paying close attention to phonological regularity and by taking the latest advancements in historical Uralic phonology into consideration tries to breath new life into a field that has grown stale over the years. Methologically the most noteworthy aspect is the combining of historical phonology with derivational morphology to detect petrified derivatives. Given the eroding nature of sound changes affecting the Permic languages, this type of combination is not only etymologically fruitful but a methdological necessity.

Variation and Change in Jakarta Indonesian: Evidence from Final Glottals

Abstract: Based on the observed patterns of variation in vowel-final [-ʔ], [-h], and [Ø] in seven function words that are produced in utterance-final position, this study offers a study of linguistic contact between Betawi and Standard Indonesian that together contribute to the emergence of a variety of Indonesian called Jakarta Indonesian. The relationship between these varieties is identified in the patterns of variation that show a general trend toward increased use of the Standard Indonesian-influenced form among educated speakers and females. Using a large-scale speech corpus, this investigation provides evidence of the patterns of variation and sound change that are taking place, their direction, and how their adoption correlates with genders and educational categories represented in the corpus. In addition, this study demonstrates the importance of a naturalistic speech corpus in examining the actual patterns of variation by focusing on colloquial speech, which we know to be the locus of language change.

Form of Magic Words in The Process of Language Acquisition for Children Aged 2-4 Years

This research aims to describe the early childhood language acquisition process at KB Aisyiyah 1 Balun, Cepu District, Blora Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Two research subjects were taken in each group, so there were six research subjects. The data collection method used several techniques, namely observation, listening, recording, and note-taking. The research results show that children can achieve language competence at the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics levels. Language acquisition results in phonology show that the phonemes /r//l/ sound faint. Phoneme decay is the melting of phonemes due to morphological processes. The /l/ phoneme decays when the/y/phoneme's sound changes to the /l/ phoneme. The results of language processing in the field of morphology are that children aged two years have just mastered the basic morphemes that are pronounced even though the pronunciation is not yet clear. Meanwhile, many sulfides (- kan ) are found in children aged four years. Early childhood language acquisition in the area of syntax identified phrase errors, children's composition of first language sentences was mixed up, and sentence structures were adequate, although sometimes grammatically, sometimes inverted. Meanwhile, language acquisition at the semantic level tends to use denotative Meaning in every utterance.

AI Based Asthma Recognition System Using Respiratory Sound

Abstract: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide, leading to significant healthcare costs and a reduced quality of life for affected individuals. Timely and accurate detection of asthma exacerbations is crucial for effective management and intervention. Traditional methods of asthma diagnosis rely heavily on clinical assessments, which may not always provide real-time, objective data for prompt action. The aim of this project is to develop an AI-based asthma detection system that leverages the analysis of respiratory sound patterns. Current diagnostic tools often lack the ability to capture subtle changes in respiratory sounds that could indicate the onset or worsening of asthma symptoms. By employing advanced machine learning algorithms, this system aims to identify distinctive patterns and anomalies in respiratory sounds associated with asthma, enabling early detection and intervention.

Effect of embankment slope on road traffic noise propagation: numerical investigation and construction of correction formula for difference by slope angle

The propagation characteristics of road traffic noise from an embankment road are investigated through three-dimensional wave-based numerical analysis. Since this is a large-scale problem, we use the fast multipole boundary element method (FMBEM) as a highly efficient wave-based numerical method. We analyze sound fields around embankments with various slope angles and clarify that the sound pressure gradient changes with the slope angle, and in particular, the sound pressure level (SPL) distribution changes significantly near the line where the embankment slope meets the ground surface. When the prediction plane is an orthogonal cross-section to the direction of the lane, the distribution of the difference in A-weighted SPL between the case where the embankment is sloped and the case where it has a right angle is generally similar regardless of the position of the prediction plane. Based on this result, we propose an empirical formula to express the difference between the case with a slope and the case with a right angle. We confirm that the proposed formula provides a certain level of accuracy regardless of the location of the prediction plane when we appropriately determine the coefficients in the formula for each case from the viewpoint of error minimization.

Measurement of Acoustic Signals to Characterize Household Appliance Based on Sound Power and Directivity Analysis

Measurement of acoustic signals to characterize the household appliance is very important for developing appropriate measures to avoid health hazards of in-house personnels. Acquisition and characterization of loud noise generated from a vacuum cleaner as a household machine is presented in the present paper. The common assumption regarding the community noise level is that the directivity of the sound radiation from a machine or any acoustic source is axisymmetric. However, it is true that this assumption does not valid when the condition of flow does not hold on. Particularly, if the characteristics of the sound source changes regarding to the signal features like frequency, intensity the directivity pattern of the sound radiation also changes. This characteristic has great influence to the noise reduction process as well. In the present paper the directivity of sound signal has been analyzed in anechoic chamber. Remarkable variations in acoustic signal propagation from the vacuum cleaner are recorded in the case of varying signal frequency with significant acoustic features. Furthermore, signal power from the tested devise is also clarified accordingly. Keywords: Acoustic Measurement, Sound Pressure Level, Directivity Analysis, Signal frequency, Household Appliance

Acoustic phonetics: Notes on the evolution of /ti̯, ki̯/ yod contexts in Spanish

The explanation for the evolution of /ti̯/ and /ki̯/ yod contexts has been based on articulatory reasons. However, sound change has an important auditory and acoustic basis. This paper deals with two main topics: (a) it examines the confluence of the phonetic realisations of dental and velar stops in /ti̯/ and /ki̯/, and (b) it seeks to determine whether voicing occurs after the assibilation process. The results show that the allophones for /t/ and /k/ display acoustic similarities regarding point of articulation cues, which could explain misperceptions. Voicing also seems to be very frequent in these phonetic realisations, which points to a process simultaneous with assibilation.

Sound Change and Analogy, Again: Brugmann's Law and the Hunt For O‐Grades in Indo‐Iranian*

AbstractThis article revisits the interaction between regular ‘Neogrammarian’ sound change (defined as a purely phonological process) and subsequent morphological change (especially changes subsumed under the term ‘analogy’) in the development of the outcomes of Brugmann's Law (BL) in Indo‐Iranian. The traditional formulation of BL states that Proto‐Indo‐European *o became Indo‐Iranian /ā/ in open syllables and /a/ elsewhere, positing a purely phonological context of application. Alternatively, Kiparsky (2010) has argued for a revised version of BL in which the accent and ablaut properties of the affected forms play a role, hence essentially for a synchronic morphophonological rule. I argue that this revised version fails both from the perspective of comparative reconstruction and as a synchronic rule based on a detailed study of the forms cited as evidence for the revised rule. Rather, in order to identify inherited *o in Indo‐Iranian the effects of the ‘blind’ Neogrammarian rule must be separated from the synchronic morphological rules of the attested languages. This paper thus makes a methodological contribution in defence of the Neogrammarian approach to sound change, but also an empirical contribution by showing that this approach, in combination with a strictly lexical definition of analogy, can account for some conspicuous exceptions to traditional BL.

Historical sound changes in Central Chadic (Afroasiatic)

Abstract In its entirety as much as with regard to its four branches, the Chadic language family poses challenges to the application of the Neogrammarian-school comparative method, not the least because of the immense time-depth involved and aggravated by certain typological peculiarities of Chadic phonology and morphology as inherited from its Afroasiatic ancestry. This is particularly true for Central Chadic, which—with 80 languages—is the most numerous and most diverse branch of Chadic, which in total counts almost 200 languages and thereby more than half of all known Afroasiatic languages. Both more or less ‘regular’ and ‘sporadic’ sound changes criss-cross the territories currently occupied by speakers of Central Chadic languages in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad, which allow confident identification of cognates. Some cognates have survived many millennia of language history practically unchanged with regard to their phonetic realisations, while others differ remarkably from the reconstructed proto-language forms beyond ad hoc recognisability. Recent historical comparative research by Richard Gravina (2014, 2015) and the present author (2022, 2023) involving 66 spoken languages and some 230 cognate lexical items have unearthed much of the linguistic histories behind the massive synchronic diversity of the modern Central Chadic languages. The recent research by the author has added to our understanding of historical Central Chadic phonology by unravelling the phonological processes by which the languages have developed sets of new phonemes, in addition to tracing more or less ‘regular’ and ‘sporadic’ sound changes that the PCC segmental inventories of vowels and consonants underwent. Modern Central Chadic languages show sets of innovative vowels and consonant whose emergence can largely be attributed, besides occasional instances of segmental fusion, to the ‘colouring’ effects of so-called prosodies. This makes the analysis of prosodic features such as palatalisation, labialisation, prenasalisation and glottalisation essential in order to understand the evolution of modern Central Chadic languages.