Changes In Labour Market Research Articles

The Labor Market and Growth Implications of Skill Distribution: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Model with Skill Heterogeneity

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model which explicitly incorporates the skill distribution of heterogeneous workers. Workers are distributed heterogeneously in their individual skill level and can be endogenously sorted into different tasks using different technologies. In doing so, we study in depth the labor market and growth implications of the changes in skill distribution. Specifically, we consider two changes in the skill distribution in a given population, (i) the increased density in the upper tail (skill upgrading), and (ii) the increased density both in the lower and upper tails (skill polarization). It is shown that, though the labor market implications for individual workers are likely to be largely different and complex (skill polarization even leads to nonlinear labor market changes), both changes in the skill distribution may increase steady-state real investment and enhance growth so that all workers gain with time.

Agriculture and Automation: Potential Benefits, Difficulties and Economic Impacts

In contemporary agriculture, automation and robotics are the main players. They present viable answers to issues with the world's expanding population, changing demographics, and economic standing. This analysis examines the potential and difficulties of utilizing new technologies as well as the frequently overlooked connection between automation technology and agricultural economics. This study examines the potential of automation and robots in farming techniques, as well as their socio-economic impacts, through a methodical analysis of the literature. It also offers practical advice for those involved. For this reason, a variety of robot types used in diverse agricultural fields have been examined, along with the difficulties and technical viability of adopting automation. Additional significant aspects have been examined, such as changes in the labour market, economic conditions, and demographic trends. This study also looks into the social effects of automation, specifically with regard to worker adaption and employment. It discovers that although automation increases sustainability and efficiency, it also results in labour displacement and necessitates significant technological investment. This in-depth analysis closes a significant gap by evaluating precision agriculture's future, labour market change, and economic viability. Along with outlining a future roadmap for research and policy, it also plots a course for future studies and policy-making at the nexus of agricultural technology and socioeconomic domains.

Взаимодействие бизнеса, образования и власти в системе среднего профессионального образования в регионе

In a dynamically developing economy and changing labor market, it is important to ensure effective interaction of the secondary vocational education system with the needs of the regional economy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The article examines the key points of interaction between business, education and government. Through the analysis of normative legal acts and scientific research, the need to create educational and industrial clusters, stimulate cooperation between educational institutions and enterprises, as well as the active participation of employers in the educational process is emphasized.The article reveals that the government of the Russian Federation is taking steps to support secondary vocational education with the participation of companies, mainly large ones, for example, through the federal project ‘Professionalism’. However, there are limitations, such as insufficient development of regional regulatory legal acts, especially in terms of interaction between small and medium-sized enterprises with secondary vocational education. In conclusion, the importance of intensifying efforts to attract the business community to support and develop regional regulations, create a favorable environment for interactionbetween business, education and government is emphasized. This is the only way to ensure effective adaptation of educational programs to the needs of the labor market, the development of high-quality personnel and sustainable socio-economic development of the region.

The Impact of State Funding of Higher Education on Employment and Living Standards in Georgia

State financing of higher education is crucial for promoting innovation and competition, as well as guaranteeing equal opportunities and access to education. This financing facilitates the development of students' potential by providing them with the necessary skills and information to enhance graduation rates and social well-being. Scholarships and grants are implemented to improve student access to education by aligning the financial system with the demands of the job market and educational developments. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of financing higher education in Georgia on employment of graduates and well-being of the population. The results of the survey of entrants and students reveal that public awareness of state-funded higher education programs in Georgia is quite low (47.2%). A large part of the graduates (47,8%) provided with various types of state funding during their studies are not employed in their specialty. The impact of the increase in the expenditure on education on the increase in the income of the population is quite low (0.23%). The research concludes that the allocation of public funds for higher education in Georgia does not effectively match the capabilities of graduates with the demands of the labour market. The reason for the mentioned inconsistency is that the requirements of the labor market were not taken into account when determining the directions to be financed. In addition, it is important to note that the demands of the labor market change every year in accordance with the current challenges, therefore the employer also demands relevant skills immediately, which cannot be met by higher education institutions in a short period of time. Despite the above, the involvement of employers in the process of developing educational programs is low and it is mostly formal in nature. When determining the priority educational programs, there is no periodic revision of the directions so that it is adapted to the demands of the labor market. It is necessary to establish partnership relations between employers, higher educational institutions and the state in order to take into account the requirements of the labor market both in the development of educational programs and in the determination of priority educational directions. Enhancing transparency and emphasising practical training in key areas are essential for enhancing the program's efficacy and enhancing the career chances of graduates. These modifications will provide a more favourable return on investment for state education expenditure. Keywords: higher education, state financing, employment, living standards

Проявление агентности студенчества в проектном обучении: кейс федерального университета

According to experts, there will be a growing demand for hybrid and multidisciplinary specialists with advanced cognitive skills, emotional intelligence, and technological and social competence by 2030. These professionals will be able to make independent and innovative decisions in a rapidly changing labor market. The system of higher professional education faces the challenge of addressing the quantitative and qualitative shortage of young professionals. In this context, the topic of modernizing personnel training includes the introduction and active promotion of project-based learning. Project-based training should promote the agency of students as young professionals by transferring them within the framework of training from passive behavior to active independent actions, effective interaction with the professional community, disclosure of leadership potential, development of initiative and readiness to design new interdisciplinary solutions. The manifestations of student agency in project-based learning is an urgent issue on the research agenda and management practice of universities. The aim of the study was to investigate the key features of UrFU students' agency, as manifested in their project-based learning experiences. The article presents the findings from a survey conducted among students (N=1,070) using a quota sampling method in 2024 (including sex, training level and major subject). The survey error does not exceed 3 percent. According to the survey results, the relevance of key features of agency and project-based learning was established. It was empirically proved that project-based learning encourages independent, proactive behavior, promotes the development of leadership qualities, and enhances students' innovative potential.

Innovative Social Groups in the Institutional Changes of the Russian Countryside

The article considers the formation of innovative social groups in the social structure of the Russian countryside, broadcasting the managerial style of thinking and lifestyle of an active subject of agricultural labor. The current model of the agricultural market was formed under the powerful institutional pressure of market reforms. These objective social processes transformed the mentality of rural residents, gave rise to various labor practices, including employment in the informal sector, from which innovative market models of behavior in the agricultural labor market emerged. Using the example of farms and rural entrepreneurs, innovative layers in the labor market are shown, the criteria for which are an increase in agricultural land, production growth using new technologies and digital equipment, access to export markets. The information base consists of data from large-scale panel studies of Rosstat 2011–2022 and the All-Russian agricultural censuses of 2006, 2016, 2021. Institutional changes in the agricultural labor market have been identified, within the framework of which innovative groups are being formed. The development of innovative technologies used in agriculture requires the involvement of highly qualified labor. However, there is an acute shortage of personnel in the agricultural labor market. The wages of a significant segment of jobs in the rural market do not ensure economic stability. The survival strategy remains the main factor in the socio-economic behavior of rural residents, which determines the employment of most of them in non-agricultural sectors in the agricultural labor market. The crisis of agricultural organizations and the arrival of high-tech capitalist forms of production in agriculture cause the migration of the rural population to cities. Despite significant government support for agriculture, there is a shortage of engineering specialties and skilled workers. All these processes hinder the emergence and development of new innovative groups in rural areas. The foreign experience of the functioning of an institutionalized system of information networks and consulting for farmers and small businesses in agriculture is also presented.

Гнучка зайнятість як засіб збереження робочих місць на українських підприємствах під час війни

The article examines the relevance of flexible forms of employment in the context of current economic challenges, especially in connection with the war in Ukraine. Ensuring the effectiveness of flexible employment is critical for preserving jobs and maintaining the economic stability of enterprises in the current crisis conditions. The purpose of the study was to analyze approaches to the introduction of flexible employment at Ukrainian enterprises and recommendations for adapting the existing model of flexible employment to the conditions of martial law to preserve jobs at enterprises and ensure a balance between the economic interests of enterprises and social guarantees for employees considering the specifics of the modern labor market, and to develop. It has been proven that in times of crisis, flexible forms of employment become a vital tool for preserving jobs and maintaining economic stability, as well as increasing the adaptability of employees to changing labor market conditions, which is critical in times of crisis. However, existing flexible employment models need to be adapted to war conditions. The article develops recommendations for enterprises to introduce flexible forms of employment that allow them to maintain productivity and minimize social tension among employees. These recommendations include using remote work, part-time work, and digital platforms to attract freelancers, as well as measures to improve the social protection of employees, implement mental health support programs, and adapt labor contracts to the new conditions. The practical value of the study lies in the development of specific recommendations for enterprises that will allow them not only to maintain their functioning in the crisis but also to ensure sustainability and development in the long term. The proposed measures can be used as a basis for further improvement of HR management strategies in conditions of instability and crisis. Keywords: flexible employment, crisis model, social guarantees, remote work, outsourcing, outstaffing.

Формування інноваційної екосистеми сталого економічного відновлення і розвитку регіонів для посилення національної безпеки україни

This article delves into establishing an innovative ecosystem in Ukraine, essential for sustainable economic recovery and regional development. The significance of innovation in driving economic growth cannot be overstated, especially in a country that has faced numerous challenges, including political instability, economic downturns, and external threats. An innovative ecosystem serves as a framework that integrates various stakeholders, including scientific institutions, higher education establishments, businesses, and government entities, to foster collaboration and create an environment conducive to innovation. The article begins by defining an innovative ecosystem and its core components. It highlights the importance of synergy among different participants in the innovation process. Scientific institutions are crucial for research and development (R&D), providing the necessary knowledge and expertise to drive innovation. Higher education institutions play a pivotal role in preparing a skilled workforce equipped with the necessary competencies to meet the demands of a rapidly changing labor market. On the other hand, businesses are responsible for commercializing innovations and bringing new products and services to market. One of the critical aspects discussed is the need for effective collaboration among these stakeholders. The article emphasizes that strong partnerships between academia and industry characterize thriving innovative ecosystems. This collaboration can take various forms, including joint research projects, internships for students in companies, and knowledge transfer initiatives. These entities can leverage each other’s strengths to accelerate the innovation process by working together. Moreover, the article addresses the barriers to forming an innovative ecosystem in Ukraine. These barriers include inadequate regulatory frameworks supporting innovation, insufficient funding for R&D activities, and a fragmented approach to innovation policy. Ukraine’s current state of innovation is often hindered by bureaucratic obstacles that slow the implementation of innovative solutions. Therefore, policymakers must create a supportive environment that encourages investment in research and development. In addition to addressing systemic challenges, the article highlights the importance of fostering a culture of innovation within society. This includes promoting entrepreneurship and encouraging individuals to pursue innovative ideas. Educational programs focused on entrepreneurship can inspire young people to participate actively in the innovation ecosystem. Furthermore, public awareness campaigns can help shift societal attitudes towards risk-taking and experimentation. The conclusion of the article emphasizes Ukraine’s potential to create a robust, innovative ecosystem that can enhance its competitiveness on the global stage. By leveraging its human capital, rich natural resources, and growing technological capabilities, Ukraine can position itself as a hub for innovation in Eastern Europe. Successfully implementing state innovation policies aligned with European benchmarks will be critical. In summary, forming an innovative ecosystem is not just about fostering technological advancements but about creating a holistic environment where collaboration thrives, barriers are minimized, and creativity flourishes. The path toward establishing such an ecosystem requires concerted efforts from all stakeholders involved-government agencies must work together with educational institutions and businesses to cultivate a vibrant landscape for innovation. By doing so, Ukraine can pave the way for sustainable economic growth and regional development that benefits all citizens. Keywords: ecosystem, national security, region, economic recovery, sustainable development.

From Data to Insight: Transforming Online Job Postings into Labor-Market Intelligence

In the continuously changing labor market, understanding the dynamics of online job postings is crucial for economic and workforce development. With the increasing reliance on Online Job Portals, analyzing online job postings has become an essential tool for capturing real-time labor-market trends. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for processing online job postings to generate labor-market intelligence. The proposed methodology encompasses data source selection, data extraction, cleansing, normalization, and deduplication procedures. The final step involves information extraction based on employer industry, occupation, workplace, skills, and required experience. We address the key challenges that emerge at each step and discuss how they can be resolved. Our methodology is applied to two use cases: the first focuses on the analysis of the Greek labor market in the tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic, revealing shifts in job demands, skill requirements, and employment types. In the second use case, a data-driven ontology is employed to extract skills from job postings using machine learning. The findings highlight that the proposed methodology, utilizing NLP and machine-learning techniques instead of LLMs, can be applied to different labor market-analysis use cases and offer valuable insights for businesses, job seekers, and policymakers.

Structural labour market change, cognitive work, and entry to parenthood in Germany

Technological change and globalization have caused unprecedented transformations of labour markets, resulting in a growing division between workers who perform cognitive vs non-cognitive tasks. To date, only few studies have addressed the fertility effects of these long-term structural changes. This study fills that gap. We measure the cognitive task content of occupations using data from the Employment Survey of the German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, which we link to individual histories from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984–2018. We find that women and men with non-cognitive jobs are increasingly less likely to enter parenthood; this is reflected in lower first-birth intensities but also in higher probabilities of childlessness compared with workers in highly cognitive jobs. These findings imply that structural shifts in the labour market are exacerbating disparities between low-skilled and highly skilled individuals, not only within the labour market but also in the realm of family formation.

Structural Labour Market Change and Gender Inequality in Earnings

Research from the US argues that women will benefit from a structural labour market change as the importance of social tasks increases and that of manual tasks declines. This article contributes to this discussion in three ways: (a) by extending the standard framework of task content of occupations in order to account for the gender perspective; (b) by developing measures of occupational task content tailored to the European context; and (c) by testing this argument in 13 European countries. Data are analysed from the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations database and the European Structure of Earnings Survey. The analysis demonstrates that relative to men the structural labour market change improves the earnings potential of women working in low- and middle-skilled occupations but not those in high-skilled occupations. Women are overrepresented in low-paid social tasks (e.g. care) and are paid less for analytical tasks than men.

Digital transformation, management efficiency and excess employees − evidence from Chinese listed firms

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between digital transformation and excess employees. This research investigates the questions of when human−machine synergy can be achieved after a firm goes through digital transformation and whether there will be excess employees in the interim. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes A-share listed companies as research object in the period of 2011−2020 and a total of 24,718 samples are obtained. Hypothesis testing and regression analysis are performed in STATA. Findings This paper finds a human−machine mismatch in the short term, as evidenced by an increase in the rate of excess employees; however, with the progress of digital transformation, it can drive the achievement of human−machine synergy in the long term, and management efficiency plays a mediating role in this process. Further research showed that the effects of digital transformation on the number of employees, revenue generation per capita and profit generation per capita varied in both the short and long term. In addition, the characteristics of the company affect the relationship between digital transformation and excess employees. Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of the impacts of digital transformation on the human capital structure of companies at a micro level. It also provides insights into how to improve human capital demand structure through digitalization, thus providing insights into labor market changes.

The sensitivity of employment in the hotel industry to the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Poland

Motives: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented disruption to the global tourism economy. The diminished demand for hotel services, coupled with substantial operational uncertainty, compelled hoteliers to adopt survival strategies, often entailing workforce reductions. Aim: The objective of the article was to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment levels in hotel establishments in Poland and to suggest a strategy that would enable these facilities to navigate similar challenges in the future. Results: The article explores the sensitivity of employment in the hotel industry to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on a case study of Poland. It highlights significant changes in the hotel labour market during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study includes a detailed analysis of individuals working in the hotel industry from 2012 to 2021. Additionally, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment in Polish hotels was examined based on the collected primary data. The research findings affirm the industry’s susceptibility to pandemic risks, but they indicate that appropriate measures can mitigate negative effects. Consequently, the article proposes strategies to assist hotel facilities in overcoming similar challenges in the future.

Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Market Participation: A Case Study of Jammu City, India

Labor market participation has increased attention due to the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This crisis has significantly affected various aspects of society, including labor market participation, resulting in widespread job losses, disruptions in education, shifts in industry demands, skill gaps, and increased unemployment, both on a global scale and within Jammu City. This paper aims to analyze the labor market participation of youth during the pandemic and its impact on education, employment, and socio-economic outcomes. The study uses both primary and secondary sources, such as labor force surveys, reports, and research papers, covering problems worldwide, India and the specific context of Jammu city. The study covers the pre- and post-pandemic labor market participation of survey respondents examining the types of job losses, vocational education and training (VET) courses, work-from-home opportunities, and the challenges faced by individuals in securing employment during the pandemic. The central focus of the study lies in exploring the labor market participation of the respondents. How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected youth labor market participation in Jammu City, and impacted education, employment, and socio-economic outcomes? Major findings have been discussed in this paper, The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread job losses, disruptions in education and significantly impacted youth labor market participation in Jammu City, VET courses emerged as crucial avenues for skill development and adapting to the changing labor market demands during the pandemic. Work-from-home opportunities became prevalent, but access to such opportunities varied among different demographic groups, aggravating existing inequalities. Challenges in securing employment during the pandemic included limited job opportunities, skill gaps, and barriers to accessing education and training. Policy recommendations for addressing the impact of the pandemic on youth labor market participation and socio-economic conditions in Jammu City include enhancing skill development programs, promoting inclusive job creation initiatives, and ensuring equitable access to education and training opportunities. These measures aim to mitigate difficulties in labor market participation and socio-economic challenges, emphasizing the importance of skill enhancement, inclusive job creation, and accessible education and training within the city.

Responses to the jobs crisis. Digital transformations of the Romanian labor market

The present article presents a sociological analysis of the sources of crisis in the context of the Romanian labour market, compared to post-socialist and post-Soviet countries. The study examines the labour market changes over the past two decades, from the economic crisis of 2008 to the COVID-19 crisis. The article shows how socioeconomic vulnerabilities during crises interacted with the transformations caused by employment policies, technological transformations of work and neoliberal measures on the labour market in Romania.

Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21st century

Changing labour market and income inequalities in Europe and North America: a parallel project to the IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities in the 21^st century

Framework for the Development of a Diverse Transportation Workforce in the Southeast Region

This project addresses the contemporary challenges faced by the transportation workforce, influenced by demographic shifts, labor market fluctuations, and the growing demand for interdisciplinary skills. Using a case study of the southeastern United States, five main objectives guided the project: a) synthesizing the current state of workforce development practices, b) identifying key challenges in the transportation workforce, c) defining the term “workforce development” within this context, d) exploring potential roles of University Transportation Centers (UTCs) in tackling these challenges, and e) offering actionable recommendations for enhancing transportation workforce development. The research used findings from a literature review, stakeholder meetings, a survey of transportation professionals, and personal interviews with selected experts. The findings were integrated to derive conclusive results instead of independently interpreting each dataset. The study revealed that workforce development hinges on stakeholders, recruitment strategies, educational aspects, and diversity initiatives. The most pressing challenges involved changing labor market trends, demographic shifts, and the necessity for interdisciplinary skills. Workforce development was conceptualized as strategic measures for recruiting, retaining, educating, and training the present and future transportation labor force to meet identified challenges and needs. The UTCs’ potential contributions were identified in facilitating recruitment, inspiring interest in transportation careers, and creating resources for continuous education and training. Key recommendations involve interdisciplinary educational initiatives, specialized training, and resource development to assess and enhance existing training strategies.

A systematic literature review on women’s daily mobility in the Global North

ABSTRACT Since the early 1980s, the differences between the daily mobility patterns of men and women have attracted increasing interest from scholars and policymakers. Academic literature has revealed that women in advanced countries tend to travel shorter distances, make more daily trips, use cars less frequently, and are more willing to adopt sustainable travel behaviours than men. However, with changing family and labour market conditions, new trends are emerging, which open avenues for further investigation. Based on these premises, this study systematically reviews recent studies on women’s daily mobility across urban and peri-urban areas of the Global North. The studies published in the last ten years are systematized by developing an analytical framework that facilitates synthesising research findings, identifying research gaps, outlining directions for further studies in the field, and providing insights to policymakers to design initiatives for fair and inclusive mobility.

Human capital for the green economy

This study aims to assess the market availability of human capital for the needs of the green economy under the conditions of the changing labour market in Poland. It is a theoretical and analytical study based on desk research and critical analysis of available factual information. Based on an analysis of quantitative data describing the age structure and education of Poles from the perspective of three consecutive decades, a growing labour supply deficit was found. It also points to a possible shortage of competencies needed to green the economy. It was emphasised that, in view of the low effectiveness of the state's prevention policy aimed at preventing the growing demographic crisis, it would be necessary to supplement the shortage of workers from external resources, that is, labour migration. However, this may also be difficult because the labour markets in other European countries become increasingly competitive. Recommended solutions to foster labour market sustainability for the green economy may be to delay the exit of employees from the labour market, boost female economic activity, and make the education system more efficient.

Adapting professional development to the digital transformation of today's job market

The article focuses on the issues of professional training systems for future specialists during the digitalization of the labor market and the educational process itself. The relevance of the current study lies in the fact that the dynamics of the traditional methodological approach towards the educational process, given the global world trends, determines the priority of focusing on the competence approach. This article aims to determine the peculiarities of professional training of future specialists and its structure in the context of digital changes in the modern labor market. During the study, the following general research methods were applied: synthesis, analysis, specification, generalization, comparison, systematization, and abstraction. The author has substantiated the structure of professional training of future specialists, which combines professional and personal components. Also, there were identified vectors for improving the educational process aimed at forming future specialists' information, digital, communication, and intercultural competence as essential components of their overall professionalism. The author has established that the need to improve the process of professional training at the current stage of development is stipulated by specific requirements for professionally significant qualities resulting from the particular content and focus of professional activities in line with digital changes in the labor market. The study has found that one of the promising areas of the educational process today involves the formation of personal qualities of future specialists, including their digital literacy, logical thinking, and international communication skills.In addition, the author has outlined the basic principles of implementing and developing the interdisciplinary integration of the professional training process to meet the requirements of the digitalized labor market.