Changes In Life Expectancy Research Articles

A historical syndemic? The impact of synergistic epidemics of measles and scarlet fever on life expectancy in Victoria, Australia (1860s-1870s).

To explore whether synergistic epidemics of measles and scarlet fever in 1860s-1870s Victoria, Australia could be characterized as syndemics, we apply the methods of Sawchuk, Tripp, and Samakaroon (Social Science & Medicine 2022, 295, 112956) to quantify the impact of each of the two major co-occurring epidemic events (1867, 1875) in terms of life expectancy (LE) changes. Sawchuk et al. posit the presence of a harvesting effect, indicated by a statistically significant increase in LE in the immediate post-epidemic "fallow period", as a criterion for identification of a historical syndemic. We test an alternate hypothesis that the same methods can identify a short-term scarring effect. Using annual age- and cause-specific death statistics and census population data, we constructed abridged period life tables for baseline period, potential syndemic year, and "fallow" year for each of the two periods (1860s and 1870s). We compared LE at birth using Z-tests. We decomposed age-cause-specific mortality according to Arriaga's method to identify age-and cause-specific contributions to LE change. LE was significantly lower than baseline (1864-1865) in 1867 but not in the "fallow" year (1869). LE in 1875 and the 1878 "fallow" year were both significantly below baseline (1871-1873). Age-cause-specific decomposition showed similar patterns for 1867 and 1875 for measles and scarlet fever combined effects. Evidence of a scarring effect following the 1875 measles/scarlet fever combined peak supports the interpretation of this event as a syndemic. We suggest the short-term scarring effect can be a useful additional criterion for identifying historical syndemics.

Application of the Foresight Method in the Educational Process of Higher Education

In conditions of increasing life expectancy, declining fertility, increased migration and other demographic changes, the Foresight method can help families and society prepare for new challenges and opportunities. For example, anticipating an increase in the number of elderly people may prompt the state to develop a support program for this category of the population, and forecasting an increase in migration may contribute to the development of integration programs for new immigrants. The Foresight method is relevant in the context of demographic changes, as it allows you to predict possible scenarios for the future development of the family and society based on the analysis of current data and trends. This will make it possible to make more informed decisions and develop new tools for the state to improve the demographic situation in the country. The Foresight method is also of great relevance in education, especially in the context of technological innovations. Thus, the purpose of the article is to study the demographic situation of the Russian Federation by the Foresight method in sociology classes. The authors believe that the interest in the Foresight method lies in the fact that it allows the students of the Faculty of Economics and Management of VSTU to develope strategic thinking and planning skills, to apply those in the field of demography as well as in their future professional activity. The article presents the results of a survey of first-year students of Volgograd State Technical University (VSTU) in relation to the demographic situation in the country. The positive and negative factors affecting the demographic situation are considered. Some measures to improve the demography of the Russian Federation are proposed. The proposed Foresight method in the educational process may be of interest to teachers and methodologists of higher education engaged in the development of new approaches to training students.

Holistic and Personalized Strategies for Managing in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

Due to increased life expectancy and lifestyle changes, the prevalence of diabetes among the elderly in Korea is continuously rising, as is the associated public health burden. Diabetes management in elderly patients is complicated by age-related physiological changes, sarcopenia characterized by loss of muscle mass and function, comorbidities, and varying levels of functional, cognitive, and mobility abilities that lead to frailty. Moreover, elderly patients with diabetes frequently face multiple chronic conditions that elevate their risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality; they are also prone to complications such as hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, diabetic ketoacidosis, and severe hypoglycemia. This review examines the characteristics of and management approaches for diabetes in the elderly, and advocates for a comprehensive yet personalized strategy.

Adipose tissue as a linchpin of organismal ageing.

Ageing is a conserved biological process, modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, that leads to changes in life expectancy. In humans, ageing is characterized by greatly increased prevalence of cardiometabolic disease, type 2 diabetes and disorders associated with impaired immune surveillance. Adipose tissue displays species-conserved, temporal changes with ageing, including redistribution from peripheral to central depots, loss of thermogenic capacity and expansion within the bone marrow. Adipose tissue is localized to discrete depots, and also diffusely distributed within multiple organs and tissues in direct proximity to specialized cells. Thus, through their potent endocrine properties, adipocytes are capable of modulating tissue and organ function throughout the body. In addition to adipocytes, multipotent progenitor/stem cells in adipose tissue play a crucial role in maintenance and repair of tissues throughout the lifetime. Adipose tissue may therefore be a central driver for organismal ageing and age-associated diseases. Here we review the features of adipose tissue during ageing, and discuss potential mechanisms by which these changes affect whole-body metabolism, immunity and longevity. We also explore the potential of adipose tissue-targeted therapies to ameliorate age-associated disease burdens.

Subnational contribution to life expectancy and life span variation changes: Evidence from the United States

Subnational contribution to life expectancy and life span variation changes: Evidence from the United States

Trends of alcohol-attributable deaths in Lithuania 2001–2021: epidemiology and policy conclusions

BackgroundLithuania, a Baltic country in the European Union, can be characterized by high alcohol consumption and attributable burden. The aim of this contribution is to estimate the mortality burden due to alcohol use for the past two decades based on different relative risk functions, identify trends, and analyse the associations of alcohol-attributable burden with alcohol control policies and life expectancy.MethodsThe standard methodology used by the World Health Organization for estimating alcohol-attributable mortality was employed to generate mortality rates for alcohol-attributable mortality, standardized for Lithuania’s 2021 population distribution. Joinpoint analysis, T-tests, correlations, and regression analyses including meta-regressions were used to describe trends and associations.ResultsAge-standardized alcohol-attributable mortality was high in Lithuania during the two decades between 2001 and 2021, irrespective of which relative risks were used for the estimates. Overall, there was a downward trend, mainly in males, which was associated with four years of intensive implementation of alcohol control policies in 2008, 2009, 2017, and 2018. For the remaining years, the rates of alcohol-attributable mortality were stagnant. Among males, the correlations between alcohol-attributable mortality and life expectancy were 0.90 and 0.76 for Russian and global relative risks respectively, and regression analyses indicated a significant association between changes in alcohol-attributable mortality and life expectancy, after controlling for gross domestic product.ConclusionsMale mortality and life expectancy in Lithuania were closely linked to alcohol-attributable mortality and markedly associated with strong alcohol control policies. Further implementation of such policies is predicted to lead to further improvements in life expectancy.

Patterns and Changes in Life Expectancy in Korea, 1990-2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to measure the contribution of life expectancy to changes in mortality due to age, sign in Korea.Methods: This study used the life table data (1990-2020) and analyzed the data of the death statistics of the National Statistical Office in 1990 and 2020 (Categorization data by ICD-10). The contribution of differen ages, and causes of death to the change in life expectancy at birth during the 1900-2020 was estimated with a decomposition technique developed by Arriaga.Results: The contribution to the average life span of 1990-2007 was 7.50 years, and 2.91 years between 2007-2015. From 1990 to 2007, the positive contributing causes of death were cerebrovascular disease (0.781 years), hypertensive disease (0.599 years), and heart disease (0.475 years), and the negative contributing causes were intentional self-harm (-0.304 years), pneumonia (-0.209 years), and colon cancer (-0.092 years). From 2007 to 2015, the positive contributing causes were malignant neoplasms (0.548 years), cerebrovascular disease (0.529 years), and diabetes (0.162 years), and the negative contributing causes were pneumonia (-0.198 years), Alzheimer’s (-0.060 years), sepsis (-0.038 years), etc. From 2015 to 2020, the positive contributing causes of death were malignant neoplasms (0.474 years), cerebrovascular disease (0.301 years), and heart disease (0.475 years), and the negative contributing causes were intentional self-harm (-0.304 years), pneumonia (-0.209 years), and colon cancer (-0.092 years). In general, pneumonia was shown to be the cause of death with the largest negative contribution due to increased mortality, and the pattern by age group showed that the positive contribution was relatively large in the age group after 65 years of age. In common, the positive contribution of most causes decreased as time passed.Conclusions: The age group that contributed the most to the increase in life expectancy after 1990 was found to be 70-74 years old (0.74 years) from 1990-2007. In addition, it was found to have contributed significantly to those aged 70-74 (0.42 years) from 2007-2015 and those aged 75-79 (0.27 years) from 2015-2020. In the overall period, the contribution to average life expectancy appears to be large in the age group of 65 years or older, and in recent years, the contribution to average life expectancy from age 0 gradually decreases, while the contribution to average life expectancy in the middle-aged and older age group increases. This study evaluated the increase in life expectancy by age and cause of death by applying join point regression analysis, which can partially complement the limitations of existing models, to evaluate and analyze the amount of life expectancy according to changes in mortality level.

Living longer but in poor health: healthcare system responses to ageing populations in industrialised countries based on the Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine changes in life expectancy (LE), health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), unhealthy years of life, and disease burden of older people in industrialised countries and associations with health systems.MethodsWe used estimates of LE and HALE, unhealthy years of life, years of life loss (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) for individuals aged 70 years and over in 33 industrialised countries from 1990 to 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. A linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of health outcomes with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) index.ResultsLE and HALE increased with improved HAQ index from 1990 to 2019. However, the number of unhealthy years of life increased. An increased HAQ index was associated with decreases in YLL. However, changes in YLD were relatively small and were not correlated with HAQ index.ConclusionsThe healthcare system needs to more address the increased morbidity burden among older people. It should be designed to handle to healthcare needs of the ageing population.

The theme of Cossacks in Shcherbytskyi's work

Soviet heritage in Ukraine is not only monuments to Lenin and cultural stereotypes, but also infrastructure and industry. The fact that Ukraine is still a space state is also a Soviet legacy. It is obvious that the complexity and ambiguity of the Soviet past should call for more reflections on various topics related to the USSR. For example, in studies of the "Soviet" period, the modernization approach is practically not used, many topics remain outside the attention of researchers, the main focus is only on negative experiences (repressions, Holodomor, Russification). This is often a criticism not only of the Bolsheviks, but actually of the entire leftist idea and a kind of negative discrediting advance for future leftist organizations and parties in Ukraine. In addition, "Soviet" is often evaluated as something static, non-dynamic, purely negative. But the Soviet Ukraine of Kaganovich and Kosior is not the Soviet Ukraine of Shelest and Shcherbytskyi. There were changes in the average life expectancy of citizens of the republic and the structure of the family. At the same time, the process of Russification of the population intensified, one of the greatest man-made disasters in the history of mankind occurred, and the oppression of dissidents continued.

Research progress on the effect of common metabolism-related comorbidities on health outcomes and management strategies in patients with chronic hepatitis B

With the increasing life expectancy and lifestyle changes of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the significance of comorbidities of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in disease progression and health prognosis of CHB patients is gaining prominence. This study aims to explore the association between CHB and NCDs comorbidities, focusing on the impact of common metabolism-related diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes, on the health outcomes of CHB patients. We also summarize studies on integrating the management of comorbidities in CHB patients and provide relevant recommendations for effective management. The findings of this study serve as a foundation for understanding the clinical characteristics and prevalence trends, reducing the disease burden of comorbidities among CHB patients, and establishing a comprehensive and coordinated management system for comorbidities.

The impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy across socioeconomic groups in Denmark

BackgroundDenmark was one of the few countries that experienced an increase in life expectancy in 2020, and one of the few to see a decrease in 2021. Because COVID-19 mortality is associated with socioeconomic status (SES), we hypothesize that certain subgroups of the Danish population experienced changes in life expectancy in 2020 and 2021 that differed from the country overall. We aim to quantify life expectancy in Denmark in 2020 and 2021 by SES and compare this to recent trends in life expectancy (2014–2019).MethodsWe used Danish registry data from 2014 to 2021 for all individuals aged 30+. We classified the study population into SES groups using income quartiles and calculated life expectancy at age 30 by year, sex, and SES, and the differences in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020 and 2020 to 2021. We compared these changes to the average 1-year changes from 2014 to 2019 with 95% confidence intervals. Lastly, we decomposed these changes by age and cause of death distinguishing seven causes, including COVID-19, and a residual category.ResultsWe observed a mortality gradient in life expectancy changes across SES groups in both pandemic years. Among women, those of higher SES experienced a larger increase in life expectancy in 2020 and a smaller decrease in 2021 compared to those of lower SES. Among men, those of higher SES experienced an increase in life expectancy in both 2020 and 2021, while those of lower SES experienced a decrease in 2021. The impact of COVID-19 mortality on changes in life expectancy in 2020 was counterbalanced by improvements in non-COVID-19 mortality, especially driven by cancer and cardiovascular mortality. However, in 2021, non-COVID-19 mortality contributed negatively even for causes as cardiovascular mortality that has generally a positive impact on life expectancy changes, resulting in declines for most SES groups.ConclusionsCOVID-19 mortality disproportionally affected those of lower SES and exacerbated existing social inequalities in Denmark. We conclude that in health emergencies, particular attention should be paid to those who are least socially advantaged to avoid widening the already existing mortality gap with those of higher SES. This research contributes to the discussion on social inequalities in mortality in high-income countries.

Fuzzy clustering of the healthy life expectancy decomposition: A multi-population analysis

This work analyses healthy life expectancy, which combines information on the period life table with the age-specific disability prevalence data in a single indicator. We quantify how much mortality and disability contributed to changes in healthy life expectancy over a fixed time horizon by age group and population to understand if life expectancy is increasing faster than the decline of disability. The prominent heterogeneity in mortality and health worldwide calls for a cross-country comparative analysis. The methodology used is decomposition, which splits the difference between two times of an aggregate index by assigning the difference to its components. Besides, through a cluster analysis, we categorize countries according to the age-specific contributions of mortality and disability simultaneously, using the healthy life expectancy decomposition results. This allows us to ease the interpretation and better outline the outcomes. Since health is increasingly considered a crucial aspect of economic growth, monitoring health expectancies is essential to assess the financial sustainability of the health and social security system. Some policy implications are finally discussed.

ԿԵՆՍԱԹՈՇԱԿԱՅԻՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳԵՐԻ ԲԱՐԵՓՈԽՄԱՆ ՄԻՋԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ՓՈՐՁԸ / THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIMENT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS CHANGE

Significant societal changes are occurring in many countries, leading to discussions and implementations of socio-economic system transformations. These changes are driven by demographic shifts, including population growth, changes in life expectancy, and declining birth rates. The purpose of these transformations is to address challenges related to improving living standards and reducing societal inequality. Governments, policymakers, and other stakeholders are actively engaged in these discussions and implementations. The outcomes of these transformations have far-reaching implications for future generations. Research into socio-economic transformations helps in understanding the various strategies adopted by different countries. By comparing and contrasting these strategies, valuable insights are gained, contributing to more effective experimentation and the development of innovative solutions to global socio-economic challenges. This study utilizes national statistical reports, official field documents, academic literature, as well as international financial and statistical assessments to comprehensively analyze the socio-economic landscape also including actual laws and sub-laws in Republic of Armenia.

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in life expectancy and lifespan variation in Chile.

Socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy are well-documented in various contexts, including Chile. However, there is a lack of research examining trends in life expectancy inequalities and lifespan variation over time. Addressing these gaps can provide crucial insights into the dynamics of health inequalities. This study utilizes data from census records, population surveys, and death certificates to compare the life expectancy and the lifespan variation at age 26 of individuals according to their rank in the distribution of years of education within their own birth cohort. The analysis spans three periods (1991, 2002, and 2017) and focuses on two educational groups: individuals in the first (lowest) quintile and tenth (highest) decile of educational attainment. Changes in life expectancy are disaggregated by major causes of death to elucidate their contributions to overall trends. Consistent with existing literature, our findings confirm that individuals with lower education levels experience lower life expectancy and higher lifespan variation compared to their more educated counterparts. Notably, by 2017, life expectancy for individuals in the lowest quintile of education has caught up with that of the top decile in 1991, albeit with contrasting trends between genders. Among women, the gap has reduced, while it has increased for males. Moreover, lifespan variation decreased (increased) over time for individuals in the tenth decile (first quintile). The leading causes of death that explain the increase in life expectancy in women and men in the tenth decile as well as women in the first quintile are cardiovascular, cancer, respiratory and digestive diseases. In the case of males in the first quintile, few gains have been made in life expectancy resulting from cancer and a negative contribution is associated with digestive conditions. This study underscores persistent socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy in Chile, emphasizing the importance of ongoing monitoring of health inequalities across different demographic segments. The gender-specific and educational gradient trends highlight areas for targeted interventions aimed at reducing health disparities and improving overall population health outcomes. Further research is warranted to delve into specific causes of death driving life expectancy differentials and to inform evidence-based policy interventions.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ, ОЦЕНКА И ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ОЖИДАЕМОЙ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЗДОРОВОЙ ЖИЗНИ

The expected duration of a healthy life (hereinafter referred to as the life expectancy) estimates the number of years that a person is expected to live with good health. This concept is important to take into account the quality of life, not just its duration. Sullivan’s method of assessment of HPP combines data on mortality and health status. However, there are limitations such as subjectivity in the definition of “healthy”, data quality, and complexity of interpretation. Historically, the criterion of HPA has evolved, taking into account improvements in health and social conditions, including a more complete assessment of aspects of health and quality of life. Globally, there is a positive trend associated with the development of healthcare and medical technologies. There are differences in HPP between developed, developing and African countries. In Russia, there are also differences in health insurance by region related to socio-economic factors, access to medical care and lifestyle. Cities have a higher rate of HPP than rural areas and individual regions such as Siberia and the Caucasus. The analysis of the literature data revealed positive changes in healthy life expectancy in various countries. Japan, South Korea, the Scandinavian countries, Costa Rica, Iceland, Australia, Norway, and New Zealand showed significant increases in HDI associated with improved health care, socio-economic conditions, and health promotion programs. However, in Russia, problems such as health inequalities and health infrastructure constraints pose obstacles. Effective preventive measures, vaccinations, health promotion and lifestyle improvements are key factors in improving the world’s health. It is important to influence the social, economic and environmental aspects of health, strengthen health systems and promote healthy lifestyles for sustainable improvement of the HHS. Objective: to carry out a historical analysis, identify trends in the change of the GPI indicator and the main factors that contribute to the improvement of this indicator. Methods of work: critical analysis of scientific literature. Results: a review of the literature on the study of OPCW is conducted and the main factors of the change in OPCW are presented. Scope of application: proof of the need for the use of the indicator of the HPP. Summary conclusions: The analysis of global trends in HHS highlights the importance of continuous efforts to improve access to health care, socio-economic conditions, public health measures and lifestyle choices.

The Ecology of Economic Distress and Life Expectancy.

To determine whether life expectancy (LE) changes between 2000 and 2019 were associated with race, rural status, local economic prosperity, and changes in local economic prosperity, at the county level. Between 12/1/22 and 2/28/23, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 2000 and 2019 data from 3,123 United States counties. For Total, White, and Black populations, we compared LE changes for counties across the rural-urban continuum, the local economic prosperity continuum, and for counties in which local economic prosperity dramatically improved or declined. In both years, overall, across the rural-urban continuum, and for all studied populations, LE decreased with each progression from the most to least prosperous quintile (all p < 0.001); improving county prosperity between 2000-2019 was associated with greater LE gains (p < 0.001 for all). At the county level, race, rurality, and local economic distress were all associated with LE; improvements in local economic conditions were associated with accelerated LE. Policymakers should appreciate the health externalities of investing in areas experiencing poor economic prosperity if their goal is to improve population health.

Life Expectancy Changes and Their Consequences for Pension System in Finland and the Czech Republic

Finland and the Czech Republic are among the countries where population ageing has been the most pronounced in the last decade. The aim of the paper is to describe future development of life expectancy in the context of pension system reforms that are currently prepared by the politicians in analysed countries. One-year age-and-sex-specific mortality rates for population aged 0 to 100+ were taken from the Human Mortality Database for 1950–2021 and projected to 2050. Three stochastic models were calculated in R and compared. Suitable was Lee-Carter model modified by Li-Lee-Gerland (with rotation of bx parameter) because of low infant mortality in both populations. Projected year-on-year change of life expectancy was comparable to the Eurostat, but absolute values were too optimistic in our case. Values of temporary life expectancy between 60 and 70 years and indices of annual relative changes revealed relatively fast pace of increase in life expectancy in both populations which the pension systems should také into account.

Changing impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy 2019–2023 and its decomposition: Findings from 27 countries

BackgroundThe World Health Organization declared COVID-19 no longer a global health emergency on 5th May 2023; however, the impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy throughout the pandemic period is not clear. This study aimed to quantify and decompose the changes in life expectancy during 2019–2023 and corresponding age and gender disparities in 27 countries. MethodsData were sourced from the Human Mortality Database, the World Population Prospects 2022 and the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics. Life expectancy was estimated using the abridged life table method, while differentials of life expectancies were decomposed using the age-decomposition algorithm. ResultsThere was an overall reduction in life expectancy at age 5 among the 27 countries in 2020. Life expectancy rebounded in Western, Northern and Southern Europe in 2021 but further decreased in the United States, Chile and Eastern Europe in the same year. In 2022 and after, lost life expectancy years in the United States, Chile and Eastern Europe were slowly regained; however, as of 7th May 2023, life expectancy in 22 of the 27 countries had not fully recovered to its pre-pandemic level. The reduced life expectancy in 2020 was mainly driven by reduced life expectancy at age 65+, while that in subsequent years was mainly driven by reduced life expectancy at age 45–74. Women experienced a lower reduction in life expectancy at most ages but a greater reduction at age 85+. ConclusionsThe pandemic has caused substantial short-term mortality variations during 2019–2023 in the 27 countries studied. Although most of the 27 countries experienced increased life expectancy after 2022, life expectancy in 22 countries still has not entirely regained its pre-pandemic level by May 2023. Threats of COVID-19 are more prominent for older adults and men, but special attention is needed for women aged 85+ years.

Recent Changes in Marriage Formation and Dissolution Behaviour in Czechia

Marriage formation and dissolution behaviours have changed significantly over time in Czechia. This article studies in greater detail the marital behaviour changes observed in the period 1993–2022 using the LIPRO 4.0 multistate programme, which allows for a detailed analysis of changes in life expectancy according to years spent in each marital state, marriage formation and dissolution behaviours, and the average ages at the time of different marital status events. The probabilities for the transition to the divorced and to the remarried state at selected ages are also presented, along with a status-quo projection of the Czech population until 2030. The results indicate the continued postponement of marriage and subsequent marital events. Czechs have been spending an increasing time never-married since the establishment of Czechia. However, recent improvements in first marriage and remarriage rates at the same time as declining divorce rates since 2019 suggest a renewed interest in marriage. Despite these positive developments, the population projection indicates a continued increase in the never-married population.

Developing a Discrete Choice Experiment Instrument for Evaluating Patients’ Preferences in Precision Oncology

Background: In addition to clinical and technical considerations, patients’ preferences are essential for evaluating interventions such as precision medicine (PM). Objectives: This study aimed to identify and prioritize attributes of precision oncology that are important for patients to develop and validate a standard stated preference instrument. Methods: The key attributes of precision oncology and their related levels were extracted from the systematic literature review and were presented on a validated 5-point Likert scale questionnaire to experts (n = 35). In two rounds of Delphi, participants scored and prioritized the attributes through this personally administered questionnaire to identify the five most important ones to develop a discrete choice experiment (DCE) instrument. The developed DCE questionnaire was subsequently validated, providing a robust and standard instrument for evaluating patients’ preferences for precision oncology. Results: Based on the consensus criteria, the final DCE included four attributes and a total of 14 levels, which were access to treatment (easy/not easy), out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures (four levels according to treatment costs in the country), change in life expectancy (LE, six levels from an average gain of three months to four years), and change in quality of life (QoL, improvement or no change). Conclusions: The above-mentioned attributes represent patients’ main preferences from the views of the Iranian experts. The developed DCE questionnaire can be used to assess patients’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) in precision oncology.