Maximum Temperature Change Research Articles

The effect of penetrated oxygen particles on combustion time of coated Al hydride nanoparticles in an oxygenated medium by applying molecular dynamics method via Lennard-Jones and reactive force-field potentials

Today, combustion process (CP) has been used in multifarious industries such as electricity generation, transportation, and heating due to its high energy content. Due to importance of studying CP and good performance of Al-based atomic structures, and since effect of initial temperature in range of 1100 to 1500 K on CP of coated Al hydride nanoparticle (AHNP) has not been investigated, present study investigated CP of ethanol-coated AHNP in an oxygenated and aqueous environment using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This simulation done with LAMMPS software. The Verlet algorithm used to determination of physical quantities such as space and velocity. The system temperature adjusted with nose-Hoover thermostat. The potentials of Lennard-Jones (LJ) and reactive force-field (RexFF) used to quantify interactions. It is seen that after 1 ns (equilibration time), temperature of both simulated structures in aqueous and oxygenated environments approach 1000 K. The PE in both simulated atomic samples (in aqueous and oxygenated environments) reaches a certain value after 1 ns, indicating simulated samples’ physical equilibrium. By adding ethanol atomic coating, temperature, and PE changes reach numerical values ​​of 1240 K and -558.33 eV, respectively; while the maximum temperature change in an aqueous and oxygenated environment reaches 1191.12 and 1246.89 K.

Temporal Changes in Minimum and Maximum Temperatures at Selected Locations of Southern Africa

Agriculture is threatened by ever increasing temperatures and this trend is predicted to continue for the near and distant future. The negative impact of rising temperatures on agri-food systems is also compounded by the erratic and highly variable rainfall in most parts of southern Africa. Minimum and maximum temperatures’ variability and trend analysis were undertaken using daily time series data derived from 23 meteorological stations spread across Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The modified Mann–Kendall and Theil–Sen slope models were used to assess temperature trends and their magnitudes. Temperature varied with location and minimum temperature was more variable than maximum temperature. Semi-arid regions had higher variation in minimum temperature compared to humid and coastal environments. The results showed an upward trend in minimum (0.01–0.83 °C over a 33–38 year period) and maximum (0.01–0.09 °C over a 38–57 year period) temperatures at 9 and15 locations, respectively. A downward trend in minimum temperature (0.03–0.20 °C over 38–41 years) occurred in South Africa at two locations and Dedza (Malawi), while a non-significant decline in maximum temperature (0.01 °C over 54 years) occurred at one location in coastal dry sub-humid Mozambique. The results confirm the increase in temperature over 33–79 years, and highlight the importance of including temperature when designing climate change adaption and mitigation strategies in southern Africa and similar environments.

Influence of Sintering Additives on Modified (Ba,Sr)(Sn,Ti)O3 for Electrocaloric Application

This paper reports on the influence of sintering additives CuO and MgO on the recently developed lead-free electrocaloric (EC) material Ba0.82Sr0.18Sn0.065Ti0.935O3 (BSSnT-18-6.5). Details on the sintering behavior and the resulting microstructure of bulk ceramic samples prepared through solid-state synthesis and their dielectric, ferroelectric, and electrocaloric properties are presented. On the one hand, the addition of CuO (xCuO = 2%) significantly reduced the sintering temperature from 1400 °C to 1150 °C. On the other hand, the addition of MgO (xMgO = 1%) dramatically reduced the average grain size from 40 µm to 0.4 µm, leading to an increase in dielectric breakdown strength from 4.4 V µm−1 to 7.7 V µm−1. Thus, BSSnT-18-6.5 with the addition of MgO to bulk ceramic samples could achieve maximum EC temperature changes (|ΔTEC|) of 0.27 K around 30 °C with almost no aberration within a broad temperature range from 5 °C to 50 °C under an applied electric field change of 5 V µm−1. The results show the potential of this material for the fabrication of multilayer ceramic (MLC) components for future electrocaloric applications.

Large low-field reversible magnetocaloric effect in K3Gd(PO4)2 at sub-Kelvin temperature

We synthesized a potassium gadolinium phosphate K3Gd(PO4)2 with monoclinic structure (P21/m) by the high-temperature solid–state reaction method. Its lattice constants obtained by Rietveld refinements of XRD curve are a = 0.7411 nm, b = 0.5624 nm, and c = 0.9433 nm. Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of K3Gd(PO4)2 were investigated in detail. The magnetic phase transition temperature of K3Gd(PO4)2 was determined by ultra-low temperature testing to be 0.58 K. K3Gd(PO4)2 exhibits large magnetic entropy changes (–ΔSM). The maximum –ΔSM are 20.2 and 29.4 J/(kg·K) in the magnetic field variation (ΔH) of 1 and 2 T, respectively, which are larger than that of the commercial Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG). The maximum adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) reaches 5.91 K under a magnetic field change (ΔH) of 1 T. K3Gd(PO4)2 is a potential magnetic refrigeration material for obtaining sub-Kelvin temperatures.

Electrocaloric effect in BaTiO3 multilayer capacitors with first-order phase transitions

Electrocaloric (EC) materials, presenting large adiabatic temperature change or isothermal entropy change under the application (or removal) of electric fields, offer an efficient alternative to caloric heat pumps for replacing hazardous gases used in traditional vapor-compression systems. Recently, a large EC temperature change of 5.5 K have been reported in Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5)O3 multilayer ceramic capacitors (Nair et al 2019 Nature 575 468) thanks to its strong first-order phase transition and a temperature span of 13 K has been reported in a prototype based on these capacitors (Torelló et al 2020 Science 370 125). However, the toxicity of lead forces researchers to find eco-friendly materials exhibiting competitive EC performances. Here, we study the EC effect in lead-free BaTiO3 multilayer capacitors using an infrared camera. Unlike commercial BaTiO3 capacitors, we prepared our samples without sacrifying the first-order phase transition in BaTiO3 while a low amount of 0.2 mol% Mn was added as an acceptor dopant to improve electrical resistivity. Their EC adiabatic temperature variations show two peaks versus temperature, which match BaTiO3 two first-order phase transitions, as observed by differential scanning calorimetry. We measured a temperature drop of ∼0.9 K over a temperature range of 70 K under 170 kV cm−1, starting at 30 °C near the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition. Under the same electric field, a maximum temperature change of 2.4 K was recorded at 126 °C, at BaTiO3’s Curie temperature. Our findings suggest that further optimized BaTiO3 capacitors could offer a path for designing lead-free caloric cooling prototypes.

Hospital admission tendencies caused by day-to-day temperature changes during summer: a case study for the city of Novi Sad (Serbia).

Increased temperature risk in cities threatens the health and well-being of urban population and is fueled by climate change and intensive urbanization. Consequently, further steps must be taken for assessing temperature conditions in cities and their association with public health, in order to improve public health prevention at local or regional level. This study contributes to solving the problems by analyzing the connection between extreme temperatures and the tendencies of all-cause hospital admissions. The analyses used (a) 1-h air temperature data, and (b) daily data of all-cause hospital admissions. The datasets include the summer period (June, July, August) for the years 2016 and 2017. We tested the effects of two temperature indices, day-to-day change in maximum temperature - Tmax,c and daily temperature range - Tr, with all-cause hospital admission subgroups, such as all-cause cases - Ha, hospital admissions in the population below 65 - Ha<65, and hospital admissions in the population aged 65 and over - Ha≥65. The results show the highest values of Ha when Tmax,c is between 6 and 10 °C. Therefore, more intensive hospital admissions can be expected when Tmax increases from day-to-day (positive values of Tmax,c), and it is more visible for Ha and Ha<65 (1 °C = 1% increase in hospital admissions). Also, Tr values between 10 °C and 14 °C cause an increase in the number of hospital admissions, and it is more noticeable for Ha≥65.

Maximum Northern Hemisphere warming rates before and after 1880 during the Common Era

We find that maximal decadal Northern Hemisphere warming increases as rapidly before as after the industrial revolution (0.86 °C decade−1 before 1880 and 0.60–0.68 °C decade−1 after 1880). However, whereas the number of decadal periods with large increase and decrease rates were about equal before 1880 (267 vs. 273), after 1880 there are more periods with high increase rates (35) than with high decrease rates (9). The same patterns hold for bi-decadal rates. However, for time windows greater than about 20 years, the slope in global warming with time becomes greater after 1880. After 1971, there is only one short 11 year period with negative slopes. This reflects the higher frequency of positive slopes during the industrial period caused by the contribution of greenhouse gases (GHG). Maximum temperature changes for detrended series were associated with the beginning and end of extreme warm or cold sub periods. They occurred throughout all of the Common Era. Because the detrended temperature series showed sign of a pacemaker mechanism (regular cycle periods) we suggest that ocean variabilities were a dominating mechanism for multidecadal temperature variability during the Common Era.

Correlation between multi-factor phase diagrams and complex electrocaloric behaviors in PNZST antiferroelectric ceramic system

Ferroelectric (FE) phase transition with a large polarization change benefits to generate large electrocaloric (EC) effect for solid-sate and zero-carbon cooling application. However, most EC studies only focus on the single-physical factor associated phase transition. Herein, we initiated a comprehensive discussion on phase transition in Pb_0.99Nb_0.02[(Zr_0.6Sn_0.4)_1−<i>x</i>Ti_<i>x</i>]_0.98O₃ (PNZST100<i>x</i>) antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramic system under the joint action of multi-physical factors, including composition, temperature, and electric field. Due to low energy barrier and enhanced zero-field entropy, the multi-phase coexistence point (<i>x</i> = 0.12) in the composition–temperature phase diagram yields a large positive EC peak of maximum temperature change (Δ<i>T</i>_max) = 2.44 K (at 40 kV/cm). Moreover, the electric field–temperature phase diagrams for four representative ceramics provide a more explicit guidance for EC evolution behavior. Besides the positive EC peaks near various phase transition temperatures, giant positive EC effects are also brought out by the electric field-induced phase transition from tetragonal AFE (AFE_T) to low-temperature rhombohedral FE (FE_R), which is reflected by a positive-slope boundary in the electric field–temperature phase diagram, while significant negative EC responses are generated by the phase transition from AFE_T to high-temperature multi-cell cubic paraelectric (PE_MCC) with a negative-slope phase boundary. This work emphasizes the importance of phase diagram covering multi-physical factors for high-performance EC material design.

Temperature and Thermal Stress Analysis of a Hot Blast Stove with an Internal Combustion Chamber

In this study, the temperature and thermal stress fields of an internal combustion hot blast stove were calculated and analysed. Turbulent, species transport, chemical reaction, radiation, and porous media models were implemented in a computational fluid dynamics model. Thermal boundary conditions on the structure of the hot blast stove were calculated based on the analytic adiabatic Y-plus method. A method to interpolate the thermal boundary conditions to a finite element mesh was developed, and the boundary conditions were mapped through the proposed method. In the on-gas period, the vortex was generated in the dome, and it made the variation of the temperature field in the checker chamber. The maximum temperature of the flue gas reached 1841 K in the on-gas period. In the on-blast period, the flow was considerably even compared to the on-gas period, and the average blast temperature reached 1345 K. The outer region of the checker chamber is shown to be continuously exposed to a higher temperature, which makes the region the main domain in managing the deterioration of the refractory linings. The shell temperature did not change during the operation due to the lower thermal diffusivity of the refractory linings, where the inner surface of the refractory had a maximum temperature change from 1441 K to 1659 K. The maximum temperature of the shell was 418.4 K at the conical region of the checker chamber side. The conical region had the higher maximum and middle principal thermal stresses due to the presence of a large temperature gradient around the conical region, where the largest maximum and middle principal stresses were 300.6 MPa and 192.0 MPa, respectively. The conical region was found to be a significant area of interest where it had a higher temperature and thermal stress.

Ignition and combustion of Al and ammonium perchlorate-coated Al particles in a double oxidizing air–H2O–Ar atmosphere

Aluminum is a promising energy-containing material that can satisfy both aerospace and underwater thermodynamic propulsion systems. A high-temperature pressurized combustion chamber and a CO2 laser were adopted to investigate the ignition and combustion characteristics of 2, 5, and 40 μm aluminum particles in a 1.0 MPa air–H2O–Ar mixed atmosphere (with varying O2 and H2O concentrations). The combustion-promoting effect of the ammonium perchlorate-coated modification (namely, the AP@Al sample) was evaluated. The results show that Al melts and agglomerates into millimeter-sized droplets (covered with a gas-phase flame) after ignition, and its nonhomogeneous combustion is dominated by diffusion. The flame propagation is greatly enhanced by the AP combustion-promoting effect of oxygen/heat supply and particle dispersion, resulting in a significant decrease in the ignition delay time (ti, approximately 55–85%) and combustion time (tc, approximately 32–96%), whereas an extraordinary increase in the maximum combustion temperature (Tmax, approximately 170–224 K) and pressure changes (approximately 1.7–8.5 kPa, approximately 10.6–136.5 kPa/s) are also observed. Excess water vapor inhibits the flame propagation for AP@Al, viz. the flame area and number of ejected burning particles is decreased. The main factor affecting the combustion temperature is the oxidant rather than the particle size, which may be related to the small difference in the active aluminum content of the samples and the diffusion-controlled combustion mechanism. Due to the advantage of O2 for oxidation and the diffusion rate, the gradual replacement of H2O by air (similar to conversion to a fuel-lean system) leads to a decrease in ti, whereas Tmax is increased for all the samples, and the tc and self-sustaining combustion time are increased for the Al samples, whereas tc is decreased for AP@Al samples for both the equal-molar oxidizing gas concentration and equivalence ratio of O2–H2O control groups in this work. Since O2 creates a new pathway for AlO production, the ignition and combustion performance of Al and AP@Al samples is significantly improved when H2O is replaced by a small amount of air.

An Effective Method of Magnetic Hyperthermia Based on the Ferromagnetic Resonance Phenomenon

Nickel and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles have been synthesized using the chemical precipitation method; the nanoparticle sizes were found to be 63 ± 22 and 26 ± 4 nm, respectively. The static hysteresis loops and Mössbauer spectra have been measured. It is shown that cobalt ferrite powders are magnetically harder than nickel ferrite powders. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) curves have been studied. It is found that the FMR absorption for cobalt ferrite is observed at room temperature and above. The time dependences of the nanoparticle warm-up under FMR conditions have been measured. The maximum temperature changes for nickel ferrite and cobalt ferrite particles are 8 and 11 K, respectively. Using the example of cobalt ferrite powder, the possibility of effectively heating of particles in the FMR mode in their own field without using a DC magnetic field source is shown. The observed effect can be used in magnetic hyperthermia.

The Dynamics of Hydrological Extremes under the Highest Emission Climate Change Scenario in the Headwater Catchments of the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

Climate change and its impact on surface runoff in the upper Blue Nile basin and sub-basins have been widely studied in future climate projections. However, the impact on extreme flow events of rivers is barely investigated discretely. In this paper, the change in temperature and rainfall under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) highest emission scenario (RCP 8.5) and its impact on the high flow and low flow simulated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) in major watersheds of the Lake Tana Basin has been evaluated by comparing the baseline period (1971–2000) with the 2020s (2011–2040), 2050s (2041–2070), and 2080s (2071–2100). The high flows of watersheds were selected by the Annual Maximum Series (AMS) model, whereas the low-flow watersheds were selected by the 7-day sustained mean annual minimum flow method. The result showed that the highest change in maximum temperature ranged from 2.93 °C to 5.17 °C in monthly time scales in the 2080s. The increment in minimum temperature is also more prominent in the 2080s and it is expected to rise by 4.75 °C. Inter-annual variability of the change in rainfall has shown increasing and decreasing patterns. The highest increments are expected by 22.37%, 25.58%, and 29.75% in the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, respectively, whereas the projected highest decrease in rainfall dictates the decrease of 6.42%, 7.11%, and 9.26% in 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, respectively. Due to changes in temperature and rainfall, the low flow is likely to decrease by 8.39%, 8.33%, 6.21%, and 5.02% in Ribb, Gumara, Megech, and Gilgel Abay watersheds, respectively, whereas the high flow of Gilgel Abay, Megech, Gumara, and Ribb watersheds are expected to increase by 13.94%, 12.16%, 10.90%, and 10.24%, respectively, every 30 years.

Limits on phenological response to high temperature in the Arctic

Tundra plants are widely considered to be constrained by cool growing conditions and short growing seasons. Furthermore, phenological development is generally predicted by daily heat sums calculated as growing degree days. Analyzing over a decade of seasonal flower counts of 23 plant species distributed across four plant communities, together with hourly canopy-temperature records, we show that the timing of flowering of many tundra plants are best predicted by a modified growing degree day model with a maximum temperature threshold. Threshold maximums are commonly employed in agriculture, but until recently have not been considered for natural ecosystems and to our knowledge have not been used for tundra plants. Estimated maximum temperature thresholds were found to be within the range of daily temperatures commonly experienced for many species, particularly for plants at the colder, high Arctic study site. These findings provide an explanation for why passive experimental warming—where moderate changes in mean daily temperatures are accompanied by larger changes in daily maximum temperatures—generally shifts plant phenology less than ambient warming. Our results also suggest that many plants adapted to extreme cold environments may have limits to their thermal responsiveness.

Development and parameterization of a model for low-temperature oxidative self-heating of coal stockpiles under forced convection

In order to restore the oxidative self-heating behavior of coal stockpiles more realistically, Considering the characteristics that the larger particle size in the actual coal stockpiles affects the airflow and oxidation heating performance, this study uses the Brinkman-Forchheimer equation to describe the airflow in the coal stockpiles more accurately, and obtains the heating characteristics of large-grained coal in the stockpiles by conducting adiabatic oxidation experiments on multi-grained coal combined with oxidation kinetic theory. It is found that the activation energy is proportional to the inverse of the particle size in a specific particle size range. Numerical simulation studies were carried out to analyze the parameters affecting the coal stockpiles' self-ignition, calorific value loss, and greenhouse gas emission. It was found that as the inlet wind speed increased, the modes of influence for the change of maximum temperature are heat dissipation intensity control, oxygen concentration control in the whole stage, and oxygen concentration control in the high-temperature stage; the modes of influence for the change of high-temperature area distribution are reflected as heat dissipation intensity control, oxygen concentration control and the combined control of heat dissipation intensity and oxygen concentration. When the inlet wind speed is less than 2 m/s, it can effectively delay the warming of the coal stockpiles, which is conducive to the control of spontaneous combustion, the maintenance of calorific value, and the reduction of greenhouse gas release from the coal stockpiles. The coal stockpiles with minor porosity, small particle size, and smaller slope angle can store the coal more safely, efficiently, and environmentally friendly. The degree of influence of each factor on the self-heating is from largest to smallest: particle size, porosity, slope angle, and height. This study has a significant guiding value for coal's safe, economical, and green storage.

Influence of Last Glacial Maximum legacies on functional diversity and community assembly of extant Chinese terrestrial vertebrates

Contemporary biodiversity patterns are shaped by not only modern climate but also factors such as past climate fluctuations. Investigating the relative degree of paleoclimate legacy could help us understand the formation of current biodiversity patterns. However, an assessment of this issue in China is lacking. Here, we investigated the phylogenetic structure and functional diversity patterns of Chinese terrestrial vertebrates. We found that Southern China harbored higher functional richness, while Northern and Western China were more phylogenetically clustered with higher functional divergence and evenness, indicating environmental filtering effects. Moreover, we found that drastic Last Glacial Maximum climate changes were positively related to phylogenetic clustering, lower functional richness, and higher functional divergence and evenness, although this effect varied among different taxonomic groups. We further found that mammal communities experiencing more drastic Last Glacial Maximum temperature changes were characterized by "faster" life-history trait values. Our findings provide new evidence of the paleoclimate change legacies influencing contemporary biodiversity patterns that will help guide national-level conservation plans.

Novel strategies for enhancing hydrodynamic cavitation in a circular Venturi for gas hydrate prevention

The paper considers the problem of hydrate formation, which leads to a significant decrease in the level of production and the creation of a serious threat to the safety of working personnel. A device based on hydrodynamic cavitation to combat hydrate formation is proposed. Based on the turbulence model of shear stress transfer (SST) k-ù, an improved model of non-isothermal fluid flow is presented for the analysis of cavitation processes in the ANSYS CFX program. The model showed that a change in the design features of the cavitator leads to a change in the intensity of its formation, which, in turn, affects the thermodynamic characteristics of the flow. So, with the ratio of the helicoid surface to the length of the neck equal to 0.75, the length of the cavitation cloud was 154 mm, the maximum value of the average gas fraction content was 38%, and the maximum temperature change in the flow flowing through the cavitator reached 1 K. And with the ratio of the above-mentioned geometric parameters equal to 1, the length of the cavitation cloud reaches 245 mm, the maximum value of the average gas fraction content is 60%, and the temperature change of the flow flowing through the cavitator increases to 2 K. A departure from the zone of possible hydrate formation is achieved by increasing the flow temperature. Keywords: Venturi tube; hydrate formation; CFD modeling; cavitation; cavitator.

Asian climate warming since 1901: observation and simulation

Land surface air temperature in Asia has been increasing significantly since the 1950s. However, current understanding of Asian warming since 1901 in terms of observations and simulations is still poor. Based on a newly developed observation dataset with 2658 stations and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5/6 (CMIP5/6) output data, we analyze changes in mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax), and minimum (Tmin) temperature, and diurnal temperature range (DTR) over Asia during 1901-2100. Annual mean land surface air temperature over Asia increased significantly, and Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin increased by 1.81, 1.47, and 2.15°C during 1901-2020, respectively. The Tmin warming rate is about 1.5× that of Tmax, resulting in a decline of Asian DTR by 0.68°C since 1901. We also found that Asia has experienced more substantial warming than the global case and the Northern Hemisphere, and the decline in DTR is more substantial in Asia. Spatially, Asia exhibits a general warming trend with a gradual increase in spatial warming from low to high latitudes, and the effect of high-latitude warming has gradually strengthened since the 2000s. Seasonally, Asian warming in the cold season is stronger than in the warm season. Furthermore, CMIP5/6 can capture the Asian warming in the historical period 1901-2020. However, it underestimated Tmin and overestimated Tmax, contributing to their poor performance in simulating the historical change of DTR. Under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2-4.5, Asian Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin are projected to increase by 3.5, 3.4, and 3.7°C century-1 during 2021-2100, respectively. The Asian warming rate under SSP5-8.5 is about 2× that of SSP2-4.5.

Investigations of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System with Hybrid PCM/Liquid Cooling Plate

To improve the operating performance of the large-capacity battery pack of electric vehicles during continuous charging and discharging and to avoid its thermal runaway, in this paper we propose a new hybrid thermal management system that couples the PCM with the liquid cooling plate with microchannels. The flow direction of the microchannel structure in the bottom plate is designed according to the characteristics of the large axial thermal conductivity of the battery, and the cooling performance of the whole system under continuous charge/discharge cycles is numerically simulated. The results show that the hybrid PCM/liquid cooling plate can maintain good cooling performance under the discharge process of a large-capacity battery pack. After each cycle the temperature of the battery pack can be reduced to less than 30°, and the maximum temperature change rate of multiple cycles is controlled within 0.8%. With the application of the hybrid PCM/liquid-cooled plate battery cooling system, a safe temperature range of the battery pack is ensured even under multiple cycles of charging and discharging. The present work can facilitate future optimizations of the thermal management system of the large-capacity battery pack of electric vehicles.

The impact of changes in climatic factors of the Aktumsuk region on the formations of Medicageta sativa

The article presents a brief analysis of 20-year changes in climatic parameters of the Aktumsuk region of the Eastern Cliff of Ustyurt and their impact on the species composition of the Medicageta sativa formation. From the obtained analysis of the daily indicators of 2 sources (NASA POWER and the Aktumsuk meteorological station), long-term trends of changes in average, average maximum and average minimum air temperatures, as well as annual precipitation have been established. Data from 2000-2020 were taken for analysis. The warm and cold seasons of the year have been established, which affected the amplitude of the parameters. Basically, the decrease in minimum air temperature occurs in the cold half-year (November-December, January-March), which explains the increase in precipitation during these periods. The most significant warming in the territory of the Aktumsuk region was noted in warm seasons (April, June, July and August). The obtained data comparing the average annual air temperatures for the 2 above-mentioned sources of the 20-year period indicates that the climate of the Aktumsuk region is sharply continental, here we can observe sharp changes in the temperature regime in the direction of warming, which could lead to the transformation of the Medicageta sativa formation. The appearance of xerophytes in this type of vegetation in recent years provides information about the xerophytization of flora due to an increase in drought in the Eastern Cliff. Climate aridization, reduction in the number of mesophytes in the species composition, as well as their projective coverage, a sharp increase in xerophytes and halophytes in the species composition, communities may indicate significant changes in communities of this type of vegetation due to climate change.

Time Series Clustering using Trend, Seasonal and Autoregressive Components: Patterns of Change of Maximum Temperature in Iberian Peninsula

Time Series Clustering using Trend, Seasonal and Autoregressive Components: Patterns of Change of Maximum Temperature in Iberian Peninsula