Changes In Lipid Content Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Lipid Profile, C-Reactive Protein and Paraoxonase-1 Activity in Dogs with Inflammatory Protein-Losing Enteropathy and Healthy Dogs

Chronic inflammation alters lipoprotein metabolism and causes changes in the serum concentrations of lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), and paraoxonase-1 activity (PON-1), an enzyme that may act as a local detoxifier, antioxidant, and immunomodulator in the gastrointestinal tract. Scarce information is available in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy secondary to chronic enteropathy (iPLE). The first aim was to describe and compare the lipid profiles, CRP concentrations and PON-1 activities in healthy dogs and in dogs with iPLE. The second aim was to evaluate correlations among clinicopathological, histologic data and lipid profiles in dogs with iPLE. Serum samples from 51 iPLE and 40 healthy dogs were used to study albumin, total protein, CRP, PON-1 activity, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein classes. Serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, cholesterol, PON-1 activity, and high-density and very-low-density lipoproteins were lower in iPLE dogs compared to healthy controls, while those of triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons and CRP were higher. Significant correlations between the lipid profile and the existing chronic enteropathy activity index were not found. High-density and low-density lipoproteins correlated with CRP and PON-1. Triglycerides were significantly higher in dogs with both inflammation and lymphangiectasia. The results need to be confirmed in further studies.

Screening of Serum Cholesterol Level Amongst Sri Lankan Women in Relation to Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Thigh Ratio (WTR): A Cross-Sectional Study

Anthropometric measurements give a general reflection of any changes in lipid concentration in the human body. A disturbed lipid profile can be associated with cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum total cholesterol level and different anthropometric parameters related to obesity in a female population of two administrative areas in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Boral and Hiththatiya-Meda areas of Matara district, Sri Lanka. The systematic random sampling method was followed to select 314 females aged 18-60 years. Serum total cholesterol concentration was measured on a venous blood sample by Konelab 20XT biochemistry analyser with a commercially available reagent kit. Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Thigh Ratio (WTR) parameters were calculated for each individual. Pearson correlation test, chi-squared test and t-test were done to analyse data using SPSS, 16 (P<0.05). The serum total cholesterol concentration is positively associated with abdominal obesity while showing a statistically significant positive correlation with BMI, WC, WHR, WTR and WHtR (r=0.217, r=0.590, r=0.315, r=0.347 and r=0.574 respectively; P≤0.05). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in the population was 8.6%. These results indicate that all main anthropometric parameters of this study are positively associated with serum total cholesterol levels and an increment of these risk markers can lead to an increase in risk of developing metabolic diseases associated with abdominal obesity among women.

Comparison of the pleiotropic effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on postmenopausal changes in bone turnover: A randomized comparative study.

Statins are the first-line treatment for dyslipidemia, which is a major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that in addition to the beneficial lipid-lowering effect, statins also exhibit a number of pleiotropic effects that may find application in other diseases, including osteoporosis. This study aimed to assess the effect of statins on bone turnover, as measured by the concentration of bone turnover markers, and to compare the effect of atorvastatin as a lipophilic statin and rosuvastatin as a hydrophilic statin. This study included 34 postmenopausal women aged < 65 years with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia requiring statin therapy. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a statin drug. Statins were initiated at standard doses of 5 to 10 mg of rosuvastatin and 20 mg of atorvastatin. The levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen as a bone resorption marker and N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I as a marker of bone formation, lipid concentrations and other biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline and after 6 and twelve months of treatment. There were no statistically significant differences between the levels of bone turnover markers before and 6 months after statin implementation (P > .05) - for all patients or subgroups according to statin use. Analysis of the results showed that after 12 months, there was a statistically significant decrease in N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I concentration in all subjects (P = .004). By statin subgroup, a statistically significant decrease in N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I was observed only in patients receiving rosuvastatin (P = .012) and not in those receiving atorvastatin (P = .25). Moreover, changes in bone turnover markers did not correlate with changes in lipid concentrations. These results may indicate the superiority of atorvastatin over rosuvastatin in inhibiting adverse changes in bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Confirmed by studies involving a larger population, the observed differences might find particular applications in clinical practice, and the choice of atorvastatin over rosuvastatin for women could be considered in the early postmenopausal period to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and subsequent osteoporotic fractures.

Mixtures of the Biologically Active Substances as Model Systems for Animal Blood Diagnostics

There are numerous biochemical and physical methods for agrobio- and nanomedical sciences. The real-time interfacial tension (RTIT) of various liquids is a powerful analytical method. The main aims of the present work are the following: to study the parameters of the RTIT of the mixtures based on some proteins, lipids, salts as the model systems for animal blood diagnostics. The greatest differences in the RTIT values observed at different concentrations for the aqueous dispersions: albumin: lipid: salt “at the short time of existence of the surface”. The high salt concentrations have some particular effects on RTIT values for these mixtures at all times. The changes in albumin concentration influence all RTIT values, but the changes in lipid concentration have insignificant influence and only “at the long time of existence of the surface”. Such data have high importance both for fundamental studies and for possible applications in animal and human medicine.

Late-season biosynthesis of leaf fatty acids and n-alkanes of a mature beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree traced via 13CO2 pulse-chase labelling and compound-specific isotope analysis.

Leaf cuticular waxes play an important role in reducing evapotranspiration via diffusion. However, the ability of mature trees to regulate the biosynthesis of waxes to changing conditions (e.g., drought, light exposition) remain an open question, especially during the late growing season. This holds also true for one of the most widely distributed trees in Central Europe, the European beech tree (Fagus sylvatica L.). In order to investigate the ongoing formation of wax constituents like alkanes and fatty acids, we conducted a 13CO2 pulse-chase labelling experiment on sun-exposed and shaded branches of a mature beech tree during the late summer 2018. The 13C-label was traced via compound-specific δ13C isotope analysis of n-alkanes and fatty acids to determine the de-novo biosynthesis within these compound classes. We did not observe a significant change in lipid concentrations during the late growing season, but we found higher n-alkane concentrations in sun-exposed compared to shaded leaves in August and September. The n-alkane and fatty acid composition showed ongoing modifications during the late growing season. Together with the uptake and following subsequent decrease of the 13C-label, this suggests ongoing de-novo biosynthesis, especially of fatty acids in European beech leaves. Moreover, there is a high variability in the 13C-label among individual branches and between sun-exposed and shaded leaves. At the same time, sun-exposed leaves invest more of the assimilated C into secondary metabolites such as lipids than shaded leaves. This indicates that the investigated mature beech tree could adjust its lipid production and composition in order to acclimate to changes in microclimates within the tree crown and during the investigated period.

Danlou Tablet May Alleviate Vascular Injury Caused by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia through Regulating FIH-1, HIF-1, and Angptl4.

Background Danlou tablet (DLT), the traditional Chinese medicine has been commonly used for dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Whether it was effective against vascular injury caused by CIH has remained unknown. The aim of the current study was to observe the effects of DLT on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced vascular injury via regulation of blood lipids and to explore potential mechanisms. Methods Sixteen 12-week-old male ApoE−/− mice were randomly divided into four groups. The sham group was exposed to normal room air, whereas the other three groups were exposed to CIH. Mice in the CIH + normal saline (NS) group were gavaged with NS. Mice in the CIH + Angptl4-ab group were intraperitoneally injected with Angptl4-antibody. Mice in the CIH + DLT group were gavaged with DLT. After four weeks of intervention, serum lipid concentrations, and serum lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were detected. The changes in atherosclerosis in vascular tissue were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were applied to detect the expression levels of hypoxia-induciblefactor-1 (HIF-1), factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1), angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), and LPL in different tissues. Results CIH exposure increases serum lipid levels, decreases serum LPL activity, and exacerbates atherosclerosis. Both Angptl4-ab and DLT treatment reversed the changes in lipid concentration, LPL activity, and atherosclerosis caused by CIH. In the epididymal fat pad, CIH exposure decreased the expression of FIH-1 and increased the expression of HIF-1, whereas DLT treatment increased the expression of FIH-1 and LPL and inhibited the expression of HIF-1 and Angptl4. In heart tissue, the expression levels of LPL and Angptl4 were not affected by modeling or treatment. Conclusions DLT improved vascular damage by improving the increase in blood lipids induced by CIH, potentially by upregulating FIH-1 and downregulating HIF-1 and Angptl4 in adipose tissue. Therefore, DLT may be a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of CIH-induced vascular injury.

Population-based plasma lipidomics reveals developmental changes in metabolism and signatures of obesity risk: a mother-offspring cohort study

BackgroundLipids play a vital role in health and disease, but changes to their circulating levels and the link with obesity remain poorly characterized in expecting mothers and their offspring in early childhood.MethodsLC-MS/MS-based quantitation of 480 lipid species was performed on 2491 plasma samples collected at 4 time points in the mother-offspring Asian cohort GUSTO (Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes). These 4 time points constituted samples collected from mothers at 26–28 weeks of gestation (n=752) and 4–5 years postpartum (n=650), and their offspring at birth (n=751) and 6 years of age (n=338). Linear regression models were used to identify the pregnancy and developmental age-specific variations in the plasma lipidomic profiles, and their association with obesity risk. An independent birth cohort (n=1935), the Barwon Infant Study (BIS), comprising mother-offspring dyads of Caucasian origin was used for validation.ResultsLevels of 36% of the profiled lipids were significantly higher (absolute fold change > 1.5 and Padj < 0.05) in antenatal maternal circulation as compared to the postnatal phase, with phosphatidylethanolamine levels changing the most. Compared to antenatal maternal lipids, cord blood showed lower concentrations of most lipid species (79%) except lysophospholipids and acylcarnitines. Changes in lipid concentrations from birth to 6 years of age were much higher in magnitude (log2FC=−2.10 to 6.25) than the changes observed between a 6-year-old child and an adult (postnatal mother) (log2FC=−0.68 to 1.18). Associations of cord blood lipidomic profiles with birth weight displayed distinct trends compared to the lipidomic profiles associated with child BMI at 6 years. Comparison of the results between the child and adult BMI identified similarities in association with consistent trends (R2=0.75). However, large number of lipids were associated with BMI in adults (67%) compared to the children (29%). Pre-pregnancy BMI was specifically associated with decrease in the levels of phospholipids, sphingomyelin, and several triacylglycerol species in pregnancy.ConclusionsIn summary, our study provides a detailed landscape of the in utero lipid environment provided by the gestating mother to the growing fetus, and the magnitude of changes in plasma lipidomic profiles from birth to early childhood. We identified the effects of adiposity on the circulating lipid levels in pregnant and non-pregnant women as well as offspring at birth and at 6 years of age. Additionally, the pediatric vs maternal overlap of the circulating lipid phenotype of obesity risk provides intergenerational insights and early opportunities to track and intervene the onset of metabolic adversities.Clinical trial registrationThis birth cohort is a prospective observational study, which was registered on 1 July 2010 under the identifier NCT01174875.

The functional loss of ceramide metabolism enzymes ceramide synthase and acid sphingomyelinase on lipid metabolism and healthspan

The increase in our aging population in combination with the growing incidence of late-life conditions presents a need for research on healthy aging. Here, we present work examining the roles of sphingolipid metabolism on aging. Sphingolipids play important roles in stress response, cell survival, cell signaling, and aging. Specifically, ceramide responds to oxidative stress and recruits apoptotic proteins to the cell membrane thereby causing cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, ceramide levels increase with age, making it an important lipid mediator of aging. The objective of this study is to examine the physiological role of ceramide metabolism on aging and lipid metabolism pathways in the roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans. To assess these mechanisms, we utilized C. elegans’ mutants lacking acid sphingomyelinase (asm-3) and ceramide synthase (hyl-2) which we previously found to be long- and short-lived respectively. We performed a lipidomic analysis to explore longitudinal changes in lipid concentrations in wild type (N2), asm-3/acid sphingomyelinase, and hyl-2/ceramide synthase worms at 1, 5, and 10 days of age. Among our samples, we detected 700 different lipids that were abundant enough in concentration for analysis. Interestingly, 10 day old hyl-2 mutants, which have a reduced life-span, showed an increased concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid that has been shown to increase with longevity in worms. Conversely, asm-3 mutants, which are long-lived animals, have reduced levels of EPA. To expand upon our lipidomic data with enzymatic findings, we utilized RT-qPCR analysis to longitudinally analyze fatty acid desaturases (fat-1 and fat-4) involved in EPA metabolism in worms. We found that fat-4 expression is reduced in 1, 5, and 10 day hyl-2 animals, suggesting that ceramide metabolism may impact fatty acid genes involved in aging. Future work will examine the role of stress response genes including superoxide dismutase (sod-3) and fatty acid tail elongases (elo-5 and elo-6) in 1, 5, and 10 day old hyl-2 and asm-3 mutants. Finally, to expand upon the current knowledge of ceramide's role in lifespan, we present data on the RNAi mediated suppression of hyl-2 in long-lived mutants including mitochondrial respiration (clk-1/coenzyme Q), insulin-like signaling (daf-2/insulin-like receptor), and dietary starvation (eat-2/mAChR). Our goal is to identify whether ceramide metabolism works within these known pathways that mediate aging. With these assays, we hope to better understand the intrinsic biochemical lipid processes associated with ceramide metabolism in aging animals.

Vitamin D equilibrium affects sex-specific changes in lipid concentrations during Christian Orthodox fasting

We aimed to evaluate sex differences in changes of lipid profiles in a cohort of metabolically healthy adults following Orthodox fasting (OF), as well as to assess a potential role of vitamin D status in mediating these variations. 45 individuals (24 premenopausal females, 53.3 %) with mean age 48.3 ± 9.1 years and mean Body Mass Index 28.7 ± 5.8 kg/m2 were prospectively followed for 12 weeks. Anthropometry, dietary and biochemical data regarding serum lipids, and vitamin D status were collected at baseline, 7 weeks after the implementation of OF, and 5 weeks after fasters returned to their standard dietary habits (12 weeks from baseline). According to 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] measurements, participants were divided into two groups: those with concentrations above and below the median of values. Females with 25(OH)D concentrations below the median manifested a non-significant reduction by approximately 15 % in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol during the fasting period, followed by a significant increase 5 weeks after OF cessation (170.7 vs. 197.5 and 99.6 vs. 121.0 mg/dl respectively, p < 0.001). In contrast, males with 25(OH)D levels below the median demonstrated an inverse, non-significant trend of increase in lipid concentrations during the whole study period. Our findings suggest strikingly different inter-gender lipid responses to a dietary model of low-fat, mediated by vitamin D status. Further studies are necessary to reveal the underlying mechanisms and assess the importance of these differences with respect to cardiovascular health and the benefit of vitamin D supplementation strategies.

Whole Community Metatranscriptomes and Lipidomes Reveal Diverse Responses Among Antarctic Phytoplankton to Changing Ice Conditions

The transition from winter to spring represents a major shift in the basal energy source for the Antarctic marine ecosystem from lipids and other sources of stored energy to sunlight. Because sea ice imposes a strong control on the transmission of sunlight into the water column during the polar spring, we hypothesized that the timing of the sea ice retreat influences the timing of the transition from stored energy to photosynthesis. To test the influence of sea ice on water column microbial energy utilization we took advantage of unique sea ice conditions in Arthur Harbor, an embayment near Palmer Station on the western Antarctic Peninsula, during the 2015 spring–summer seasonal transition. Over a 5-week period we sampled water from below land-fast sea ice, in the marginal ice zone at nearby Palmer Station B, and conducted an ice removal experiment with incubations of water collected below the land-fast ice. Whole-community metatranscriptomes were paired with lipidomics to better understand how lipid production and utilization was influenced by light conditions. We identified several different phytoplankton taxa that responded similarly to light by the number of genes up-regulated, and in the transcriptional complexity of this response. We applied a principal components analysis to these data to reduce their dimensionality, revealing that each of these taxa exhibited a strikingly different pattern of gene up-regulation. By correlating the changes in lipid concentration to the first principal component of log fold-change for each taxa we could make predictions about which taxa were associated with different changes in the community lipidome. We found that genes coding for the catabolism of triacylglycerol storage lipids were expressed early on in phytoplankton associated with a Fragilariopsis kerguelensis reference transcriptome. Phytoplankton associated with a Corethron pennatum reference transcriptome occupied an adjacent niche, responding favorably to higher light conditions than F. kerguelensis. Other diatom and dinoflagellate taxa had distinct transcriptional profiles and correlations to lipids, suggesting diverse ecological strategies during the polar winter–spring transition.

Comparison of preoperative and postoperative Lipid Profile changes in obese and morbidly obese patients after mini gastric bypass surgery.

Background & Objective:Obesity has become a serious health problem that has become increasingly important in recent years. Since patients with high levels of obesity have dyslipidemia and an unbalanced lipid profile, they have a high risk of both diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to evaluate the short (3 months) and long term (12 months) effects of mini-gastric bypass surgery from the current bariatric surgical techniques on the lipid profile.Methods:Of the patients undergoing Mini-gastric bypass operation between January 2016 to December 2018 at the General Surgery Clinic of Private Samsun Büyük Anadolu Hospital, demographic data and changes in lipid concentrations at 3 and 12 months were analyzed. Patients were grouped according to age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cardiologic risk groups, bypass lengths, and obesity classes. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol values of the patients were examined at the time of admission to the outpatient clinic before the operation, at the postoperative third month and at the post-operative twelfth-month. Patients who did not go for a checkup during the one-year follow-up and whose data could not be reached or missing were excluded from the study.Results:There was no significant difference in terms of age, sex, and cardiovascular risk (p> 0.05). Although the HDL-C level was initially low (p <0.001), it significantly increased 12 months after surgical treatment (p <0.001). While serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were high preoperatively, they significantly decreased at 12 months postoperatively (p <0.001). When compared with values in the 3rd- and 12th-month, there was a significant decrease in the class-3 obesity group but not in the class-2 obesity group. When serum HDL cholesterol concentrations were compared with preoperative baseline and postoperative 12th-month those, no statistically-significant difference was found in serum concentrations in the 3rd month, although there was a significant increase in both class 2 and 3 obesity groups.Conclusion:In patients undergoing mini-gastric bypass surgery, serum LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations decreased in the 12th postoperative month, but serum HDL cholesterol concentrations increased.

Reference intervals of serum lipids in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in a Caucasian cohort: the LIFE Child study.

The study aimed to establish reference intervals for serum lipids and apolipoproteins in pregnant women depending on trimester and parity, and to investigate the influence of various factors on lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations. A total of 748 pregnant women (n = 683 in the second trimester, n = 676 in the third trimester) were included in the study and reference intervals for total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), apoA1 and apoB were determined as empirical quantiles. The measurement of serum lipids was performed using a validated specific homozygous enzymatic color test. Hierarchical models were used to investigate hypothesized relations. Except for apoA1, all serum lipids levels showed a significant change from the second to the third trimester. This increase was most pronounced for TGs. Especially in the third trimester, the concentrations of serum lipids exceeded the currently accepted reference values for non-pregnant women by a factor of 2.5. Reference intervals of serum lipids at the second and third trimesters in healthy pregnant women were as following: TC 4.45-8.99 and 4.83-9.71mmol/l, HDL 1.33-3.06 and 1.16-3.13mmol/l, LDL 2.14-6.11 and 2.35-6.98mmol/l, TG 0.92-3.0 and 1.37-4.76mmol/l as well as apoB 0.69-1.93 and 0.85-2.21g/l. Parity and nutrient intake were not significantly associated with changes in lipid concentration. Prematurity was associated with a significant decrease in TC and TG levels. Detailed reference values for serum lipids and apolipoproteins in pregnancy are now available for a Caucasian cohort. Further, long-term studies are still needed to assess the effect of the extensive concentration changes of serum lipids in pregnancy and their atherogenic risk definitively.

Beverage Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Lipid Concentrations and Incident Dyslipidemia in U.S. Adults: The Framingham Heart Study (P18-017-19)

ObjectivesLimited data are available on the prospective relationship between beverage consumption and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in population-based studies. Two major sources of sugar in the US diet are sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB; sodas and fruit drinks) and 100% fruit juices (FJ). Low-calorie sweetened beverages (LCSB) are common replacements for SSB and FJ. MethodsFasting plasma triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were measured at up to 5 exams in the Framingham Heart Study offspring and up to 2 exams in generation 3 cohorts (1998–2005; N = 6730). Consumption of SSB, FJ, and LCSB were estimated from food frequency questionnaires and intakes were categorized. Mixed-effect linear regression models were used to examine changes in lipid concentrations, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for incident dyslipidemia, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results were statistically significant at a Bonferroni-corrected P-value < 0.017 (0.05/3 outcomes). ResultsIn multivariate-adjusted models, SSB intake was associated with smaller mean 4-year changes in HDL-C [high (>1 serving/day) vs. low intake category (<1 serving/month) (H vs. L): β ± SE: −1.0 ± 0.3 mg/dl, p trend < 0.0001] and greater mean 4-year changes in TG concentrations (H vs. L: β ± SE: 5.7 ± 2.1 mg/dl, p trend = 0.0003), along with a higher incidence of low HDL-C [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.64 (1.06–2.54), p for trend = 0.01] and high TG concentrations [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.46 (1.05–2.03); p trend = 0.009]. LCSB intake was associated with a higher incidence of low HDL-C [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.38 (1.02–1.86), p trend = 0.01] and high LDL-C concentrations [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.19 (1.00–1.41); p trend = 0.01]. No other significant associations between beverage consumption and lipid concentrations or incident dyslipidemia were observed. ConclusionsSSB intake was associated with changes in HDL-C and TG concentrations and higher risk of dyslipidemia, suggesting that SSB consumption should be limited. LCSB intake was not associated with changes in lipid concentrations, but higher intake was associated with risk of dyslipidemia. Thus, limiting LCSB intake is recommended based on these study findings. Funding SourcesNIH, AHA, and ARS, USDA.

Increased lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Alterations in blood lipid concentrations in anorexia nervosa (AN) have been reported; however, the extent, mechanism, and normalization with weight restoration remain unknown. We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis to evaluate changes in lipid concentrations in acutely-ill AN patients compared with healthy controls (HC) and to examine the effect of partial weight restoration. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42017078014) were conducted for original peer-reviewed articles. Forty-eight studies were eligible for review; 33 for meta-analyses calculating mean differences (MD). Total cholesterol (MD = 22.7 mg/dL, 95% CI = 12.5, 33.0), high-density lipoprotein (HDL; MD = 3.4 mg/dL, CI = 0.3, 7.0), low-density lipoprotein (LDL; MD = 12.2 mg/dL, CI = 4.4, 20.1), triglycerides (TG; MD = 8.1 mg/dL, CI = 1.7, 14.5), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B; MD = 11.8 mg/dL, CI = 2.3, 21.2) were significantly higher in acutely-ill AN than HC. Partially weight-restored AN patients had higher total cholesterol (MD = 14.8 mg/dL, CI = 2.1, 27.5) and LDL (MD = 16.1 mg/dL, CI = 2.3, 30.0). Pre- versus post-weight restoration differences in lipid concentrations did not differ significantly. We report aggregate evidence for elevated lipid concentrations in acutely-ill AN patients compared with HC, some of which persist after partial weight restoration. This could signal an underlying adaptation or dysregulation not fully reversed by weight restoration. Although concentrations differed between AN and HC, most lipid concentrations remained within the reference range and meta-analyses were limited by the number of available studies.

Expanding lipidomics coverage: effective ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometer methods for detection and quantitation of cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol.

Lipidomics can reveal global alterations in a broad class of molecules whose functions are innately linked to physiology. Monitoring changes in the phospholipid composition of biological membranes in response to stressors can aid the development of targeted therapies. However, exact quantitation of cardiolipins is not a straightforward task due to low ionization efficiencies and poor chromatographic separation of these compounds. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative method for the detection of cardiolipins and other phospholipids using both a targeted and untargeted analyses with a Q-Exactive. HILIC chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry with parallel reaction monitoring was used to measure changes in lipid concentration. Internal standards and fragmentation techniques allowed for the reliable quantitation of lipid species including: lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. The untargeted analysis was capable to detecting 6 different phospholipid classes as well as free fatty acids. The targeted analysis quantified up to 23 cardiolipins, 10 phosphatidylglycerols and 10 lysyl-phosphatidylglycerols with detection limits as low as 50nM. Biological validation with Enterococcus faecalis demonstrates sensitivity in monitoring the incorporation of exogenously supplied free fats into membrane phospholipids. When supplemented with oleic acid, the amount of free oleic acid in the membrane was 100 times greater and the concentration of polyunsaturated cardiolipin increased to over 3.5µM compared to controls. This lipidomics method is capable of targeted quantitation for challenging biologically relevant cardiolipins as well as broad, untargeted lipid profiling.

Relationship between serum lipid concentrations and posttraumatic stress symptoms in the bereaved after the Sewol ferry disaster: A prospective cohort study

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum lipid concentrations and PTSD symptoms in the bereaved after a traumatic familial loss. Eighteen months after the Sewol ferry disaster, 107 subjects who experienced traumatic losses as a result of the accident completed a mental and medical survey as well as laboratory tests for lipid profiles. At 30 months after the trauma, a total of 64 individuals completed a follow-up psychometric survey and biochemical measurements. We performed multiple linear regression analyses, examining the association between PTSD symptoms and lipid profiles. Other potential influences on lipid profiles such as metabolic risk factors, demographic risk factors, and underlying medical history were accounted for. Participants reporting clinically significant PTSD symptoms exhibited lower serum HDL-C levels than those without PTSD symptoms. In addition, we found that the severity of PTSD symptoms and sex could explain the changes in lipid profiles independently of other possible risk factors of changes. The results of this study suggest that PTSD symptoms may contribute to an increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome via detrimental changes in lipid concentrations. Routine screening and multidisciplinary management to prevent metabolic syndrome in individuals who experience traumatic losses would therefore be valuable.

Associations of the plasma lipidome with mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study

BackgroundIt is unknown if the plasma lipidome is a useful tool for improving our understanding of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, we measured the plasma lipidome of individuals with ARDS at two time-points to determine if changes in the plasma lipidome distinguished survivors from non-survivors. We hypothesized that both the absolute concentration and change in concentration over time of plasma lipids are associated with 28-day mortality in this population.MethodsSamples for this longitudinal observational cohort study were collected at multiple tertiary-care academic medical centers as part of a previous multicenter clinical trial. A mass spectrometry shot-gun lipidomic assay was used to quantify the lipidome in plasma samples from 30 individuals. Samples from two different days were analyzed for each subject. After removing lipids with a coefficient of variation > 30%, differences between cohorts were identified using repeated measures analysis of variance. The false discovery rate was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. Relationships between significant compounds were explored using hierarchical clustering of the Pearson correlation coefficients and the magnitude of these relationships was described using receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsThe mass spectrometry assay reliably measured 359 lipids. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, 90 compounds differed between survivors and non-survivors. Survivors had higher levels for each of these lipids except for five membrane lipids. Glycerolipids, particularly those containing polyunsaturated fatty acid side-chains, represented many of the lipids with higher concentrations in survivors. The change in lipid concentration over time did not differ between survivors and non-survivors.ConclusionsThe concentration of multiple plasma lipids is associated with mortality in this group of critically ill patients with ARDS. Absolute lipid levels provided more information than the change in concentration over time. These findings support future research aimed at integrating lipidomics into critical care medicine.

Relationship of Lipids and Lipid-Lowering Medications With Cognitive Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Studies on the relationship of cholesterol concentrations and lipid-lowering medications with dementia risk have yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, we investigated the association of lipid concentrations and lipid-lowering medications with cognitive function in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis across 3 different cognitive domains assessed by means of the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI; version 2), the Digit Symbol Coding (DSC) Test, and the Digit Span (DS) Test in 2010-2012. After adjustment for sociodemographic and confounding factors, including concentrations of other lipids and use of lipid-lowering medication, higher total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were modestly associated with higher DS Test scores. None of the lipid parameters were associated with CASI or DSC Test scores. Similarly, changes in lipid concentrations were not associated with any cognitive function test score. Using treatment effects model analysis and after adjusting for confounding factors, including lipid concentrations, the use of any lipid-lowering medication, especially statins, was associated with higher scores on the CASI and backward DS tests but not on the DSC and forward DS tests. Our study does not support a robust association between lipid concentrations and cognitive function or between the use of lipid-lowering medication, especially statins, and worse cognitive function.

Cucurbit[7]uril Induced Formation of FRET-Enabled Unilamellar Lipid Vesicles.

A unique fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process is found to be operational in a unilamellar lipid self-assembly in the aqueous phase. A newly synthesized naphthyl based long chain lipid derivative [N-(naphthalene-1-ylmethyl)tetradecane-1-ammonium chloride, 14NA+] forms various self-assembled architectures in the aqueous phase. Controlled changes in lipid concentration lead to a transition of the self-assemblies from micelles to vesicles to rods. In the presence of cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), 14NA+ forms a host-guest [2]pseudorotaxane complex (CB7∋14NA+) and secondary interactions lead to the formation of a lipid bilayer with hydrophobic pockets situated in between the layers. The change in the structure of 14NA+ assemblies, interaction with CB7 and formation of supramolecular assemblies of CB7∋14NA+ were examined using light scattering, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Entrapment of a luminescent dye, anthracene within the hydrophobic bilayer of the supramolecular assembly CB7∋14NA+ favors a modified luminescent response due to an efficient FRET process. Further, the FRET process could be controlled by thermal and chemical stimuli that induce transformation of unilamellar vesicles.

Arachidonic acid containing phosphatidylcholine increases due to microglial activation in ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn following spared sciatic nerve injury.

Peripheral nerve injury induces substantial molecular changes in the somatosensory system that leads to maladaptive plasticity and cause neuropathic pain. Understanding the molecular pathways responsible for the development of neuropathic pain is essential to the development of novel rationally designed therapeutics. Although lipids make up to half of the dry weight of the spinal cord, their relation with the development of neuropathic pain is poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the regulation of spinal lipids in response to neuropathic peripheral nerve injury in mice by utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, which allows visualization of lipid distribution within the cord. We found that arachidonic acid (AA) containing [PC(diacyl-16:0/20:4)+K]+ was increased temporarily at superficial ipsilateral dorsal horn seven days after spared nerve injury (SNI). The spatiotemporal changes in lipid concentration resembled microglia activation as defined by ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunohistochemistry. Suppression of microglial function through minocycline administration resulted in attenuation of hypersensitivity and reduces [PC(diacyl-16:0/20:4)+K]+ elevation in the spinal dorsal horn. These data suggested that AA containing [PC(diacyl-16:0/20:4)+K]+ is related to hypersensitivity evoked by SNI and implicate microglial cell activation in this lipid production.