Changes In Poverty Rates Research Articles

Hubungan Antara Kemiskinan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Sulawesi Barat: Pendekatan Vector Autoregresive (VAR)

This research aims to analyze the relationship between poverty and regional economic growth in West Sulawesi province. Using panel data from five city/districts during the 2011-2022 period, the analysis model applied is vector autoregressive which is then equipped with a Granger causality test. The study results reveal that economic growth significantly reduces poverty levels. On the other hand, the poverty rate does not affect economic growth. The results of the Granger causality test reveal the existence of one-way causality from economic growth to poverty. The poverty rate responds to changes in economic growth. On the other hand, economic growth does not respond to changes in poverty rate. This finding has the implication that increasing economic growth is very important when regional governments of west sulawesi province effort to reduce poverty rate.

Race, Poverty, and Foster Care Placement in the United States: Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Perspectives.

Although the connections between race, poverty, and foster care placement seem obvious, the link has not in fact been studied extensively. To address this gap, we view poverty and placement through longitudinal and cross-sectional lenses to more accurately capture how changes in poverty rates relate to changes in placement frequency. The longitudinal study examines the relationship between poverty rate changes and changes in the placement of Black and White children between 2000 and 2015. The cross-sectional study extends the longitudinal analysis by using a richer measure of socio-ecological diversity and more recent foster care data. Using Poisson regression models, we assess the extent to which changes in race-differentiated child poverty rates are correlated with Black and White child placement frequencies and placement disparities. Regardless of whether one looks longitudinally or cross-sectionally, we find that Black children are placed in foster care more often than White children. Higher White child poverty rates are associated with substantially reduced placement differences; however, higher Black child poverty rates are associated with relatively small changes in placement disparity. Black and White child placement rates are more similar in counties with the fewest socio-ecological assets.

Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Daerah terhadap Kemiskinan:

The special autonomous regions experienced fluctuating changes in poverty rates throughout 2013-2021 which were influenced by various factors. This study aims to determine the effect of regional financial performance as measured through the ratio of independence, effectiveness ratio, and the ratio of compatibility of capital spending on poverty based on the Head Count Index (HCI-P0) in the four special autonomous provinces including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Papua Barat, dan Papua. Panel data as a combination of time series and the cross-section is obtained secondary from BPS and DJPK. This research method uses the panel data regression method and the Random Effect estimation model which was selected as the best estimator model. Data analysis in this study used the Eviews version 12 computer program. The results of the study stated that the financial independence ratio had a negative and significant effect on poverty. The ratio of effectiveness has a negative and insignificant effect on poverty, and the ratio of capital expenditure has a positive and significant effect. Simultaneously, the independent variable has a significant influence on the dependent variabel.
 Keywords: Regional financial independence ratio, PAD effectiveness ratio,regional expenditure compatibility ratio, poverty, special autonomy

Overlooked Suburbs: The Changing Metropolitan Geography of Poverty in the Western United States

This report examines trends between 1990 and 2014—18 in the location of populations experiencing poverty, which we define as those with incomes below the federal poverty line, within metropolitan regions in the United States, with a particular focus on the western United States. We explore how growing suburban poverty is distributed across jurisdictional boundaries that shape governance outcomes, including incorporated and unincorporated suburbs. The size of a suburb and its incorporation status affect its position within local-regional political structures, and smaller suburbs may be overlooked by public, private, and nonprofit organizations in the community development field. Size and incorporation status also affect a suburb’s access to certain federal funds, including the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, a key source of funding for local antipoverty programs. Variation in the distribution of populations experiencing poverty across census regions and metropolitan areas has implications for public and philanthropic spending on social services for low- and moderate-income populations. In this report, we first discuss average trends in the distribution of poverty across urban and suburban jurisdictions in five census regions. For comparison, we divide metropolitan areas into five geographies—the largest city in a metro area, other principal cities, large suburban cities, small suburban cities, and unincorporated areas. Next, we profile 14 metropolitan areas in the western United States through “data snapshots” showing changes in poverty rates and racial and ethnic demographics. We conclude by discussing the implications of these trends for community development practitioners seeking to promote economic participation and financial stability among low- and moderate-income communities and communities of color.

Overlooked Suburbs: The Changing Metropolitan Geography of Poverty in the Western United States

This report examines trends between 1990 and 2014—18 in the location of populations experiencing poverty, which we define as those with incomes below the federal poverty line, within metropolitan regions in the United States, with a particular focus on the western United States. We explore how growing suburban poverty is distributed across jurisdictional boundaries that shape governance outcomes, including incorporated and unincorporated suburbs. The size of a suburb and its incorporation status affect its position within local-regional political structures, and smaller suburbs may be overlooked by public, private, and nonprofit organizations in the community development field. Size and incorporation status also affect a suburb’s access to certain federal funds, including the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, a key source of funding for local antipoverty programs. Variation in the distribution of populations experiencing poverty across census regions and metropolitan areas has implications for public and philanthropic spending on social services for low- and moderate-income populations. In this report, we first discuss average trends in the distribution of poverty across urban and suburban jurisdictions in five census regions. For comparison, we divide metropolitan areas into five geographies—the largest city in a metro area, other principal cities, large suburban cities, small suburban cities, and unincorporated areas. Next, we profile 14 metropolitan areas in the western United States through “data snapshots” showing changes in poverty rates and racial and ethnic demographics. We conclude by discussing the implications of these trends for community development practitioners seeking to promote economic participation and financial stability among low- and moderate-income communities and communities of color.

Predicting poverty trends by survey-to-survey imputation: the challenge of comparability

Abstract Poverty in low-income countries is usually measured using large and infrequent household consumption surveys. The challenge is to find methods to measure poverty rates more frequently. This study validates a survey-to-survey imputation method, based on a statistical model utilizing consumption surveys and light surveys to measure changes in poverty rates over time. A decade of poverty predictions and regular poverty estimates in Malawi provides a unique case study. The analysis suggests that this modelling approach works within the same context given that households’ demographic composition is included in the model. Predicting poverty using different surveys is challenging because of different aspects of comparability. A new way to account for seasonal coverage strengthens the model when imputing for surveys covering different seasons. It is important for national statistics offices and supporting agencies to prioritize maintaining consistency in the way data are collected in surveys to provide comparable trends over time.

Poverty volatility and poverty in developing countries

AbstractThis article examines the effect of poverty volatility on poverty in developing countries. Poverty volatility refers to the amplitude of the change in poverty rates over a given period of time. Variations in poverty rates can potentially arise from countries' vulnerability to a variety of shocks that induce greater macroeconomic volatility, including economic growth volatility. The empirical analysis shows that poverty volatility consistently induces a rise in poverty rates, and this positive poverty effect of poverty volatility increases as the degree of poverty volatility rises. Policies that help reduce poverty volatility (including by dampening economic growth volatility) would contribute to poverty reduction.

Increase The State Of Poverty In Jordan During The Period 2010-2017

This research aims to study the change in poverty rates in Jordan and the governorates during the period 2010-2017. In estimating poverty rates, the method used by the government in the report on the state of poverty in Jordan for the year 2012 was adopted. This method is similar to the method of the World Bank in estimating global poverty rates. In assessing poverty lines for the year 2017, poverty lines for the year 2010 were re-estimated based on the change in inflation rates and the change in the standard household size at the national and governorate levels during the period 2010-2017. The research relied on national and international secondary sources to collect data related to income, economic growth, and unemployment. Mainly, in this research, reference was made to the Household Income and Expenditure Survey for the year 2010 and 2017 that was conducted by the Jordanian Department of General Statistics. The results of the research showed a significant increase in poverty rates at the national level. It increased from (14.4%) in 2010 to (22.2%) in 2017. With the exception of Ma’an Governorate, all governorates showed a significant increase in their poverty rates. The results also showed the great variation in poverty rates between governorates. These results indicate that the goals contained in the government’s poverty reduction strategies have not been achieved. The reason is not only due to the content and implementation of these plans, but also to the slowdown in economic growth rates and the high unemployment rates since 2010. It is also expected that the rise in the state of poverty will continue due to the deterioration of the economic conditions and will continue with the Corona pandemic, the end of which cannot be foreseen. This situation constitutes more pressure on the government to provide appropriate solutions to alleviate the state of poverty, especially in the difficult fiscal conditions it has faced recently. Keywords: poverty, welfare economic, income distribution, economic growth, unemployment.

Assessing the Impact of Population Dynamics on Poverty Measures: A Decomposition Analysis

Reducing income inequality is one of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals recently announced by United Nations. A relative poverty concept adopted by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries is that a household is defined as poor if the household income is below 50 % of the household size-specific median household income. By delineating the impact of different factors relating to poverty measures help to develop more focused efforts in alleviating poverty. The paper uses a decomposition analysis to examine the impact of population dynamics on changes in poverty measures in Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, over the period 2009–2014. The poverty rate, size, and gap are separately considered in the analysis. Decomposing the changes in poverty rate and size shows that demographic trends in the whole population (ageing and shrinking household size and population growth) contributed to the rise in the respective measures even though the overall poverty rate had declined during 2009–2014. For the decomposition of the change in the monthly total poverty gap, the majority of the overall increase was contributed by increases in the average gap within subgroups, with only a small contribution made by changes in age and household size within the poor population. The effectiveness of recurrent cash intervention by the Hong Kong government in poverty alleviation is assessed, and its positive impact in reducing poverty rate, size and gap is verified. The limitations in the use of the relative poverty line are also discussed.

The Impact of Changes in Household Living Arrangements on the Changes in Poverty Rate among Elderly People in South Korea

노인의 가구형태는 지난 20여 년 사이 크게 변하였다. 홀로 사는 가구와 노부부만 사는 가구가 크게 늘어난 대신 자녀세대와 함께 사는 가구의 비율은 크게 감소하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 노인의 가구형태 변화가 노인 빈곤율 변화에 미친 영향을 경험적으로 밝히는 것이다. 노인의 가구형태가 소득 수준에 미치는 영향은 각 나라마다 역사적으로 독특하게 구성된 노후보장제도의 특징에 따라 다르게 나타난다. 가족부양의 원리가 여전히 강하고 보편적 사회보장 기회가 제약된 한국의 노후 부양 조건에서 노인단독가구와 노부부가구의 급격한 증가는 노후의 빈곤 위험을 심화시키는 요인으로 주목된다. 이런 문제의식에서 자료를 이용하여 1998년, 2008년, 그리고 2011년 시점에서 65세 이상 노인이 속한 가구형태의 변화에 따른 절대빈곤율과 상대빈곤율의 변화 효과를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 노인1인가구와 노인부부가구의 증가, 그리고 자녀와 동거하는 가구의 감소는 노인의 상대빈곤이 심화된 현상과 직접적으로 연관되어 있었다. 1998년과 2008년, 그리고 2011년 시점을 비교할 때 세대 간 동거율이 크게 감소한 결과 자녀와의 동거에 의한 빈곤완충효과가 약화되었고, 자녀와 별거 시의 사적이전에 의한 빈곤완충효과도 제약되었다. 사회보험과 공공부조가 노인의 빈곤 위험을 부분적으로 완충하고 있지만, 가구형태의 변화에 따라 증가된 빈곤 위험을 충분히 보완하지 못하고 있다. 결과적으로 1인가구 노인과 부부가구 노인의 증가에 따라 심화된 빈곤위험이 전체 노인의 빈곤율 수준을 상승시킨 주된 요인이 되었다. 결론에서는 1인가구와 부부가구에 속한 노인이 늘어나고 동시적으로 상대빈곤이 심화된 두 현상에 작용한 한국의 노후보장제도의 특성에 대해 논하고 있다. 자녀와 독립되어 살아갈 때 빈곤위험이 심화된 것은 두 현상 사이에 내재적 인과관계가 작용한 결과이기 보다는 노후의 독립된 소득생활 기반이 취약한 조건에서 발생한 관계로 이해된다. 이런 맥락에서 지속가능한 노인 소득정책에 대한 함의에 대해 논하고 있다.

Variance Estimation of Change in Poverty Rates: an Application to the Turkish EU-SILC Survey

Abstract Interpreting changes between point estimates at different waves may be misleading if we do not take the sampling variation into account. It is therefore necessary to estimate the standard error of these changes in order to judge whether or not the observed changes are statistically significant. This involves the estimation of temporal correlations between cross-sectional estimates, because correlations play an important role in estimating the variance of a change in the cross-sectional estimates. Standard estimators for correlations cannot be used because of the rotation used in most panel surveys, such as the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) surveys. Furthermore, as poverty indicators are complex functions of the data, they require special treatment when estimating their variance. For example, poverty rates depend on poverty thresholds which are estimated from medians. We propose using a multivariate linear regression approach to estimate correlations by taking into account the variability of the poverty threshold. We apply the approach proposed to the Turkish EU-SILC survey data.

Education, Economic Growth & Poverty Rate in Nigeria: Any Nexus?

Education is seen as a veritable tool for the socio-political and economic emancipation of any country from the shackles of ignorance, poverty, unemployment and low economic growth. But despite the enormous increase in education expenditure and literacy rate in Nigeria in the past two decades, noninclusive growth and high poverty rate still permeate all facets of human endeavour. In this light, the paper examines the interrelationships among education, economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. The study adopts econometrics methodology as the analytical tool using secondary data from 1980-2012. Evidence from the study suggests that though a long-run relationship exists among education, economic growth and poverty rate in Nigeria, but neither total education expenditure nor literacy rate cause changes in poverty rate in Nigeria. While government expenditure on education was found to have a positive and significant impact on economic growth (both in the short-run and in the long-run), literacy rate has positive but insignificant impact on growth. This could be due to high rate of unemployed school leavers, weak institutional mechanism, obsolete school curricula, shortage of critical infrastructure, and brain drain syndrome which characterize the country. The paper therefore recommended an increase in budgetary allocation to education as well as a review of the school curricula with a view to making the educational system more responsive to growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Government should also create the enabling environment for the creation of jobs through the provision of critical infrastructure which accelerate the development of small scale enterprises. This will provide gainful employment for school leavers and make them contribute more to inclusive growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria.

Explaining the Evolution of Poverty: The Case of Mozambique

We provide a comprehensive approach for analyzing the evolution of poverty using Mozambique as a case study. Bringing together data from disparate sources, we develop a novel “back‐casting” framework that links a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to a micro‐simulation poverty module. This framework provides a new approach to explaining and decomposing the evolution of poverty, as well as to examining rigorously the coherence between poverty, economic growth, and inequality outcomes. Finally, various simple but useful and rarely‐applied approaches to considering regional changes in poverty rates are presented.

A Simple Poverty Scorecard for Pakistan

How poor are participants in pro-poor programs in Pakistan? This study uses the 2005/6 Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey to construct an easy-to-use scorecard that estimates the likelihood that a Pakistani household has expenditure below a given poverty line. The scorecard uses 10 simple indicators that field workers can quickly collect and verify. Poverty scores can be computed on paper in the field in about 5 to 10 minutes. The scorecard’s accuracy and precision are reported for a range of poverty lines. The poverty scorecard is a practical way for pro-poor programs in Pakistan to monitor poverty rates, track changes in poverty rates over time, and target services.

Seven extremely simple poverty scorecards

How poor are participants in development programmes? And are they making progress toward the Millennium Development Goals? Using data from national household surveys, this paper presents easy-to-use, objective poverty scorecards for seven countries: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Haiti, India, Mexico, Pakistan and the Philippines. Each scorecard uses five indicators - closely related to the Millennium Development Goals - to estimate a person's poverty likelihood, that is, the probability that income or expenditure is below the national poverty line or below $1/day. Field workers can compute scores by hand on paper in 5-10 minutes. The poverty scorecards can help local propoor programmes target services, report on poverty rates, and track changes in poverty rates over time.

Rural poverty, tourism and spatial heterogeneity

The intent of this research is to explore changes in US rural poverty rates from 1990 to 2000. Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) I focus on spatial variations in the role of tourism and recreation in changing poverty rates. Results suggest that tourism and recreation as I have measured it play a small role in explaining changes in poverty rates and there is limited spatial variation. This result challenges the notion that the promotion of tourism and recreation as a rural economic development strategy results in low paying inferior job opportunities.

Nickel and Dimed German Style: The Working Poor in Germany

Using data from the German SOEP, this paper analyses whether there have been (a) any significant changes in poverty rates and poverty intensities before and after the Hartz IV reforms and (b) whether there have been observable changes in the effect of employment in reducing the threat or intensity of poverty. Using multivariate analyses we can find no evidence of increases in poverty rates comparing the time period 2002–2004 with that of 2005-2006. Further we find no change in the effect of employment in reducing the probability and intensity of poverty during this time period. The “working poor” phenomenon in Germany remains relatively small and statistically unchanged by the Hartz reforms.

Changes in Poverty Rates during the Howard Era

Abstract This article considers changes in poverty rates under the Howard government. We also make three methodological contributions. We consider the statistical significance of the estimated changes in poverty. We propose a decomposition technique that reconciles the trends in absolute and relative poverty. We also use ‘poverty profiles’, which illustrate sensitivity to alternative poverty lines. We find decreases in absolute poverty and increases in relative poverty, both of which are statistically significant over a range of poverty lines. At a poverty line equal to half of the median income, the increase in relative poverty is statistically significant for all people and borders on significance for children.

Value-Added Agricultural Enterprises and Local Economic Performance

Proponents of value-added agricultural enterprises (VAAE) argue for favorable government policies and funds to promote these industries as a local development strategy. Though regularly advocated at all levels of government, the beliefs regarding the benefits of VAAE to local economies merit empirical investigation. A county-level analysis of the contiguous U.S. states for a ten-year time period was used to evaluate the contribution of selected VAAE to county economic well-being. The two-stage least squares regression coupled with spatial econometric methods suggests that the support for these selected VAAE as a tool of local economic well-being, measured using income and employment growth and change in poverty rates, is not well founded.

Risk and the Evolution of Inequality in China in an Era of Globalization

Risk and the Evolution of Inequality in China in an Era of Globalization