Changes In Physical State Research Articles

Оцінка ефективності глибокого безполицевого обробітку ґрунту

The paper presents the evaluation of effectiveness of deep chiseling with the help of analytical methods. General objective of the work is to develop the method for describing theoretical interaction of operating parts of machines and tools with soil during main chiseling in the form of a stochastic process of successive hits of the operating part with a solid medium. The destruction of monoliths (uncultivated) soil during its cultivation was considered as a process of formation and subsequent evolution of dynamic cracks, the nature and amount of which, in a particular soil volume, is determined by the amount of energy absorbed by operating parts and the actual properties of cultivated soil. It should be taken into consideration that the spread of cracks during chiseling occurs by the lowest strength of connections between certain structural units, in fact organic inclusions, soil pores, moisture inclusions and other similar elements are the largest centers of formation, concentration and further development of cracks during cultivation. Interaction of operating parts of machines and tools with soil is most expedient to carry out modeling work in a thickness of the environment of a dihedral wedge taking into account mechanical structure of soil. It is established that the number of cracks and the size and number of lumps after cultivation are linearly dependent, which means that to qualitatively study the change in physical state, during chiseling with operating parts and tools, it is enough to study the process and evolution of cracking. As a result of the work performed, it is proved that the degree of soil grinding during its chiseling can be assessed by probability, and the quality of tools, that is the percentage of total mass of cultivated soil particles with the size not exceeding 50 mm. When modeling chiseling, the grinding process can be considered in the form of interaction of a dihedral wedge with a solid structured layer of soil with specified properties. The interaction of the chiseling operating part with the soil is accompanied by deformation of soil environment, increased stresses and cracks, which ultimately determine the shape and size of the crushed units. We believe that the number and nature of cracks that occur during tillage are in direct proportion to the size of the obtained units upon completion.

On Alteration Rate Renewal Stage of Nuclear Waste Glass Corrosion

Abstract:The three generically accepted stages of glass corrosion are reviewed with focus on final stage termed alteration rate renewal (or resumption) stage when the glass may re-start corroding with the rate similar to that at the initial stage. It is emphasized that physical state and physical changes that occur in the near-surface layers can readily lead to an effective increase of leaching rate which is similar to alteration rate renewals. Experimental data on long-term (during few decades) corrosion of radioactive borosilicate glass K26 designed to immobilize high-sodium operational NPP radioactive waste evidence on resumption-like effects of radionuclides (137,134Cs) leaching. The cause of that was however related not to chemical changes in the leaching environment but rather to physical state of glass surface due to formation of small cracks and new pristine glass areas in contact with water.

INFERRING ADL BEHAVIORS FROM HIGH DENSITY, AMBIENT, INTERNET OF THINGS SENSOR DATA USING MACHINE LEARNING

To address the growing desire for older adults to age-in-place, there has been an influx of research and development in telehealth services that utilize smart home and ambient assisted living (AAL) technology. AAL technology is designed to care for, remotely monitor, and support healthy aging. The challenge with AAL technology is to accurately classify an older adults’ activities and provide a baseline for detecting changes in physical and cognitive state. We employ (1) rules-based, (2) Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and (3) auto-encoders (a type of neural network) to infer activities of daily living and instrumented activities of daily living behavior from low-level Internet of Things sensor data. We apply our techniques to a large dataset over 5 older adults in independent living apartments, for over 5 months with 30 to 50 ambient sensors per apartment. Findings highlighted three main themes: (1) lessons learned, (2) an evaluation of the various approaches employed, and (3) a semi-automated methodology to label large volumes of raw sensor data.

Change in inorganic phosphate physical state can regulate transcription

ABSTRACTInorganic phosphate (Pi), a ubiquitous metabolite, is involved in all major biochemical pathways. We demonstrate that, in vitro, MgHPO4 (the intracellular Pi form) at physiological concentrations can exist in a metastable supersaturated dissolved state or as a precipitate. We have shown that in solution, MgHPO4 strongly stimulates exonuclease nascent transcript cleavage by RNA polymerase. We report here that MgHPO4 precipitate selectively and efficiently inhibits transcription initiation in vitro. In view of the MgHPO4 solubility and in vitro sensitivity of RNA synthesis to MgHPO4 precipitate, at physiological concentrations, MgHPO4 should cause a 50–98% inhibition of cellular RNA synthesis, thus exerting a strong regulatory action. The effects of Pi on transcription in vivo will, therefore, reflect the physical state of intracellular Pi.

Dense Membrane Crystallization in Gas–Liquid Systems: Key Parameters Influencing Fouling

Membranes have been increasingly considered as a promising technology to conventional crystallization processes. One of the most significant benefits would be to control the supersaturation by fine-tuning the mass transfer throughout the membrane. Several investigations on this topic have already been proposed using porous materials. However, numerous authors dealt with scaling phenomena with either pore blocking or surface fouling. To reduce this issue, the use of dense skin membranes seems to be an interesting alternative while keeping other membrane advantages. The present study aims at analyzing the potential of nonporous materials in membrane contactors used for crystallization purposes. More specifically, two major scientific challenges are investigated closely: how to avoid membrane fouling by choosing appropriate membrane materials and to predict, potentially, the crystallization location in/on a dense polymeric material. The global aim of this study is to better understand the fouling mechanisms in dense membranes. Several commercially available materials are screened and experiments are conducted under a strict diffusion regime in a gas–liquid system with a stagnant liquid phase at 20 °C. Impact of no-hydrodynamics parameters on the crystallization location is studied, namely, changes in gas flowrate, membrane thickness, polymer type, physical state, and initial moisture. It is shown that the first major key parameter to be considered to prevent fouling is the surface energy of the material. The results obtained highlight that hydrophilic membranes such as cellulose acetate are much more difficult to clean than hydrophobic membranes, such as fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). This material property will impact the adherence of a solid compound on the membrane. The permeability of all chemical reactants and their interaction with the membrane materials are the second key parameter to investigate carefully. The results obtained show that no crystals are present on the surface of hydrophobic and highly permeable polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or Teflon AF 2400; meanwhile, large amounts of crystals are recovered in the solution. On the contrary, crystals are dropped off the membrane surface of hydrophobic but less permeable polymers like FEP, although the amount of crystals recovered in the solution compartment is at least 10 times lower by using FEP than PDMS or Teflon AF 2400. These two parameters have a crucial incidence on the solid deposit location in/on the membrane. In the context of this study, membrane fouling is expected to be avoided by using appropriate hydrophobic and highly permeable dense membranes such as Teflon AF 2400 and PDMS.

Spider (Araneae) and harvestman (Opiliones) communities are structured by the ecosystem engineering of burrowing mammals

Abstract Burrowing mammals through their digging activities are important ecosystem engineers and bioturbators in grassland ecosystems. Through habitat formation, they can have significant effects on other species in an ecosystem, structuring their abundance and diversity. We analysed the effect of the European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) on spider (Araneae) and harvestman (Opiliones) communities, because these arachnids are the most abundant and dominant predators with a great variety of foraging strategies, and their community composition is strongly influenced by the physical structure of the environment. We established replicate mound plots positioned directly in the centre of ground squirrel mounds with paired off‐mound control plots undisturbed by ground squirrels. We sampled spiders and harvestmen using pitfall traps on 30 ground squirrel mounds and 30 paired off‐mound control plots at two study sites differing in grazing intensity and plant species richness. We found that the response of spiders was site‐specific, while harvestmen responded consistently to disturbances by burrowing mammals. Mounds exhibited increased abundance and species richness of harvestmen at both study sites, while species richness of spiders was increased only in intensively managed grassland. We also detected compositional changes of the arachnid community on the mounds in comparison to the grassland matrix. Our findings indicate that burrowing mammals through physical state changes in abiotic and biotic material modulate the resources for other species and maintain a high diversity of biotic communities in intensively grazed grasslands.

Molecular-Level Interactions between Engineered Materials and Cells.

Various recent experimental observations indicate that growing cells on engineered materials can alter their physiology, function, and fate. This finding suggests that better molecular-level understanding of the interactions between cells and materials may guide the design and construction of sophisticated artificial substrates, potentially enabling control of cells for use in various biomedical applications. In this review, we introduce recent research results that shed light on molecular events and mechanisms involved in the interactions between cells and materials. We discuss the development of materials with distinct physical, chemical, and biological features, cellular sensing of the engineered materials, transfer of the sensing information to the cell nucleus, subsequent changes in physical and chemical states of genomic DNA, and finally the resulting cellular behavior changes. Ongoing efforts to advance materials engineering and the cell–material interface will eventually expand the cell-based applications in therapies and tissue regenerations.

Black Sea Observing System

The ultimate goal of modern operational oceanography are end user oriented products with high scientific quality. Beneficiaries are the governmental services, coast and offshore based enterprises and research institutions that make use of the products generated by operational oceanography. Direct users are coastal managers, shipping, search and rescue, oil spill combat, offshore industry, ports, fishing, tourism and recreation industry. Indirect beneficiaries, through climate forecasting based on ocean observations, are food, energy, water and medical suppliers. Availability of updated information on the actual state as well as forecast of marine environment is essential for the success and safety of maritime operations in the offshore industry. Various systems for the collection and presentation of marine data for the needs of different users have been developed and put in operation in the Black Sea. The systems are located both along the coast and in the open sea and the information they provide is used by both the maritime industry and the widest range of users. The Black Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Centre in the frame of the Copernicus Marine Service is providing regular and systematic information about the physical state of the ocean, marine ecosystem and wave conditions in the Black Sea area, assimilating observations, keeping efficient operations, advanced technology and high quality modeling products. Combining and optimizing in-situ, remote sensing, modeling and forecasting into a Black Sea observing system is a task that has to be solved, and that will allow to get a more complete and comprehensive picture of the state of the marine environment as well as to forecast future changes of physical and biogeochemical state of the Black Sea and the Black Sea ecosystem.

Study on hydrophobic modification of basil seed gum-based (BSG) films by octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA)

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the characteristics of basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.) seed gum (BSG) films after modification with octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA) at different OSA:BSG weight ratios (WRs) of 0, 0.01 and 0.03. HPLC analysis revealed that the amount of added OS groups was 0%, 0.28%, and 1.01%, respectively. The introduction of OS groups along the BSG backbone was also confirmed by FT-IR and NMR analysis. XRD results revealed no significant change of physical state after modification. The contact angle (i.e., hydrophobicity) of modified BSG films was higher than that of control film. A decrease in the film solubility in water (29%) and water vapor permeability (50%), but an increase in density (14.28%) and opacity (21.37%) was observed after modification at the WR of 0.03. Also, the results showed that modification with OSA had no significant influence on the film thickness, moisture content and color properties. BSG modification with OSA at the WR of 0.03 significantly increased the flexibility and ultimate strength of respective films. The results of this study showed that OSA-modified BSG is a good candidate for developing edible films and coating with relatively high resistance to water.

MEDIA LITERACY AND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION: THE STUDENTS’ PROTAGONISM

Currently, a discursive resource widely used is images, whose use can facilitate the explanation of concepts, constituting essential support for the communication of scientific ideas. This article reports the results of a study on the perception of 107 students of two High Schools located in São Paulo (Brazil) concerning representations of the physical state change processes at a sub-microscopic domain. After the development of a teaching-learning sequence (TLS) about the properties of matter, discussions were conducted both in small groups and with the whole class. At this point, students were asked to draw up images that represent their understanding of the phenomena of physical changes at the sub-microscopic level. In the second phase of the TLS, after some discussion about the drawings previously produced, each group of students was asked to create an audiovisual object (AO) concerning the phenomena. It was possible to perceive both the evolution of their expressed mental representations that present scientific features more consistently and the students’ more coherent and secure speech. These results suggest that the multimodal approach promotes opportunities both for the building of models by the students, and their expression is essential to chemistry language learning. Keywords: multimodal approach, media literacy, sub-microscopic domain, science education

Физическое развитие и функциональное состояние женщин 20–35 лет, занимающихся плаванием

Liliia Sheiko Purpose: determining changes in physical development and functional state of women 20–35 years old, engaged in swimming. Material & Methods : 20 women aged 20–35 years old took part in the study, which consisted of two groups: the main group (MG) and the control group (CG). The OG included women swimming in the fitness and fitness groups of the author's swimming school of Yu. V. Bliznyuk and Pioneer pool (water sports school named after Yana Klochkova); in the CG – women who lead active lifestyles, but in health groups are not engaged, swimming only on weekends. The tested people had the same swimming preparedness. Applied: survey, testing, instrumental methods for studying the cardiovascular system. Lung capacity and dynamometry were determined. To study the functional reserves of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, the Skibinsky index was used. The obtained quantitative data were processed by the methods of mathematical statistics. Results : the study suggests that in women of 20–35 years old swimming lessons cause changes in physical development and functional state. According to the parameters of the physical development of women of MG and CG swimming during the year has a positive effect on the body. First of all, swimming helps to improve the state of the cardio-respiratory system and the strength abilities of women. Conclusions: the positive effect of swimming on the physical development and functional status of women aged 20–35 years engaged in recreational swimming is substantiated and proved.

Thermodynamic properties of barley hydration process and its thermostability

AbstractBarley is a winter cereal grain used mainly in brewing malt production and is ranked among the top five cereal grains produced in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate isothermal hydration at different temperatures (30, 35, 40 °C) and obtain the thermodynamic properties, as well as characterize the thermostability of the Scarlet cultivar and evaluate the starch gelatinization temperature. The micrography showed that hydration causes gradual peeling and swelling of the starch granules, compatible with a heterogeneous hydration of different anatomical structures. The moisture absorption rate increased with the temperature. The kinetics of the grain hydration was simulated using the models of Peleg and Omoto–Jorge. The Peleg model was more suitable for predicting the kinetics, and the data distribution revealed three distinct phases. Thermal degradation of barley revealed three peaks: loss of moisture, nonoxidative degradation, and oxidative degradation. Starch gelatinization occurred at 62 °C.Practical applicationsThe evaluation of hydration kinetics demonstrates that an increase in temperature improves the rate of mass transfer in the grain. This practice can be applied in the industry to optimize the process. The micrograph confirms that changes occur in the barley during hydration. Mathematical models allow for verification of how better to predict the process so that it may be generalized to enable the simulation of industrial conditions. The thermodynamic parameters obtained by process modeling provide information concerning the affinity between water and the grain, the spontaneity of reaction, the degree of disorder, and the energy required for the process; this data is useful for modeling, design, and optimization of the industrial process. The thermostability evaluation provides relevant information for choosing temperatures that may be used in industrial practices, as well as for changes in physical state (i.e., whether or not gelatinization is favorable for the process).

Solubility and Solution Thermodynamics of Baricitinib in Six Different Pharmaceutically Used Solvents at Different Temperatures

Abstract The preset study was undertaken to determine solubility and solution thermodynamics of a novel anticancer drug baricitinib in some pharmaceutically used mono/pure solvents including “water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), ethyl acetate (EA), dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)” at “T = 298.2 K to 323.2 K” and “p = 0.1 MPa”. The solubility of baricitinib after equilibrium (saturation state) was analyzed spectrophotometrically by applying an isothermal technique. Characterization of solid phases of initial and equilibrated baricitinib was confirmed with the help of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Measured solubilities of baricitinib were regressed using “van’t Hoff and Apelblat models”. DSC spectra of baricitinib showed no change in physical state of baricitinib after equilibrium. Solubilities of baricitinib (as mole fraction) were estimated highest in DMSO (1.65 × 10−1) followed by PEG-400 (1.42 × 10−1), DCM (1.29 × 10−3), ethanol (7.41 × 10−4), EA (4.74 × 10−4) and water (1.76 × 10−4) at “T = 323.2 K” and same tendencies were also noted at other temperatures studied. With the help of theoretical solubilities of baricitinib, activity coefficients were estimated. The estimated data of activity coefficients indicated higher molecular interactions in baricitinib-DMSO and baricitinib-PEG-400 as compared with baricitinib-water, baricitinib-EA, baricitinib-DCM and baricitinib-ethanol. Thermodynamic treatment of solubility values of baricitinib showed “endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution” of baricitinib in all pharmaceutically used solvents evaluated.

Interaction of oil bodies proteins with phospholipid bilayers: A molecular level elucidation as revealed by infrared spectroscopy

It is crucial to develop new natural sources of emulsifiers to substitute the synthetic molecules. An ideal emulsifying system exists in plants that is consisting of oil bodies proteins and phospholipids. In this study, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the interactions between oil bodies proteins (OBP) and model phospholipid (PL) membranes. The secondary structure and PL thermotropism were investigated. Different PL varying in chain length and polar head were used including two zwitterionic phospholipids, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, and two anionic phospholipids, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol. The changes in lipid physical state and protein denaturation were investigated as a function of temperature from 20 to 80 °C. OBP in solution is composed of unordered structures and β-sheets with signs of aggregation. Anionic PL interacts with OBP whereas zwitterionic PL does not or only slightly interacts with the protein. Unsaturated PL promoted the α-helix structure in OBP. The interactions between OBP and PL depended on the protein charge inducing different protein conformations. Overall, the study showed that OBP and commercial anionic phospholipids have a potential in developing stable emulsifier for food industry.

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers.

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

Expressing physical and emotional state changes through the verb get and its translations in bilingual writing, English-Spanish, in high school

Expressing physical and emotional state changes through the verb get and its translations in bilingual writing, English-Spanish, in high school

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Green Cationic Polyfluorene and Its Potential Use as a Fluorescent Membrane Probe.

In the present work, we have synthesized a novel green-emitter conjugated polyelectrolyte Copoly-{[9,9-bis(6′-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]-2,7-(fluorene)-alt-4,7-(2-(phenyl) benzo[d] [1,2,3] triazole)} bromide (HTMA-PFBT) by microwave-assisted Suzuki coupling reaction. Its fluorescent properties have been studied in aqueous media and in presence of model membranes of different composition, in order to explore its ability to be used as a green fluorescent membrane probe. The polyelectrolyte was bound with high affinity to the membrane surface, where it exhibited high fluorescence efficiency and stability. HTMA-PFBT showed lower affinity to zwitterionic membranes as compared to anionic ones, as well as a more external location, near the membrane-aqueous interface. Fluorescence microscopy studies confirmed the interaction of HTMA-PFBT with the model membranes, labelling the lipid bilayer without perturbing its morphology and showing a clear preference towards anionic systems. In addition, the polyelectrolyte was able to label the membrane of bacteria and living mammalian cells, separately. Finally, we explored if the polyelectrolyte can function also as a sensitive probe able of detecting lipid-phase transitions. All these results suggest the potential use of HTMA-PFBT as a green membrane marker for bioimaging and selective recognition of bacteria cell over mammalian ones and as a tool to monitor changes in physical state of lipid membranes.

Phase separation in amorphous hydrophobically modified starch–sucrose blends: Glass transition, matrix dynamics and phase behavior

The phase behavior and matrix dynamics of amorphous blends of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified starch and sucrose was studied as function of blend composition and water content. Phase separation into two amorphous phases, one enriched in OSA starch and the other in sucrose, was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC and 1H solid-state NMR show that the phase separation is only partial. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the OSA starch-rich phase was found to be ∼30–100 K higher than the Tg of the sucrose-rich phase, depending on blend composition and water content. A novel type of coupling between changes in physical state of the sucrose-rich phase and plasticizer redistribution is proposed, leading to an unexpected increase of the glass transition temperature of the modified starch-rich phase at higher matrix water contents. A quantitative model for the phase separation of the anhydrous blends into two amorphous phases is presented. The model predicts that, with increasing blend sucrose content, the weight fraction of the sucrose-rich phase decreases, while the sucrose content of both the OSA starch-rich phase and the sucrose-rich phase increases. This novel phenomenon is relevant in the understanding of the stability and performance of multiphase food and pharmaceutical components.

The Effect of Nourishing Qigong Practice on Physical and Mental State Changes: Using the Nourishing Qigong, Nei Yang Gong Dong Gong, Yi Jin Xing Qi Fa

The Effect of Nourishing Qigong Practice on Physical and Mental State Changes: Using the Nourishing Qigong, Nei Yang Gong Dong Gong, Yi Jin Xing Qi Fa

Dynamic Biological Functioning Important for Simulating and Stabilizing Ocean Biogeochemistry

AbstractThe biogeochemistry of the ocean exerts a strong influence on the climate by modulating atmospheric greenhouse gases. In turn, ocean biogeochemistry depends on numerous physical and biological processes that change over space and time. Accurately simulating these processes is fundamental for accurately simulating the ocean's role within the climate. However, our simulation of these processes is often simplistic, despite a growing understanding of underlying biological dynamics. Here we explore how new parameterizations of biological processes affect simulated biogeochemical properties in a global ocean model. We combine 6 different physical realizations with 6 different biogeochemical parameterizations (36 unique ocean states). The biogeochemical parameterizations, all previously published, aim to more accurately represent the response of ocean biology to changing physical conditions. We make three major findings. First, oxygen, carbon, alkalinity, and phosphate fields are more sensitive to changes in the ocean's physical state. Only nitrate is more sensitive to changes in biological processes, and we suggest that assessment protocols for ocean biogeochemical models formally include the marine nitrogen cycle to assess their performance. Second, we show that dynamic variations in the production, remineralization, and stoichiometry of organic matter in response to changing environmental conditions benefit the simulation of ocean biogeochemistry. Third, dynamic biological functioning reduces the sensitivity of biogeochemical properties to physical change. Carbon and nitrogen inventories were 50% and 20% less sensitive to physical changes, respectively, in simulations that incorporated dynamic biological functioning. These results highlight the importance of a dynamic biology for ocean properties and climate.