Changes In Lipid Content Research Articles

The differential effects of changes in individual macronutrient intake on changes in lipid concentrations during childhood: From the Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort

High carbohydrate or fat intake is responsible for abnormal lipid concentrations in adults, but few studies of children have been reported. Using data from a Korean children's cohort study, we assessed the association between macronutrient intake and lipid profile with a longitudinal association during a 4-year follow-up. Using 2 days of 24-h dietary data obtained at 3 (n=323) and 7 (n=292) years old from the Ewha Birth & Growth Cohort, we calculated changes (n=103) in macronutrient intake in terms of energy-adjusted intake and percent total energy for nutrients. Changes in lipid profiles (TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) are the primary outcomes in this study. The effects of individual changes in macronutrient intake on changes in lipid profiles over time were assessed using multiple regression analyses. The percentages of total energy from carbohydrates and fat were 59.1% and 27.4% at baseline, respectively. Those in the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake showed the highest mean TG and lowest mean TC and HDL-c levels, regardless of observation time. By contrast, those with the highest fat intake indicated the lowest mean TG and highest mean TC and HDL-c at 7 years old. In addition, increased intake of carbohydrates had an unfavorable effect on TG, while increased intake of fat, especially animal-based fat, increased LDL-c levels over time. Our study showed that a relatively high intake of carbohydrate or fat among children had an unfavorable effect on lipid concentrations based on a longitudinal approach.

Association of TSH With Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Overweight and Obese Children During Lifestyle Intervention.

Overweight and obese children have an increased risk to develop cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in which thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been suggested as an intermediary factor. However, results of cross-sectional studies are inconclusive, and intervention studies investigating changes in TSH concentrations in association with changes in cardiovascular risk parameters in overweight and obese children are scarce. To gain insight in associations of circulating TSH concentrations and cardiovascular risk parameters in overweight and obese children. Nonrandomized lifestyle intervention. Centre for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Healthcare. Three hundred thirty euthyroid overweight and obese children. Long-term lifestyle intervention. TSH concentrations, pituitary TSH release in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and cardiovascular risk parameters. At baseline, serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triacylglycerol (TAG), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 concentrations were significantly associated with serum TSH concentrations. TSH release by the pituitary in response to exogenous TRH was not associated with cardiovascular risk parameters. During lifestyle intervention, several cardiovascular risk parameters significantly improved. In children whose body mass index z score improved, changes in TSH concentrations were significantly associated with changes in TC, LDL-C, and TAG concentrations. In euthyroid overweight and obese children, circulating TSH concentrations are positively associated with markers representing increased CVD risk. Changes in TSH concentrations are also associated with changes in lipid concentrations in children with successful weight loss, which is consistent with TSH being an intermediary factor in modulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.

Energy allocation strategy of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis during their reproductive cycle.

The lipid composition of somatic and reproductive tissues was determined for female skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis caught in the western Indian Ocean between latitude 10° N and 20° S and longitude 40° and 70° E. The highest total lipid (TL) contents were in the liver and gonads, with white muscle levels approximately three-fold lower. Three lipid classes dominated: triacylglycerols (TAG), sterol esters and wax esters (SE-WE) and phospholipids (PL). Collectively, these accounted for between 70 and 80% of TLs. Changes in lipid concentrations were evaluated over the maturation cycle. Immature fish had the lowest gonad and liver TL levels; concentrations of TL, TAG, SE-WE and PL accumulated from immature to mature (spawning-capable) phase, reflecting sustained vitellogenic activity of the liver and a transfer of lipids to developing oocytes from the onset of vitellogenesis. Gonado-somatic and hepato-somatic indices were positively correlated with each other and positively related to TL in the gonads and liver. Fulton's condition index and lipid concentrations in muscle did not vary significantly over the maturation cycle; fat content in the main storage tissues was undepleted as the ovary developed. Hence, K. pelamis apparently supports reproduction directly from food intake over the breeding season. In the gonads, reserve lipids (SE-WE and TAG) and sterols were related to batch fecundity but this was not the case for somatic and hepatic tissues. These results suggest that K. pelamis utilizes an income breeding strategy.

Study of cholesterol and vitamin E levels in broiler meat from different feeding regimens by TOF-SIMS.

The quality of chicken meat, which is one of the most widely consumed meats in the world, has been the subject of research and studies for many years. There are several ways to improve the quality of this type of meat, including changing the concentrations of individual molecular components. Such important components of meat are inter alia, cholesterol, vitamin E, and some fatty acids such as ω-3 and ω-6. Manipulation of ingredient levels may be achieved by enriching chicken feed with elements of different types such as vegetable oils, garlic, or selenium. Thus far, various biochemical and biophysical methods have been used to study quality of different meat types, especially broiler meat. Here, the authors demonstrate the use of high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) mass spectrometry to assess how variations in animal nutrition affect concentrations of specific lipids in the meat, such as cholesterol and vitamin E. In the presented experiment, there were four different dietary treatments. Feed for animals in the first group was supplemented with soy oil in 50%, the second group's feed was supplemented with linseed oil in 50%, a combination of these two oils in the proportion of 44%:56% was used for the third group, and in the reference group, animals were fed with beef tallow. From each group, four individuals were selected for further analysis. Positive and negative ion mass spectra were generated from the pectoralis superficialis muscle tissue of the left carcass side of each one animal. Using TOF-SIMS with a bismuth cluster ion source (Bi3 (+)), and based on characteristic peaks for cholesterol in the positive mode and vitamin E in the negative mode, the authors have illustrated the relationship of these lipids levels to the various feeding regimens. Simultaneously, the authors characterized the varying dependences on the concentrations of measured lipids in fat and muscle fibers. The cholesterol concentration in muscle fibers was the lowest in the group fed with soybean oil and the highest in reference group IV (tallow feed). In the fatty region, the highest level of cholesterol was found in the third group. The highest concentrations of vitamin E were found in the fibers of the first group and the fat region of the second group. The obtained results show that SIMS imaging is a useful approach for assessing changes in lipid concentrations in the meat tissue from animals on different diets and provides a foundation for future research.

TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN BLOOD LIPID PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DURING TREAT-TO-TARGET ANTIRHEUMATIC THERAPY: ACCORDING TO 18-MONTH FOLLOW-UP FINDINGS

The mechanisms for lowering a cardiovascular risk (CVR) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when implementing the treat-to-target strategy remain inadequately investigated. Objective: to estimate the time course of changes in blood lipid parameters in patients with early RA during Treat-totarget antirheumatic therapy at an 18-month follow-up. Subjects and methods. Seventy-four patients (73% women; median age, 56 years) with early RA meeting the respective 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria and moderate or high activity (median DAS28-ESR score of 5.4) were examined within the framework of the REMARCA trial. After 6-month treatment, RA activity significantly reduced (p < 0.05). At months 6 to 18, no significant change in RA activity was recorded. After 18 months, remission was observed in 31 (42%) patients: in 17 (55%) on methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy and in 14 (45%) on combined therapy with MTX and a biological agent. Blood lipid levels were determined at inclusion in the investigation, 6 and 18 months later. The values of lipid parameters were estimated in terms of the total CVR. 67.6% of the patients were classified as at very high CVR. At 18 months of treatment, 34 (46%) patients were treated with statins (median atorvastatin and rosuvastatin doses were 10 mg/day each). Results and discussion. Only 12% of the patients had optimal baseline values of just all lipid parameters. The concentration of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated negatively with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and HAQ (p < 0.05). After 6-month treatment, there were increases in TC by 7%, LDL-C by 12.5%, and HDL-C by 19.7%, and a decrease in the atherogenic index by 16% (p < 0.05). ΔCRP negatively correlated with ΔTC, ΔLDL-C, and ΔHDL-C (r = -0.3; p < 0.05). A correlation of TC and LDL-C with inflammation markers broke off in the presence of lower RA activity; the investigators began recording a relationship of these lipid parameters to traditional CVR factors. Between 6th and 18th month of treatment, there was no significant change in lipid parameters. Statin therapy resulted in no considerable change in lipid concentrations. Conclusion. The level of lipids negatively correlates with disease activity in the patients with early RA. During antirheumatic treatment, the lipid concentrations are more elevated with a more intensive decrease in CRP levels. With lowered RA activity, the level of lipids correlates with traditional CVR factors more strongly than with inflammation markers.

Quantitative assessment of the effects of beta-glucan consumption on serum lipid profile and glucose level in hypercholesterolemic subjects

Background & aimsA growing body of evidence suggests that beta-glucan derived from oats or barley can reduce cardiovascular disease risk through reductions in serum lipids. However, the effects of beta-glucan on lipid changes in hypercholesterolemic patient groups are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the effect of beta-glucan, a marker of water-soluble fiber, on various lipid parameters and glucose level in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Methods and resultsWe performed a comprehensive literature search to identify the relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of beta-glucan consumption in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for net changes in lipid concentrations by using fixed-effects or random-effects models according to heterogeneity. Publication bias, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analyses were also performed. Seventeen eligible RCTs with 916 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled result showed that beta-glucan consumption in hypercholesterolemic population significantly lowered the total cholesterol (TC) (MD, −0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.33 to −0.18; P < 0.00001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration (MD, −0.21 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.27 to −0.14; P < 0.00001). However, there were no significant differences in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and glucose. No adverse effects were reported among the eligible trials. ConclusionOur meta-analysis showed that beta-glucan consumption significantly decreased TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations but did not affect TG, HDL-cholesterol, and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

Effects of quercetin supplementation on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACTBackground: In spite of promising experimental findings, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have yielded mixed results on the impact of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipid levels.Aim: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of quercetin on plasma lipids using a meta-analysis of RCTs.Methods: A systematic literature search of Medline was conducted for RCTs that investigated the efficacy of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipids comprising total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for net changes in lipid concentrations using a random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to assess the effect of quercetin dose and duration of supplementation as moderators on the calculated effect measures.Results: Five RCTs totaling 442 subjects (221 in the quercetin and 221 in the control group) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and selected for analyses. Combined estimate of effect size for the impact of quercetin on plasma LDL-C (WMD: 1.43 mg/dL, 95% CI: −0.92–3.78, p = 0.23), HDL-C (WMD: 0.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: −0.74–1.25, p = 0.61) and triglycerides (WMD: −9.42 mg/dL, 95% CI: −27.80–8.96, p = 0.32) was not statistically significant. However, a borderline significant but clinically non-relevant increase in total cholesterol was observed (WMD: 3.13 mg/dL, 95% CI: −0.01–6.27, p = 0.05). When the analysis was confined to the subgroups of studies with quercetin doses ≥500 mg/day and follow-up of ≥ 4 weeks, a significant increase in total cholesterol (WMD: 3.57 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.21–6.92, p = 0.04) and a decline in triglycerides (WMD: −24.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: −33.09 to −15.99, p < 0.00001) was observed, but LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Changes in plasma triglycerides, but not other indices of lipid profile, were significantly associated with quercetin dose (slope: −0.057; 95% CI: −0.103 to −0.010; p = 0.02) and duration of supplementation (slope: −5.314; 95% CI: −9.482 to −1.147; p = 0.01).Conclusion: Available evidence from RCTs does not suggest any clinically relevant effect of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipids, apart from a significant reduction of triglycerides at doses above 50 mg/day.

Following Lipid Signaling in Intact Cells

Following lipids in cells is usually achieved by expressing fluorescently tagged lipid binding domains or proteins. A location change of these fluorescent constructs is indicative of changes in lipid concentrations. One application is based on the extremely fast switch‐off of PIP3 biosynthesis and the quantitative determination of its metabolism in intact cells. Alternatively, we look at lipid‐protein interactions by using photo‐crosslinkable lipid derivatives equipped with a clickable alkyne group. After illumination, click chemistry permits visualizing the lipids in fixed cells directly by fluorescent tagging. Alternatively, we click biotin on the crosslinked lipid‐protein conjugates and purify the latter for mass spectrometry analysis. Recently, we employed caged lipids that are crosslinkable and clickable to prevent the rapid lipid metabolism and to produce cleaner proteomic results.Caged lipids are exquisite tools for studying the effects of changes in lipid concentrations in a live cell context. Here we introduce caged sphingosine and caged lysophosphatidic acid and demonstrate some unexpected signaling functions of these lipid.Haberkant et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 4033‐4038 (2013)Feng et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 6720‐6723 (2014).

Albuminuria in prediabetes: time to intervene?

Prediabetes is a metabolic disorder defined by either isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or isolated Impairment in the prandial or random state glycemia or a combination of the two. The definition is not precise as IFG is also an indication of IGT in literal sense. The preferred definition is IGT in the fasting state or non-fasting state. The broad term prediabetes encompasses all intermediate range hyperglycemia between normal and diabetes. At least 300 million people in the world have the disorder prediabetes [1]. It has attained clinical significance because of the epidemiological association with macrovascular disease and neuropathy and more importantly progression to diabetes. Atherogenic lipid profiles are reported in this state [2, 3]. Lipids worsen before manifest albuminuria, i.e., increasing ACR (albumin/creatinine ratio) even when within normal range in diabetics. Increasing ACR portends worsening lipids which has been reported recently [4]. The report of Nam et al., in the current issue of Endocrine goes one step further and shows albuminuria and abnormal lipids early in the prediabetes state of IFG [5]. The authors studied a large population with IFG and compared the data with those having normal fasting glucose. The strength of the study is the sample size and comes from a national survey. The authors followed standard protocols. Data on the diseases and drugs that affect the reported parameters are missing. It is probable that these effects may be nullified because of the large sample size. They report an increase in atherogenic lipids with microalbuminuria in women. We have previously reported high cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in diabetics with proteinuria compared with those without proteinuria but with similar glycated hemoglobin levels in a cross-sectional study. Gender differences were apparent with manifest proteinuria. Women had much worse lipid profile with proteinuria [6]. The results are now replicated in IFG in this larger sample. The cause effect relation to lipids is complex. Once proteinuria develops, the positive correlation seen between glycated hemoglobin and each of total cholesterol and triglycerides gets weaker or disappears [6]. This means that the very presence of manifest nephropathy influences the changes in lipid concentrations independently than would have been by glycemic control alone. The components of the metabolic syndrome comprise of prediabetes, dyslipidemias, and microalbuminuria in addition to obesity and hypertension. Insulin resistance is seen at cellular level that in turn leads to hyperinsulinemia which is seen in prediabetes as well as metabolic syndrome. There are differences in the mechanism of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in IFG and IGT [7, 8]. In subjects with IFG alone, there is a diminished first phase insulin response, while in IGT there is impairment of beta cell function. Reduced hepatic sensitivity is seen early in IFG. There is a well described association of microalbuminuria and components of the metabolic syndrome. A J-shaped association exists between BMI and albuminuria as shown in a large population (n = 118314) study [9]. In the current study, the subjects with IFG have higher BMIs. It is hypothetical to say that microalbuminuria and prediabetes are the insults from a common agent. Whether diabetic or non-diabetic, there is sufficient evidence V. R. R. Kodali (&) Western Australia Centre for Rural Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia e-mail: venkata.kodali@health.wa.gov.au

Consumption of ultra-processed food products and its effects on children's lipid profiles: A longitudinal study

Background and AimsCardiovascular disease development is related to known risk factors (such as diet and blood lipids) that begin in childhood. Among dietary factors, the consumption of ultra-processing products has received attention. This study investigated whether children's consumption of processed and ultra-processing products at preschool age predicted an increase in lipid concentrations from preschool to school age. Methods and ResultsCohort study conducted with 345 children of low socioeconomic status from São Leopoldo, Brazil, aged 3–4 years and 7–8 years. Blood tests were done to measure lipid profile. Dietary data were collected through 24-h recalls and the children's processed and ultra-processing product intake was assessed. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between processed and ultra-processed product intake at 3–4 years on changes in lipid concentrations from preschool to school age. The percentage of daily energy provided by processed and ultra-processed products was 42.6 ± 8.5 at preschool age and 49.2 ± 9.5 at school age, on average. In terms of energy intake, the main products consumed were breads, savoury snacks, cookies, candy and other sweets in both age groups. Ultra-processed product consumption at preschool age was a predictor of a higher increase in total cholesterol (β = 0.430; P = 0.046) and LDL cholesterol (β = 0.369; P = 0.047) from preschool to school age. ConclusionOur data suggest that early ultra-processed product consumption played a role in altering lipoprotein profiles in children from a low-income community in Brazil. These results are important to understanding the role of food processing and the early dietary determinants of cardiovascular disease.

PPAR ligands improve impaired metabolic pathways in fetal hearts of diabetic rats.

In maternal diabetes, the fetal heart can be structurally and functionally affected. Maternal diets enriched in certain unsaturated fatty acids can activate the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and regulate metabolic and anti-inflammatory pathways during development. Our aim was to investigate whether PPARα expression, lipid metabolism, lipoperoxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) production are altered in the fetal hearts of diabetic rats, and to analyze the putative effects of in vivo PPAR activation on these parameters. We found decreased PPARα expression in the hearts of male but not female fetuses of diabetic rats when compared with controls. Fetal treatments with the PPARα ligand leukotriene B4 upregulated the expression of PPARα and target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the fetal hearts. Increased concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were found in the hearts of fetuses of diabetic rats. Maternal treatments with diets supplemented with 6% olive oil or 6% safflower oil, enriched in unsaturated fatty acids that can activate PPARs, led to few changes in lipid concentrations, but up-regulated PPARα expression in fetal hearts. NO production, which was increased in the hearts of male and female fetuses in the diabetic group, and lipoperoxidation, which was increased in the hearts of male fetuses in the diabetic group, was reduced by the maternal treatments supplemented with safflower oil. In conclusion, impaired PPARα expression, altered lipid metabolism, and increased oxidative and nitridergic pathways were evidenced in hearts of fetuses of diabetic rats and were regulated in a gender-dependent manner by treatments enriched with PPAR ligands.

Erythrocyte hemolysis under spark gas-discharge plasma radiation

Action of spark gas-discharge plasma radiation on erythrocyte suspension was investigated, power of radiation source was 0.59W. It was found that the erythrocyte has hemolysis after time treatment 15-30 minutes. Erythrocyte hemolysis was identified by means of transmission electron microscopy, increasing number of shadows in Goryaev chamber and increasing of extra cellular hemoglobin in 5 times. Dityrosine concentration is increased in 17.7 times. Appreciable changes in lipid concentration don’t found. It means, that after action of spark gas-discharge plasma radiation the erythrocyte membranes are destroyed owing to protein oxidation. It was shown, the main destructive factor of gas-discharge spark plasma radiation is HO2• radical.

Exercise and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Graduate Students: A Longitudinal, Observational Study

Objective: To evaluate cardiometabolic risk of students longitudinally and compare them with age-matched national samples. Participants: Participants are 134 graduate students enrolled between August 2005 and May 2010. Methods: Students were assessed at the beginning and end of their 3-year curriculum. Comparative samples included 966 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants and 5,154 National College Health Assessment respondents. Results: Most students had desirable weight, blood glucose, lipids, and fitness at both time points. However, 26.9% had elevated blood pressure, 29.9% performed aerobic exercise < 3 days/week, and 80.6% consumed < 5 fruits/vegetables daily. Relative to young adults nationwide, these students exhibited more favorable exercise patterns, dietary patterns, and cardiometabolic indices. Over time, increases in adiposity and decreases in exercise frequency correlated with adverse changes in lipid concentrations and fitness. Conclusions: Small changes in lifestyle behaviors and adiposity within a healthy cohort of young adults significantly influenced cardiometabolic indices during their graduate career.

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Effect of Cassava Based Diet On Lipids Concentration In Albino Rats Fed With Crude Oil Contaminated Diet

The study was carried out to ascertain the effect of a cassava based diet (gari) on lipid profile in albino rats fed crude oil contaminated diets by feeding diet contaminated with various concentrations of crude oil mixed with 20% gari to albino rats to determine the protective effect of gari. The lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) were monitored in the animals. Gari feeding at 20% caused dose dependent reduction in Cholesterol and LDL cholesterol with dose dependent increases in Triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in gari fed albino rats compared with Petroleum fed albino rats (P<0.05) suggesting that gari reversed the effect of crude oil on changes in lipid profile. Dose dependent increase in cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and dose dependent decrease triglycerides and HDL cholesterol was observed in petroleum fed rats compared with their controls (P<0.05). The study showed that ingestion of petroleum contaminated diet caused increase cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and decreased triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, but supplementation of the diet with 20%Gari lowered the increased concentrations of cholesterol and LDL cholesterol observed in the Petroleum contaminated diet while increasing the triglycerides and HDL cholesterol concentrations. This study showed that feeding on gari diet caused reversed to changes in lipid concentration caused by crude petroleum.

Beyond LDL-C lowering: Distinct molecular sphingolipids are good indicators of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) deficiency

ObjectivesInhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been proposed to be a potential new therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. However, little is known about the effects of PCSK9 inhibition on the lipidome. MethodsWe performed molecular lipidomic analyses of plasma samples obtained from PCSK9-deficient mice, and serum of human carriers of a loss-of-function variant in the PCSK9 gene (R46L). ResultsIn both mouse and man, PCSK9 deficiency caused a decrease in several cholesteryl esters (CE) and short fatty acid chain containing sphingolipid species such as CE 16:0, glucosyl/galactosylceramide (Glc/GalCer) d18:1/16:0, and lactosylceramide (LacCer) d18:1/16:0. In mice, the changes in lipid concentrations were most prominent when animals were given regular chow diet. In man, a number of molecular lipid species was shown to decrease significantly even when LDL-cholesterol was non-significantly reduced by 10% only. Western diet attenuated the lipid lowering potency of PCSK9 deficiency in mice. ConclusionsPlasma molecular lipid species may be utilized for characterizing novel compounds inhibiting PCSK9 and as sensitive efficacy markers of the PCSK9 inhibition.

Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials

Objective To determine the effects of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure, hormones, and lipids.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources Medline, Embase, Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register, Cochrane...

Temporal changes in concentrations of lipids and apolipoprotein B among adults with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, and normoglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988--1991 to 2005--2008

BackgroundDiabetes is characterized by profound lipid abnormalities. The objective of this study was to examine changes in concentrations of lipids and apolipoprotein B among participants stratified by glycemic status (diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, and normoglycemia) in the United States from 1988–1991 to 2005–2008.MethodsWe used data from 3202 participants aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–1991) and 3949 participants aged ≥20 years from NHANES 2005–2008.ResultsAmong participants of all four groups, unadjusted and adjusted mean concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, but not triglycerides, decreased significantly. Among participants with prediabetes and normoglycemia, unadjusted and adjusted mean concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly. Adjusted mean log-transformed concentrations of triglycerides decreased in adults with undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes. During 2005–2008, unadjusted concentrations of apolipoprotein B ≥80 mg/dl were observed in 72.8% of participants with diagnosed diabetes, 87.9% of participants with undiagnosed diabetes, 86.6% of participants with prediabetes, and 77.2% of participants with normoglycemia. The unadjusted use of cholesterol-lowering medications rose rapidly, especially among participants with diabetes (from ~1% to ~49%, P <0.001). The use of fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and niacin rose significantly only among adults with diagnosed diabetes (from ~2% to ~8%, P = 0.011).ConclusionLipid profiles of adults with diabetes improved during the approximately 16-year study period. Nevertheless, large percentages of adults continue to have elevated concentrations of apolipoprotein B.

APOA5 genotype modulates 2-y changes in lipid profile in response to weight-loss diet intervention: the Pounds Lost Trial

The apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) is a major gene that regulates lipid metabolism and is modulated by dietary factors. A novel variant rs964184 in APOA5 was identified to be associated with lipids in genome-wide association studies. We examined whether this variant modified changes in lipid concentrations in response to a 2-y weight-loss diet intervention in a randomized trial. The current analyses were secondary analyses of a data set from the Pounds Lost Trial. We genotyped APOA5 rs964184 in 734 overweight or obese adults who were randomly assigned to one of 4 diets that differed in percentages of energy derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrate for 2 y. We evaluated changes in fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride from baseline to 2 y of follow-up. After a 2-y dietary intervention, we showed significant interactions between the APOA5 rs964184 polymorphism and dietary fat intake (low compared with high) in the determination of changes in TC, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (P-interaction = 0.007, 0.017, and 0.006, respectively). In the low-fat intake group (20% of energy derived from fat), carriers of the risk allele (G allele) exhibited greater reductions in TC and LDL cholesterol than did noncarriers (P = 0.036 and 0.039, respectively), whereas in the high-fat diet group (40% of energy derived from fat), participants with the G allele had a greater increase in HDL cholesterol than did participants without this allele (P = 0.038). Our data showed better improvement in lipid profiles from long-term low-fat diet intake in the APOA5 rs964184 risk allele.

Vitamin D May Not Improve Lipid Levels

Background— Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and is associated with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. The impact of correcting vitamin D deficiency on blood lipids, strong cardiovascular disease prognostic factors, is unknown. Methods and Results— To determine relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and lipids, we analyzed 4.06 million deidentified patient laboratory test results from September 2009 through February 2011. We performed a cross-sectional study of this population to determine associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and lipids across clinically defined strata. We also conducted a retrospective cohort study of vitamin D deficient patients to investigate how changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels relate to changes in lipid levels. After exclusions, 107 811 patients with serial testing were selected for cross-sectional analysis. Compared with vitamin D deficient patients (&lt;20 ng/mL), those with optimal levels (≥30 ng/mL) had lower mean total cholesterol (−1.9 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], −1.2 to −2.7; P &lt;0.0001), lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−5.2 mg/dL; 95% CI, −4.5 to −5.8; P &lt;0.0001), higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4.8 mg/dL; 95% CI, 4.5–5.0; P &lt;0.0001), and lower triglycerides (−7.5 mg/dL; 95% CI, −6.2 to −8.7; P &lt;0.0001). For the retrospective cohort analysis, raising vitamin D levels from &lt;20 to ≥30 ng/mL (n=6260), compared with remaining at &lt;20 ng/mL (n=2332), was associated with a mean increase in total cholesterol (0.77 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.18–1.36; P =0.01) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.42 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.08–0.76; P =0.02) but nonsignificant changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.32 mg/dL; 95% CI, −0.01 to 0.66; P =0.06) and triglycerides (0.04 mg/dL; 95% CI, −2.16 to 2.23 mg/dL; P =0.97). Conclusions— Although vitamin D deficiency is associated with an unfavorable lipid profile in cross-sectional analyses, correcting for a deficiency might not translate into clinically meaningful changes in lipid concentrations; however, data from intervention trials are required to confirm these findings.