Changes In Glucose Levels Research Articles

Mitochondrial Efflux of Citrate and Isocitrate Is Fully Dispensable for Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Function.

The defining feature of pancreatic islet β-cell function is the precise coordination of changes in blood glucose levels with insulin secretion to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. While ATP has long been heralded as a critical metabolic coupling factor to trigger insulin release, glucose-derived metabolites have been suggested to further amplify fuel-stimulated insulin secretion. The mitochondrial export of citrate and isocitrate through the citrate-isocitrate carrier (CIC) has been suggested to initiate a key pathway that amplifies glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, though the physiological significance of β-cell CIC-to-glucose homeostasis has not been established. Here, we generated constitutive and adult CIC β-cell knockout (KO) mice and demonstrate that these animals have normal glucose tolerance, similar responses to diet-induced obesity, and identical insulin secretion responses to various fuel secretagogues. Glucose-stimulated NADPH production was impaired in β-cell CIC KO islets, whereas glutathione reduction was retained. Furthermore, suppression of the downstream enzyme cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh1) inhibited insulin secretion in wild-type islets but failed to impact β-cell function in β-cell CIC KO islets. Our data demonstrate that the mitochondrial CIC is not required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and that additional complexities exist for the role of Idh1 and NADPH in the regulation of β-cell function.

Dynamic alterations in the central glutamatergic status following food and glucose intake: in vivo multimodal assessments in humans and animal models

Fluctuations of neuronal activities in the brain may underlie relatively slow components of neurofunctional alterations, which can be modulated by food intake and related systemic metabolic statuses. Glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a major role in the regulation of excitatory tones in the central nervous system, although just how dietary elements contribute to the tuning of this system remains elusive. Here, we provide the first demonstration by bimodal positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) that metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) ligand binding and glutamate levels in human brains are dynamically altered in a manner dependent on food intake and consequent changes in plasma glucose levels. The brain-wide modulations of central mGluR5 ligand binding and glutamate levels and profound neuronal activations following systemic glucose administration were further proven by PET, MRS, and intravital two-photon microscopy, respectively, in living rodents. The present findings consistently support the notion that food-associated glucose intake is mechanistically linked to glutamatergic tones in the brain, which are translationally accessible in vivo by bimodal PET and MRS measurements in both clinical and non-clinical settings.

Effects of xenin-25 on insulin and glucagon secretions in healthy conscious sheep

The aim of present study was to determine effect of an intravenous injection of xenin-25 on insulin and glucagon secretion in healthy conscious sheep. After feeding once at 17:00, the experiment was started from 9:00 on the next day. Xenin-25 was intravenously (i.v.) injected at a dose of 100 to 1000 pmol/kg with and without the simultaneous injection of glucose at a dose of 200 μmol/kg, and blood was withdrawn before and after the injections. A single xenin-25 injection at 100 and 300 pmol/kg significantly increased the plasma insulin concentration, whereas the 1000 pmol/kg dose did not elicit significantly enhanced insulin response. Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations did not significantly change after a single xenin-25 injection. Xenin-25 injection significantly and dose-dependently augmented the glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, the changes in the plasma glucose and glucagon level after the glucose injection were not altered by xenin injection. A prior intravenous injection of the neurotensin receptor subtype-1 (NTR-1) antagonist SR 48692 at 100 nmol/kg did not modify the glucose-induced change in plasma insulin caused by xenin-25 at 300 pmol/kg, and intravenous injection of the NTR-2 agonist levocabastine at 1000 pmol/kg did not augment the insulin response to the glucose injection. On the other hand, no xenin-25 immunopositive cells were detected in the ovine pancreas. The mRNAs of the three NTR subtypes were highly expressed in the ovine pancreas in comparison with the expression in the abomasum. These results suggest that xenin-25 released from the upper gastrointestinal tract plays a role of an insulinotropic factor in sheep, possibly through NTRs in the pancreatic islets, but not via NTR-2.

Role of central kisspeptin and RFRP-3 in energy metabolism in the male Wistar rat.

Kisspeptin (Kp) and (Arg)(Phe) related peptide 3 (RFRP‐3) are two RF‐amides acting in the hypothalamus to control reproduction. In the past 10 years, it has become clear that, apart from their role in reproductive physiology, both neuropeptides are also involved in the control of food intake, as well as glucose and energy metabolism. To investigate further the neural mechanisms responsible for these metabolic actions, we assessed the effect of acute i.c.v. administration of Kp or RFRP‐3 in ad lib. fed male Wistar rats on feeding behaviour, glucose and energy metabolism, circulating hormones (luteinising hormone, testosterone, insulin and corticosterone) and hypothalamic neuronal activity. Kp increased plasma testosterone levels, had an anorexigenic effect and increased lipid catabolism, as attested by a decreased respiratory exchange ratio (RER). RFRP‐3 also increased plasma testosterone levels but did not modify food intake or energy metabolism. Both RF‐amides increased endogenous glucose production, yet with no change in plasma glucose levels, suggesting that these peptides provoke not only a release of hepatic glucose, but also a change in glucose utilisation. Finally, plasma insulin and corticosterone levels did not change after the RF‐amide treatment. The Kp effects were associated with an increased c‐Fos expression in the median preoptic area and a reduction in pro‐opiomelanocortin immunostaining in the arcuate nucleus. No effects on neuronal activation were found for RFRP‐3. Our results provide further evidence that Kp is not only a very potent hypothalamic activator of reproduction, but also part of the hypothalamic circuit controlling energy metabolism.

Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis: Efficacy and Safety of Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Youths With Bipolar Depression

To assess the relative efficacy and safety of second-generation antipsychotics for treating major depressive episodes in youths with bipolar disorder. A systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of second-generation antipsychotics for bipolar depression in youths 10 to 18 years of age was conducted. Efficacy measures included Children's Depression Rating Scale, Revised (CDRS-R) and Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar Disorder-Severity Depression (CGI-BP-S-depression) and Overall (CGI-BP-S-overall) scores. Available safety outcomes included discontinuations (all-cause, lack of efficacy, adverse events), metabolic parameters (weight change, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose), changes in prolactin, and somnolence. Results from the NMA were reported as mean changes from baseline or odds ratios (OR) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Four RCTs comparing placebo to lurasidone, quetiapine (1 each for immediate- and extended-release), and the olanzapine-fluoxetine combination (OFC) metall of the inclusion criteria. Lurasidone and OFC demonstrated similar and statistically significant improvements in CDRS-R, but quetiapine did not (lurasidone:-5.70 [-8.66,-2.76]; OFC:-5.01 [-8.63,-1.38]; quetiapine:-1.85 [-5.99, 2.27]). Lurasidone was associated with smaller changes in weight, cholesterol, and triglycerides from baseline compared to OFC and quetiapine. There were no differences in changes in glucose levels among antipsychotics. In addition, lurasidone was associated with smaller change in prolactin levels compared to OFC but not quetiapine. Evidence from 4 studies in this NMA indicated that lurasidone and OFC, but not quetiapine, were efficacious for the treatment of bipolar depression in youths. Lurasidone was associated with less weight gain and smaller impacts on cholesterol and triglycerides compared with quetiapine and OFC.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Reduce Glucose Uptake by Binding to an Exofacial Site on hGLUT-1: Influence on 18 F-FDG PET Uptake.

Positron emission tomography (PET) using 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d‐glucose ([18F]FDG), a marker of energy metabolism and cell proliferation, is routinely used in the clinic to assess patient response to chemotherapy and to monitor tumor growth. Treatment with some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) causes changes in blood glucose levels in both nondiabetic and diabetic patients. We evaluated the interaction of several classes of TKIs with human glucose transporter‐1 (hGLUT‐1) in FaDu and GIST‐1 cells by measuring [3H]2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose ([3H]2‐DG) and [3H]FDG uptake. Uptake of both was inhibited to varying extents by the TKIs, and representative TKIs from each class showed competitive inhibition of [3H]2‐DG uptake. In GIST‐1 cells, [3H]FDG uptake inhibition by temsirolimus and nilotinib was irreversible, whereas inhibition by imatinib, gefitinib, and pazopanib was reversible. Molecular modeling studies showed that TKIs form multiple hydrogen bonds with polar residues of the sugar binding site (i.e., Q161, Q282, Q283, N288, N317, and W388), and van der Waals interactions with the H‐pocket site. Our results showed interaction of TKIs with amino acid residues at the glucose binding site to inhibit glucose uptake by hGLUT‐1. We hypothesize that inhibition of hGLUT‐1 by TKIs could alter glucose levels in patients treated with TKIs, leading to hypoglycemia and fatigue, although further studies are required to evaluate roles of other SLC2 and SLC5 members. In addition, TKIs could affect tumor [18F]FDG uptake, increasingly used as a marker of tumor response. The hGLUT‐1 inhibition by TKIs may have implications for routine [18F]FDG‐PET monitoring of tumor response in patients.

Relationship between the changes in thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin Fla, and blood glucose levels and progressive ischemic stroke.

Progressive ischemic stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes of Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin Fla (6-k-PGFla), and blood glucose (BG) levels with progressive ischemic stroke. A total of 106 patients with progressive ischemic stroke admitted to our hospital from December 2016 to December 2018 were recruited as the observation group, and 110 patients who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The levels of TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, and BG in different groups were compared, the related risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with progressive ischemic stroke were analyzed, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, and BG for the prognostic mortality of patients with progressive ischemic stroke. The levels of TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, and BG in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The prognostic mortality of participants with abnormally increased expression of TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, and BG was significantly higher than that of patients with normal expression of TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, and BG (P<0.05). Hypertension, diabetes, collateral circulatory disorders, hyperlipidemia, TXB2 (abnormal increase), 6-k-PGFla (abnormal increase), and BG (abnormal increase) were risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with progressive ischemic stroke (P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve showed that TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, BG, and the combination of them were 0.846, 0.893, 0.835, and 0.971, respectively, showing that the AUC of the combination of them was the largest. Hypertension, diabetes, collateral circulatory disorders, hyperlipidemia, TXB2 (abnormal increase), 6-k-PGFla (abnormal increase), and BG (abnormal increase) are risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with progressive ischemic stroke. The combined detection of the 3 indicators showed high sensitivity and specificity in evaluating the prognostic mortality of patients with progressive ischemic stroke, indicating that clinicians might improve the early diagnosis rate of progressive ischemic stroke by combining the detection of TXB2, 6-k-PGFla, and BG to predict the prognosis of patients.

The effect of combined supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids on blood glucose and blood lipid levels in patients with gestational diabetes.

To investigate the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids on glucose and blood lipid metabolism in gestational diabetes (GDM) women. A total of 150 patients with GDM aged 18-40 who were admitted to our hospital from May 2019 to December 2020 were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into test and control groups according to whether they took vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids. The test group took 40,000 IU of vitamin D and 8,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids twice a day. Comparative analysis of the changes in blood glucose and blood lipid levels of the two groups of patients was performed after 6 weeks. The t-test was used to compare the differences between groups, and the chi-square test was used to assess percentage differences. Repeated measures variance was used to analyze the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids on insulin metabolism markers and blood lipid profiles. After adjusting for baseline age and weight, it was found that the fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the test group were decreased by 0.3±0.2 mmol/L, 1.0±0.6 uIU/mL, 0.2±0.1, 0.3±0.1 mmol/L, 0.5±0.2 mmol/L, 1.1±0.4 mmol/L, and 0.03±0.01 mmol/L, respectively, while homeostasis model assessment of beta cell (HOMA-β) was increased by 0.4±0.1. Compared to the placebo group, the test group's FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, TGs, total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL were all significantly decreased, and HOMA-β was markedly improved. However, no notable statistical difference was observed in the change of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P>0.05). Combined supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids for 6 weeks in patients with GDM can effectively reduce blood sugar and blood lipids, improve HOMA-β and insulin resistance, and ultimately effectively improve the glucose and lipid metabolism of patients.

PENGARUH BRISK WALKING EXERCISE TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PASIEN DM TIPE II DI RUMAH SAKIT GRANDMED LUBUK PAKAM

The silent killer disease that often occurs in humans was Diabetes Mellitus (DM). DM sufferers were generally unaware of this disease condition and when complications were known to have occurred. Control of basic sugar levels was the right way to reduce complications that occur in sufferers. The research objective was to determine the effect of walking exercise on changes in blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Methode that used at this research was a pre-experimental design with a one group pretest-posttest design approach. There were 30 people of population of this study with diabetes mellitus taken using a simple random sampling technique which was 21 respondents. The Data analysis using Paired Samples T-test. The results showed that before doing all respondents exeperienced, blood glucose levels before walking exercise 21 people (100 %). After walking exercise decreased by 21 people (66,3%). Paired Sample T- test results obtained a probability value (p = 0.00) &lt;(α = 0.05) which means H1 is accepted. Physical exercise which is carried out 3 times 30 minutes per week can reduce the risk for type 2 DM sufferers to have uncontrolled blood glucose level. Physical exercise is highly recommended for people with type 2 diabetes. To maintain body functions to work properly, the stability of blood sugar levels needs to be maintained.

Effect of Cholecystectomy on Serum Lipids and Blood Glucose (Hospital Based Observational Prospective Study)

Introduction: Association between cholelithiasis and dyslipidemia has been shown in many studies. Recent studies have shown improvement in lipid profile following cholecystectomy. This study aimed to determine the changes in lipid profile and blood glucose level after cholecystectomy.Methods: Seventy-three patients of cholelithiasis were studied prospectively. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), atherogenic index (AI) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were estimated pre-operatively. Further, the same parameters were studied after cholecystectomy after one week and one-month intervals. None of the patients received any lipid-lowering drug or dietary restriction. Results were analysed and compared.Results: Of the 73 patients with cholelithiasis, 66% were female and 34% male. The mean age of patients was 40.53± 13.16 years. 56% of patients with cholelithiasis had a deranged lipid profile. TC was significantly decreased at one week (p=0.002) and one month (p=0.00) interval after cholecystectomy while TG levels also decreased significantly at one month postoperative (p=0.001). There were no significant differences in LDL-c however improvement was seen on HDL-c. Blood glucose level also increased significantly (p=0.028) after one month of cholecystectomy.Conclusion: Cholelithiasis is associated with an abnormal lipid profile. Cholecystectomy leads to a significant decrease in some of the parameters of lipid profile and the atherogenic index. The presence of gall stones thus should be perceived in the context of metabolic syndrome, which may be investigated and treated.

A role for PAK1 mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin Ser552 in the regulation of insulin secretion.

The presence of adherens junctions and the associated protein β-catenin are requirements for the development of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β-cells. Evidence indicates that modulation of β-catenin function in response to changes in glucose levels can modulate the levels of insulin secretion from β-cells but the role of β-catenin phosphorylation in this process has not been established. We find that a Ser552Ala version of β-catenin attenuates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion indicating a functional role for Ser552 phosphorylation of β-catenin in insulin secretion. This is associated with alterations F/G actin ratio but not the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. Both glucose and GLP-1 stimulated phosphorylation of the serine 552 residue on β-catenin. We investigated the possibility that an EPAC-PAK1 pathway might be involved in this phosphorylation event. We find that reduction in PAK1 levels using siRNA attenuates both glucose and GLP-1 stimulated phosphorylation of β-catenin Ser552 and the effects of these on insulin secretion in β-cell models. Furthermore, both the EPAC inhibitor ESI-09 and the PAK1 inhibitor IPA3 do the same in both β-cell models and mouse islets. Together this identifies phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser552 as part of a cell signalling mechanism linking nutrient and hormonal regulation of β-catenin to modulation of insulin secretory capacity of β-cells and indicates this phosphorylation event is regulated downstream of EPAC and PAK1 in β-cells.

Non-invasive Monitoring of Three Glucose Ranges Based On ECG By Using DBSCAN-CNN.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) can maintain homeostasis through the coordination of different organs including heart. The change of blood glucose (BG) level can stimulate the ANS, which will lead to the variation of Electrocardiogram (ECG). Considering that the monitoring of different BG ranges is significant for diabetes care, in this paper, an ECG-based technique was proposed to achieve non-invasive monitoring with three BG ranges: low glucose level, moderate glucose level, and high glucose level. For this purpose, multiple experiments that included fasting tests and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted, and the ECG signals from 21 adults were recorded continuously. Furthermore, an approach of fusing density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise and convolution neural networks (DBSCAN-CNN) was presented for ECG preprocessing of outliers and classification of BG ranges based ECG. Also, ECG's important information, which was related to different BG ranges, was graphically visualized. The result showed that the percentages of accurate classification were 87.94% in low glucose level, 69.36% in moderate glucose level, and 86.39% in high glucose level. Moreover, the visualization results revealed that the highlights of ECG for the different BG ranges were different. In addition, the sensitivity of prediabetes/diabetes screening based on ECG was up to 98.48%, and the specificity was 76.75%. Therefore, we conclude that the proposed approach for BG range monitoring and prediabetes/diabetes screening has potentials in practical applications.

Association of ABCC8 and KCNJ11 gene variants with type 1 diabetes in south Indians

BackgroundType 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) is a polygenic disorder with the involvement of several genetic and environmental risk factors. Mutation in genes namely ABCC8 and KCNJ11 disrupt the potentiality of KATP channel and regulates the secretion of insulin by detecting a change in the blood glucose level and consequently maintains glucose homeostasis. The present study was designed to investigate the association of ABCC8 and KCNJ11gene polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes. A case-control study was conducted enrolling 60 cases suffering from T1DM and 60 healthy controls of comparable age and sex. Gene variations were determined by PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR method.ResultsThe ABCC8-3C > T (rs1799854) variation was found to be significantly associated with T1DM (p<0.01) and “CT” genotype was found to be predominant in T1DM with a threefold increased risk to diabetes and the association was statistically significant. However, we did not find any significant association of C>T (rs1801261) polymorphism of ABCC8 with T1DM. A significant association was observed for genetic variation at rs5219 C>T polymorphism and the frequency of TT genotype was found to be significantly higher in patients (46.7%) than in controls (21.7%), indicating the significant role of the KCNJ11 rs5219 variant in T1DM susceptibility (p<0.001), but we did not observe any significant association of G>A (rs5215) polymorphism of KCNJ11 with T1DM. In addition, haplotype analysis of the two genes revealed four haplotypes such as T-C-G-T, T-C-A-T, C-C-G-T, and T-T-G-T as risk haplotypes for type 1 diabetes (p<0.02) potentially making individual effects of these variants on the disease susceptibility, thereby indicating the synergistic role of these genes in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.ConclusionsThe present study highlights the importance of personalized medicine based on individual genetic profile.

Phytotherapeutic potential of bi-herbal extract of cinnamon and turmeric: in vivo antidiabetic studies

BackgroundThe spices, cinnamon and turmeric have both culinary and pharmaceutical applications. Earlier studies proved their effect on reducing the symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, a major lifestyle disease affecting millions world over. In our work, we prepared a bi-herbal extract of cinnamon and turmeric and studied its effect to alleviate the symptoms of type 2 diabetes in rat model.MethodThe phenolic rich bi-herbal extract was given to diabetes induced male wistar rats for 28 days at two different concentrations (50 and 150 mg/Kg bwt.). The changes in blood glucose level were monitored at weekly interval. At the end of the experiment, blood serum was collected and used for the estimation of lipid profile, Glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total Protein (TP), Albumin, Urea and Creatinine levels.ResultThe serum analysis revealed that administration of the bi-herbal extract at 150 mg/Kg bwt. significantly reduced the blood glucose level (152.60 ± 40.2 mg/dL; p < 0.05) of diabetic animals as compared to diabetic control (335.40 ± 67.3 mg/dL; p < 0.05) at the end of 4 weeks. The treatment also resulted in the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-cholestrol levels as compared to diabetic control animals. The histopathological examination of tissues showed the improvement in pancreatic architecture and restoration of tissue integrity in liver and kidney.ConclusionThe study concludes that methanol extract of combination of cinnamon and turmeric has good hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and organ protective potential in diabetic rats which could be developed into functional food supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Polymorphisms in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene modify blood glucose response to dietary oils varying in MUFA content in adults with obesity.

Diets varying in SFA and MUFA content can impact glycaemic control; however, whether underlying differences in genetic make-up can influence blood glucose responses to these dietary fatty acids is unknown. We examined the impact of dietary oils varying in SFA/MUFA content on changes in blood glucose levels (primary outcome) and whether these changes were modified by variants in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene (secondary outcome). Obese men and women participating in the randomised, crossover, isoenergetic, controlled-feeding Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial II consumed three dietary oils for 6 weeks, with washout periods of ˜6 weeks between each treatment. Diets studied included a high SFA/low MUFA Control oil (36·6 % SFA/28·2 % MUFA), a conventional canola oil (6·2 % SFA/63·1 % MUFA) and a high-oleic acid canola oil (5·8 % SFA/74·7 % MUFA). No differences in fasting blood glucose were observed following the consumption of the dietary oils. However, when stratified by SCD genotypes, significant SNP-by-treatment interactions on blood glucose response were found with additive models for rs1502593 (P = 0·01), rs3071 (P = 0·02) and rs522951 (P = 0·03). The interaction for rs3071 remained significant (P = 0·005) when analysed with a recessive model, where individuals carrying the CC genotype showed an increase (0·14 (sem 0·09) mmol/l) in blood glucose levels with the Control oil diet, but reductions in blood glucose with both MUFA oil diets. Individuals carrying the AA and AC genotypes experienced reductions in blood glucose in response to all three oils. These findings identify a potential new target for personalised nutrition approaches aimed at improving glycaemic control.

The Association of Hemoglobin A1c and Fasting Glucose Levels with hs-CRP in Adults Not Diagnosed with Diabetes from the KNHANES, 2017.

Purpose High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used as a biomarker to assess the risk of cardiovascular accidents (CVA) and to measure general inflammation in the body. This study investigated the relationship and extent of correlation between serum glucose level markers and hs-CRP as a means to assess CVA risk through hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting glucose levels. Methods This cross-sectional, population-based study used data from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). From the total sample of 8,127 people, 4,590 subjects were excluded due to age (<19 years) (n = 1,505), diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis or medication (n = 596), inactivity (n = 424), pregnancy (n = 17), hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) (n = 8), smoking history (n = 1,077), and missing data (n = 963). In total, 3,537 adults not diagnosed with diabetes were selected. Their hs-CRP levels were compared with the glucose level markers using a complex sample general linear regression analysis. Results We adjusted for sedentary hours, smoking, binge drinking frequency, age, sex, mean SBP, triglycerides, and waist circumference. Increases in HbA1c correlated with hs-CRP levels (B coefficient (95%CI) = 0.185, p = 0.001, and R2 = 0.087). Changes in the fasting glucose levels were also associated with the hs-CRP levels (B coefficient (95%CI) = 0.005, p = 0.006, and R2 = 0.086). Conclusion This study showed a linear association between HbA1c and fasting glucose levels and hs-CRP. It also showed that changes in the hs-CRP level were better correlated with those in the HbA1c levels than in the fasting glucose levels.

Brain-Body Control of Glucose Homeostasis-Insights From Model Organisms.

Tight regulation of blood glucose is essential for long term health. Blood glucose levels are defended by the correct function of, and communication between, internal organs including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. Critically, the brain is sensitive to acute changes in blood glucose level and can modulate peripheral processes to defend against these deviations. In this mini-review we highlight select key findings showcasing the utility, strengths, and limitations of model organisms to study brain-body interactions that sense and control blood glucose levels. First, we discuss the large platform of genetic tools available to investigators studying mice and how this field may yet reveal new modes of communication between peripheral organs and the brain. Second, we discuss how rats, by virtue of their size, have unique advantages for the study of CNS control of glucose homeostasis and note that they may more closely model some aspects of human (patho)physiology. Third, we discuss the nascent field of studying the CNS control of blood glucose in the zebrafish which permits ease of genetic modification, large-scale measurements of neural activity and live imaging in addition to high-throughput screening. Finally, we briefly discuss glucose homeostasis in drosophila, which have a distinct physiology and glucoregulatory systems to vertebrates.

Estimation of Glycated Hemoglobin A (HbA1c) at time of Pregnancy Diagnosis as a discriminative Early test for Women vulnerable to develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at the 24th Gestational Week

Aim: Estimation of blood glycated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) level in newly pregnant women at time of pregnancy diagnosis (T0) and 3-monthly thereafter to detect any relation between these levels and the change in maternal blood glucose (BG) levels during pregnancy.Material and Methods: 304 newly pregnant women gave fasting blood samples for estimation of T0 HbA1c level and then underwent the 75-Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and were asked to re-attend the clinic overnight fasting at the start of the 12th and at the 24th-28th gestational week (GW) for estimation of HbA1c levels and to repeat the 75-OGTT. ΔHbA1c was calculated as the difference between HbA1c levels estimated at 12th GW minus T0 levels. The results of the 75-OGTT were interpreted for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and HbA1c at range of 4-6% indicates non-diabetic state. Study outcome is the ability of T0 levels of HbA1c to discriminate women vulnerable to develop GDM around the 24th to the 28th GW.Results: 38 women developed GDM, while 286 women completed their pregnancy free of GDM. GDM women had significantly higher T0 body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c levels than Non-GDM women. Moreover, the 12th and 24th GW HbA1c levels and ΔHbA1c were significantly higher in GDM women. The 24th GW 2hr-postprandial BG (PPBG) levels showed significant positive correlation with T0 BMI, fasting BG and 2hr-PPBG and with T0 and 12th GW levels of HbA1c and ΔHbA1c. Regression analysis defined T0 level of HbA1c, ΔHbA1c, 12th GW HbA1c level and T0 BMI as the significant positive predictor for the 24th GW 2hr-PPBG level. ROC curve analysis defined T0 level of HbA1c and ΔHbA1c as the significant predictors for the 24th GW 2hr-PPBG level which is diagnostic for GDM.Conclusion: Development and severity of GDM could be predicted at time of pregnancy diagnosis by high HbA1c level and assured by calculation of the extent of change in HbA1c level at the 12th GW.

Association Between Longitudinal Change in Abnormal Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients Without Previous Diagnosis of Diabetes.

This retrospective study examined changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels during hospitalization and their effect on risk of death for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients without previously diagnosed diabetes. A model with low- and high-stable pattern trajectories was established based on a longitudinal change in FBG levels. We analyzed FBG trajectory-associated clinical features and risk factors for death due to COVID-19. Of the 230 enrolled patients, 44 died and 87.83% had a low-stable pattern (average FBG range: 6.63–7.54 mmol/L), and 12.17% had a high-stable pattern (average FBG range: 12.59–14.02 mmol/L). There were statistical differences in laboratory findings and case fatality between the two FBG patterns. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that increased neutrophil count (odds ratio [OR], 25.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07, 313.03), elevated direct bilirubin (OR, 5.80; 95%CI: 1.72, 19.58), elevated creatinine (OR, 26.69; 95% CI: 5.82, 122.29), lymphopenia (OR, 8.07; 95% CI: 2.70, 24.14), and high-stable FBG pattern (OR, 8.79; 95% CI: 2.39, 32.29) were independent risk factors for higher case fatality in patients with COVID-19 and hyperglycemia but no history of diabetes. FBG trajectories were significantly associated with death risk in patients with COVID-19 and no diabetes.

GIVING RED RICE (ORIZA NIVARA) TO CHANGE GLUCOSE LEVELS IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN KENDARI CITY

Background:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a phenomenon which the body cannot produce insulin supply which is indicated by increasing blood glucose levels. Red Rice (Oriza nivara) contains flavonoid compounds which have antidiabetic abilities. It can reduce blood glucose by increasing insulin secretion and preventing insulin resistance. This study aims to determine the effect of giving brown rice (Oriza nivara) to change blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus in Kendari City. Methods: This research method was carried out with a quasi-experimental design with pre-post test design for 1 week with primary and secondary data collection techniques. The respondents were determined by proportional random sampling. Respondents in this study were 33 people with DM. Result:The results of the study on checking blood glucose levels before and after giving brown rice (oriza nivara) within 1 week obtained P value = 0.000 &lt; alpha 0.05. Conclusion: there is a significant effect of giving brown rice (oriza nivara) on changes in blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus people in Kendari City.