Changes In Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Changes in fatty acid profile of Holothuria forskali muscle following acute mercury exposure

The present study aimed to document the interaction between mercury (Hg), as a model chemical stressor to an aquatic organism, and Fatty acid (FA) profile in the longitudinal muscle of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali. To assess the sensitivity of this species to the toxic effects of Hg, young H. forskali were exposed to gradual doses of Hg (40, 80 and160 µg·L-1) for 96 h. The results showed that following Hg exposure, the FA profile of H. forskali corresponded to an increase in the level of saturated fatty acids, and the decrease in the level of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The most prominent changes in the FA composition were recorded at the lowest dose with noticeable decreases in linoleic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid levels and an increase of docosahexaenoic acid. The occurrence of a state of oxidative stress induced by Hg contamination was evidenced by the enhanced levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide. Overall, the low concentration of mercury exerted the most obvious effects on lipid metabolism, suggesting that changes in fatty acid composition may be act as an early biomarker to assess mercury toxicity in this ecologically and economically important species.

Metformin ameliorates maternal high-fat diet-induced maternal dysbiosis and fetal liver apoptosis

BackgroundThe deleterious effect of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on the fetal rat liver may cause later development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal HFD-induced maternal hepatic steatosis and dysbiosis on the fetal liver and intestines, and the effect of prenatal metformin in a rat model.MethodsSprague–Dawley rats were assigned to three groups (N = 6 in each group). Before mating, the rats were randomly assigned to HFD or normal-chow diet (NCD) group for 7 weeks. After mating, the HFD group rats were continued with high-fat diet during pregnancy and some of the HFD group rats were co-treated with metformin (HFMf) via drinking water during pregnancy. All maternal rats and their fetuses were sacrificed on gestational day 21. The liver and intestinal tissues of both maternal and fetal rats were analyzed. In addition, microbial deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from the maternal fecal samples was analyzed.ResultsHFD resulted in maternal weight gain during pregnancy, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and change in the serum short-chain fatty acid profile, intestinal tight junctions, and dysbiosis in maternal rats. The effect of HFD on maternal rats was alleviated by prenatal metformin, which also ameliorated inflammation and apoptosis in the fetal liver and intestines.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the beneficial effects of prenatal metformin on maternal liver steatosis, focusing on the gut-liver axis. In addition, the present study indicates that prenatal metformin could ameliorate maternal HFD-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the fetal liver and intestines. This beneficial effect of in-utero exposure of metformin on fetal liver and intestines has not been reported. This study supports the use of prenatal metformin for pregnant obese women.

Effect of deep frying process using sesame oil, canola and frying oil on the level of bioactive compounds in onion and potato and assessment of their antioxidant activity

In this study, potatoes and onions were fried in sesame oil, canola oil and commercial frying oil at 180 °C for 8 and 4 minutes respectively. The process was performed at three steps. Fried potatoes and onions were evaluated by the measurements of parameters such as fatty acid, tochopherols. The results showed that in terms of changes in fatty acid profile in fried samples, the linolenic acid content in sesame and canola has been decreasing. The highest levels of tocopherol were found in fried samples of sesame oil. Finally, it can be concluded that sesame oil has been shown to be better in terms of resistance to other oils studied in this study.

The Impact of Package Type and Temperature on the Changes in Quality and Fatty Acids Profile of Table Eggs during Their Storage

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing changes in the quality of consumer hen eggs by storing them in various package type and under various temperature conditions (room and refrigeration). The material consisted of 960 chicken eggs packed in cardboard or plastic boxes, 10 pcs in each. Half of the packages were stored at room temperature (21 °C), the rest in the refrigerator (5 °C). The eggs were stored for 28 days qualitatively evaluated at 14-day intervals. The characteristics of whole egg (weight, specific weight, proportion of morphological elements, air cell depth) as well as of shell (weight, color, crushing strength, thickness, density, water conductivity), albumen (height, Haugh units, weight, pH) and yolk (weight, color, pH) were analyzed. The fatty acids profile of yolks was also evaluated as a freshness indicator. Packaging types available on the market, apart from its marketing and eggs protection function, can also influence the quality and stability of the product during storage. The use of plastic boxes can help to maintain higher eggs quality during the storage period, even after a significant extension of the storage time. Eggs stored in plastic boxes at room temperature had very similar results to those stored under refrigeration using conventional cardboard boxes. This effect is probably related to the lower permeability of plastic boxes in comparison to cardboard ones, but detailed research work in this direction is necessary to verify this relation.

Nutritional conditions of the novel freshwater Coccomyxa AP01 for versatile fatty acids composition.

AimsThis study was to analyse the biomass production and fatty acids (FAs) profiles in a newly isolated chlorophyte, namely Coccomyxa AP01, under nutritionally balanced (NB) conditions (comparing nitrate and urea as nitrogen sources) and nitrogen or phosphate deprivation.Methods and ResultsLipid yields was about 30%–40% of dried biomasses in all examined nutritional conditions. Under NB conditions, lipids were principally constituted by monounsaturated FAs, mainly represented by oleic acid, and saturated and polyunsaturated FAs at similar concentrations. Nutrients deprivation induced remarkable changes in FAs profiles, with the highest amounts of saturated (42%–46%), followed by similar amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, and the emergence of rare long‐chain FAs. Under phosphate deprivation, biomass yield was similar to NB conditions, with the highest yield of saturated (mainly palmitic acid) and of polyunsaturated FAs (33%) (mainly linoleic and linolenic acids).ConclusionsBalanced or deprived nutritional conditions in Coccomyxa AP01 induced a selective production and composition of FAs. The phosphate‐deprivation condition concomitantly provided high biomass yield and the production of high value saturated and polyunsaturated FAs with industrial interest.Significance and Impact of the Study Coccomyxa AP01 could be considered a promising source of different FAs, including also docosapentaenoic acid, for several commercial purposes spanning from biodiesel production, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications to innovative aquaculture fish feeds.

Enhanced Sensitivity of Salmonella to Antimicrobial Blue Light Caused by Inactivating rfaC Gene Involved in Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis.

Salmonella is a global foodborne pathogen that causes human diseases ranging from mild gastroenteritis to severe systemic infections. Recently, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) showed effective bactericidal activity against a variety of bacteria (e.g., Salmonella) with varying efficiency. However, the antimicrobial mechanism of aBL has not been fully elucidated. Our previous report showed that the outer membrane (OM) is a key target of aBL. The major component of the OM, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), may play a role in aBL bactericidal effect. Therefore, the influence of LPS truncation on the sensitivity of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 to aBL was investigated for the first time. First, the rfaC gene in the SL1344 strain likely involved in linking lipid A to the core region of LPS was inactivated and the influence on LPS structure was verified in the mutant strain SL1344ΔrfaC. SL1344ΔrfaC showed a significant increase in sensitivity to aBL, and the bactericidal efficiency exceeded 8 log CFU at an aBL dose of 383 J/cm2, while that of its parental SL1344 strain approached 4 log CFU. To discover the possible mechanism of higher sensitivity, the permeability of OM was determined. Compared to SL1344, SL1344ΔrfaC showed 2.7-fold higher permeability of the OM at 20 J/cm2, this may explain the higher vulnerability of the OM to aBL. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile was analyzed to reveal the detailed changes in the OM and inner membrane of the mutant. Results showed that the membrane lipids of SL1344ΔrfaC were markedly different to SL1344, indicating that change in fatty acid profile might mediate the enhancement of OM permeability and the increased sensitivity to aBL in SL1344ΔrfaC. Hence, we concluded that disruption of rfaC in Salmonella Typhimurium led to the formation of truncated LPS and thus enhanced the permeability of the OM, which contributed to the increased sensitivity to aBL.

Effect of light condition on the growth performance and biochemical compositions of post-mating female mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)

Understanding factors affecting the reproductive performance of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is important for the optimization of the culture conditions. There are some indications that complete darkness could enhance and accelerate the spawning in female decapods, but sometimes it may lead to low larval quality. Therefore, the present study was carried out to clarify the effect of different light conditions on female S. paramamosain during the post-mating period. To accomplish this, proximate compositions, total carotenoid content, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated in female S. paramamosain cultured under two different light conditions: complete darkness (0 ± 0 lx; 0 h light: 24 h dark) and normal light condition (7.00 ± 1.50 lx; 12 h light: 12 h dark; this light condition is regular in S. paramamosain hatcheries). Further, weight gain ratio (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), gonado-somatic index (GSI), and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were also investigated. Different light conditions affected carotenoid, protein, amino acid, and fatty acid contents, but not growth parameters. Female S. paramamosain cultured under complete darkness had lower amino acids and protein contents in the muscle in comparison with those under the normal light condition. Moreover, complete darkness decreased the ovarian protein and carotenoid. The changes in fatty acids profiles were variable under the two light conditions. These results indicated that the lowering of carotenoid and protein contents in the ovary under complete darkness could be the potential limiting factors affecting the reproductive performance of post-mating female S. paramamosain.

Changes in yield, protein, minerals, and fatty acid profile of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under fertilizer management involving application of nitrogen, humic acid, and seaweed extract

Changes in yield, protein, minerals, and fatty acid profile of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under fertilizer management involving application of nitrogen, humic acid, and seaweed extract

Establishing age-stratified red blood cell fatty acid reference ranges using model-based clustering and iterative application of the harris-boyd method

BackgroundThe current assessment of nutritional status and diagnosis of essential fatty acids deficiency (EFAD) utilizes the analysis of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in serum or plasma; however, these concentrations do not represent habitual LCFA intake. LCFAs in red blood cells (RBCs) are less prone to intra-individual variability and exclude the need for fasting, which is unrealistic in pediatric populations. Our study objective was to characterize the RBC LCFA profiles in pediatric and adult reference populations and establish age-specific reference intervals (RIs). MethodsTwenty-one LCFAs in RBCs were measured in 523 pediatric and adult controls by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Model-based clustering was used to identify possible age subgroups. After removing outliers by the Tukey method, initial age subgroups were then compared using the Harris-Boyd method in an iterative manner. RIs (95%), with confidence intervals (90%), in the final age groups were established using parametric or non-parametric statistics. ResultsOur data showed heterogeneous changes in the concentrations of most LCFAs and the EFAD biomarkers (mead acid, Triene/Tetraene ratio) during infancy. Model-based clustering identified six initial age subgroups per fatty acid, on average. Our application of the iterative Harris-Boyd method decreased the average number of age groups to three per fatty acid, with 13 total unique age cut-offs. Finally, using these age groups, we established age-specific RIs for 21 fatty acids, six group totals, and the Triene/Tetraene ratio. ConclusionOur study revealed significant age-dependent changes in RBC fatty acid profiles warranting separate pediatric and adults RIs. Model-based clustering and the iterative application of the Harris-Boyd method were successfully used to establish RBC fatty acid RIs for an objective assessment of long-term nutritional status in pediatric and adult populations.

An Analysis of Oxidative Changes and the Fatty Acid Profile in Stored Poultry Sausages with Liquid and Microencapsulated Fish Oil Additives.

This study deals with the fatty acid profile and oxidative changes (TBARS) in vacuum-packed (VP) or modified-atmosphere-packed (MAP) finely-comminuted poultry sausages with liquid fish oil and microencapsulated fish oil (MC) additives. An analysis of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) showed that their content in the samples with the fish oil additive decreased from the initial value of 0.22 g∙100 g−1 of the product to 0.18 g∙100 g−1 (MAP) and 0.17 g∙100 g−1 (VP), respectively. After in vitro digestion, the total EPA and DHA content in the sample with microencapsulated oil amounted to 0.17 g∙100 g−1 of the product. The TBARS values showed the VP samples with both forms of the fish oil additive had the lowest values on the first day of storage. Storage of the samples for 21 days caused a slight increase in the degree of lipid oxidation. The research indicated that the forms of the oil additive did not have a negative influence on the sensory features or the physicochemical properties of the sausages. The EPA and DHA levels in samples with liquid fish oil and those with oil microcapsules were sufficient for the sausage producer to declare high content of these fatty acids in accordance with the current EC regulation.

Vegetable choline in feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in a biofloc technology system (BFT): Biofloc composition, chemical composition, and fatty acid profiles in meat

The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementation with vegetable choline (VC: 0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg kg−1 of feed) in feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in a biofloc system would promote changes in fatty acid (FA) profiles in the meat. We characterized the composition of the biofloc; that is, we evaluated the meat's chemical composition and FA profiles. Concerning proximate meat composition, moisture was significantly lower in the group fed 1200 mg kg−1 of VC when compared to those of other treatments. Lipid levels were significantly higher in treatments with 800 and 1200 mg kg−1 than in the control (0 mg kg−1). The total saturated fatty acids (SFA) in meat were significantly lower in the 400 mg kg−1 treatment than in the control treatment, while they were significantly higher in the 1200 mg kg−1 treatment when compared to the control treatment. Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in meat were significantly lower in the 1200 mg kg−1 treatment than in the control treatment. Finally, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in meat were significantly higher in treatments with 800 and 1200 mg kg−1 than in the control treatment. Taken together, the data suggest that supplementation of VC in diets for Nile tilapia in biofloc treatment improved FA profiles of the meat. Levels of 400 and 800 mg kg−1 of diet led a decreased SFAs and increased PUFAs (mainly DHA) and MUFAs in the meat of tilapia, all of which desirable effects from the standpoint of the consumer.

Nutrient Composition and Seasonal Change of Fatty Acid Profile of Golden Grey Mullet (Chelon auratus) and Thicklip Grey Mullet (Chelon labrosus) Mullets Caught from Köyceğiz Lagoon

Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde ekolojik ve ekonomik öneme sahip birkaç dalyandan biri olan Köyceğiz Dalyanı’ndaki Altınbaş (Chelon auratus) ve Mavri (Chelon labrosus) kefal türlerinin besinsel içerikleri aylık olarak incelenmiştir. Köyceğiz Dalyanı’na giren bu kefal türlerinin 12 ay boyunca protein, yağ, nem, kül ve yağ asidi olmak üzere besin kompozisyonu analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu sayede dalyandan kefal avlayarak satışa sunan DALKO kooperatifi için bu türlerin besin içeriği etiket bilgileri oluşturulmuştur.Çalışma sonucunda Altınbaş kefal; Ocak, Şubat, Mart, Haziran, Temmuz, Eylül, Kasım ve Aralık aylarında ve Mavri kefal; Ocak, Mart, Mayıs, Haziran, Temmuz, Ağustos ve Eylül aylarında temin edilmiştir. En yüksek protein miktarı Altınbaş kefal ve Mavri kefal için sırasıyla Eylül (%22,50) ve Ocak aylarında (%23,24); en yüksek yağ değerleri ise %4,46 ve %3,01 olmak üzere Temmuz ayında bulunmuştur. Yağ asidi kompozisyonu açısından her iki kefal türünde de doymuş yağ asitlerinden Miristik asit, Palmitik asit, Stearik asit; tekli doymamış yağ asitlerinden Palmitoleik asit, Oleik asit ve çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinden Linoleik asit, Eikosatrienoik asit, Eikosapentaenoik asit (EPA) ve Dokosaheksaenoik asit (DHA) major yağ asitleri olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Changes in essential oil composition and fatty acid profile of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves under salinity and foliar-applied silicon

Silicon (Si) has beneficial role in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on plant growth; however, its impacts on essential oil (EO) and fatty acid (FA) composition have not been well recognized. This study investigated the effect of Si and salinity on EO yield and composition as well as FA profile of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves. Foliar application of 50, 100 and 200 mg L−1 Si and 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl were applied on 4-leaf plants for 40 days. The results showed that salt-stressed plants experiencing 50 or 100 mM NaCl had higher EO yield. The EO yield increased by progressing Si concentration. The main EO constitutes were n-decanal (12.3-29.7%), 2E-dodecanal (12.1-22.1%), 2E-decanal (4.8-8.7%), 2E-tridecen-1-al (6.7-12.4%), and n-nonane (3.4-9.8%). Salt stress increased saturated fatty acids (SFAs) including palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) and reduced monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), oleic acid (C18:1), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). The C16:0 and 2E-decanal increased by progressing the salt stress. However, salinity decreased the unsaturated fatty acids and n-decanal. Heat map analysis (HMA) showed 200 mM NaCl was significantly different from other treatments, which was mainly determined by n-nonane, n-decanal, and 2E-dodecanal. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis showed all FAs, n-decanal, 2E-decanal were the main effective variables to show the changes of the treatments. Depending on the goals, it is possible to choose the best treatment of salinity and Si to reach the optimum amount of given compound.

Feeding wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles increases conjugated linoleic acid and unsaturated lipids in ovine milk without adversely affecting milk yield

The aim of this research communication was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of bioethanol production, on yield, composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile of ewe milk. Forty-five purebred mid-lactating Chios ewes (average milk yield 2.23 kg/d in 96 ± 5 d in lactation) were offered three iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets (15 animals per diet) for a 10 d adaptation period followed by a 5-week recording and sampling period. The diets contained 0, 6, and 12% DDGS on DM basis for the DG0, DG6, and DG12 treatment, respectively, as a replacement of concentrate mix, whilst concentrate-to-forage ratio remained at 60:40 in all treatments. Individual milk yield, milk composition, and FA profile were recorded weekly and analyzed using a complete randomized design with repeated measurements. No significant differences were observed among groups concerning dry matter intake (overall mean of 2.59 kg/d), milk yield or 6% fat-corrected milk and milk protein percentage or protein yield. Milk fat percentage was decreased in the DG12 (4.76%) compared to DG0 (5.69%) without, however, significantly affecting the daily output of milk fat. The concentration of all major saturated FA between C4:0 to C16:0 was reduced, whereas long-chain (>16 carbons), mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated FAs were increased in the milk of DDGS groups. Among individual FA, increments of oleic acid and C18:1 trans-monoenes like C18:1 trans-10 and C18:1 trans-11 were demonstrated in DG12 group, whereas linoleic and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA cis-9, trans-11) were elevated in both DDGS groups compared to control. Changes in FA profile resulted in a decline in the atherogenic index of milk by 20% and 35% in DG6 and DG12 treatments, respectively, compared with control. In conclusion, feeding DDGS to dairy ewes increased the levels of unsaturated FA that are potentially beneficial for human health without adversely affecting milk, protein or fat yield.

High resolution mass spectrometric analysis reveals that Giardia cysts are metabolically active and generates membrane lipids with long chain fatty acyl moieties

Giardia lamblia, the causative agent of “giardiasis” affects people throughout the world. Metronidazole (Mtz, Flagyl®), a nitroimidazole group of compounds is the commonly prescribed treatment for giardiasis. However, Mtz is a genotoxic agent and a potential carcinogen. Therefore, it is imperative to identify new and specific targets in Giardia that could be exploited to develop non-Mtz classes of drugs to treat giardiasis. Because of its limited lipid synthetic ability, Giardia was proposed to scavenge phospholipids, sterols and free fatty acids from the hosts or its environment for membrane and organelle biogenesis. In the current study, we utilized a quantitative lipidomic and proteomic approach to further elucidate the lipid metabolic pathways in Giardia. Vegetative and encysting trophozoites as well as osmotically resistant cysts were cultured in the laboratory, collected, and subjected to lipid extraction or tryptic digestion followed by the high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis (Q Exactive Plus Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a heated electrospray (HESI-II) or a Nanospray Flex Ion source, Thermo Fisher). Lipid identification and confirmation was performed on open-source software MS-DIAL and LipidMatch flow. Proteomic analysis was performed on a licensed version of Proteome Discoverer. Lipidomic analysis revealed the dynamic changes of overall lipid and fatty acid (mostly C16, C18 moieties) profiles throughout the life stages of Giardia. Lipid classes that were found in cysts included LPC, P- and O-LPC, LPE, DG, TG, CE, PC, P-PC (Plasmalogen), and ceramides. Lipids, such as SM, PG, BMP were present mostly in encysting trophozoites rather than cysts. Ether linked PC species revealed to be most abundant in trophozoites. Proteomic analysis identified increased levels of several enzymes from lipid elongation pathway i.e., acyl-CoA ligases, long-chain fatty acid elongase, oxidoreductase and enoyl-CoA reductase in cysts.These studies suggest that although limited, Giardia maintains an active and robust lipid metabolism in all stages including the water-resistant non-motile cysts. It is possible that active lipid metabolism in cysts is required for the successful excystation to produce infective membranous trophozoites.

Effect of feeding of 10 % prefermented feed on fatty acid profile and oxidation changes in chicken breast meat

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of addition of 10 % fermented feed (FF) into commercial broiler feed on fatty acid profile, chemical composition and oxidative stability of chicken breast meat fat. FF was prepared by the process of fungal solid-state fermentation. Application of FF into the commercial feed mixtures resulted in increased content of gamma-linolenic and oleic acid in broiler breast meat (P < 0.05). Oxidative stability of meat fat was significantly higher in experimental broilers group fed diet with the addition of 10% FF (P < 0,05) after storage period of samples for seven days at temperature of 4 °C.

Luteoviruses affected energy reserves and fatty acid composition of their aphid vectors

AbstractLuteoviruses are plant‐infecting RNA viruses that are transmitted by aphids in a persistent circulative mode. Luteoviruses have been shown to positively influence their aphid vectors fitness. To find out the physiological responses of aphid vectors to luteoviruses, fatty acid (FA) composition and energy components (EC) of aphid vectors including pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) and bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) were evaluated in response to Pea enation mosaic virus 1 (PEMV1), Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) and Barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV), respectively. Our results showed that the number and the proportion of FA of total lipid are altered in aphid vectors in response to the luteoviruses. Compared to non‐viruliferous (NV) aphids, BLRV and PEMV1 elevated the amount of myristic acid (1.13 and 1.03‐fold increase) in A. fabae and A. pisum, respectively. V R. padi individuals exhibited a 1.11‐fold increase in palmitic acid content compared to the NV individuals. In contrast, other V aphids showed a reduced proportion of FA in response to the viruses. These changes in FA profile enhanced the ratio of saturated to unsaturated FA in V aphids (4.09‐fold increase). BLRV decreased protein and lipid contents in its aphid vector, A. fabae, while carbohydrate content was found to increase in V R. padi and A. pisum. Thus, our results demonstrate that luteoviruses change the content of some FA and EC in their aphid vectors highlighting a specific interaction among virus species, plant host and aphid vector.

Short-term changes in plasma and milk fatty acid profiles in cows fed chopped elephant grass-based diets containing two types of sunflower oil associated with two methods of concentrate feeding

This study was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the aim of evaluating the short-term changes in the plasma and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles of Holstein x Gyr cows (444±84 kg; 75±31 days in milk; 15.4±4.8 kg day-1 of milk) fed 600 g kg-1 DM chopped elephant grass-based diets supplemented with 45 g kg-1 DM sunflower oil (SO) for 21 days. Two types of SO were evaluated: high oleic/low linoleic acid (HO) and medium oleic/medium linoleic acid (MO). The concentrates containing SO were supplied separately from forage twice a day (TAD) or as part of a total mixed ration (TMR). Temporal changes were analyzed by mixed models (P < 0.05) using six, four and seven repeated measures over time for FA intake and the plasma and milk FA compositions, respectively. There was higher oleic acid intake in HO SO-fed cows, while higher linoleic and α-linolenic acid intake were observed in MO SO-fed cows. TADfed cows had a higher plasma vaccenic acid content than TMR-fed cows, while MO SO-fed cows had higher plasma vaccenic and rumenic acid contents than HO SO-fed cows. As a function of day, there were linear increases in oleic and linoleic acid intake; plasma contents of oleic, vaccenic and linoleic acids; and the milk fat content of linoleic acid, while quadratic effects were adjusted for the milk fat contents of palmitic, oleic, vaccenic and rumenic acids. In comparison with TMR-fed cows, the milk fat of TAD-fed cows produced between days 13 and 17 showed an FA profile that was more nutritionally desirable for human health, with lower contents of hypercholesterolemic FAs and higher contents of oleic, rumenic and vaccenic acids. Between days 15 and 16, the vaccenic and rumenic acid contents in the milk fat of MO SO-fed cows were 81% higher than those obtained from HO SO-fed cows, which on the 14th day had a 14% higher oleic acid content in milk fat. Lower milk fat levels of hypercholesterolemic FAs were produced between days 13 and 14 by cows fed both types of SO.

Effects of supplemental calcium gluconate embedded in a hydrogenated fat matrix on lactation, digestive, and metabolic variables in dairy cattle

There is growing evidence suggesting that by improving gut integrity and function, less energy is partitioned toward immune responses related to xenobiotic infiltration, sparing energy for productive purposes. Gluconic acid and its salts have previously shown prebiotic effects in the lower gut of nonruminant animals, where they serve as a precursor for butyrate, although evidence in ruminants is limited. Butyrate and its fermentative precursors have demonstrated multiple beneficial effects to gastrointestinal ecology, morphology, and function, such as the stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation and improvement of gut barrier function and ecology. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in milk production, milk fatty acid composition, and fecal and blood parameters in lactating dairy cattle fed a hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (HFCG) supplement designed to target the hindgut for calcium gluconate delivery. In addition, the effects of a compound feed processing method (i.e., incorporated into a mash or an extruded pellet) were tested to evaluate the effect of extrusion on product efficacy. Forty-five lactating Holstein cows at approximately 165 d in milk were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square consisting of three 28-d periods, during which animals were offered a basal ration mixed with 3 different compound feeds: a negative control in mash form containing no HFCG, or the HFCG supplement fed at a target rate of 16 g/d, delivered in either a mash or pelleted form. Supplementation of HFCG tended to increase yields of milk fat and fat- and energy-corrected milk. Total yields and concentrations of milk fatty acids ≥18 carbons in length tended to increase in response to HFCG. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids and milk urea increased in HFCG treatments. No differences were observed in fecal pH or fecal concentrations of volatile fatty acids, with the exception of isobutyrate, which decreased in HFCG-fed cows. Changes in milk fatty acid profile suggest that increased milk fat yield was driven by increased incorporation of preformed fatty acids, supported by increased circulating nonesterified fatty acid. Future research investigating the mode of action of HFCG at the level of the hindgut epithelium is warranted, as measured fecal parameters showed no response to treatment.

Low‐Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Time Domain Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid–Rich Linseed and Fish Oil Emulsions during Thermal Air Oxidation

AbstractLinseed contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as α‐linolenic acid (> 50% ALA‐18:3), that are naturally protected against thermal oxidation by their encapsulation within linseed oil bodies (OB) by multiple components including antioxidant proteins and mucilage emulsifying agents. Linseed OB emulsions (LSE) can be produced by grinding linseed seeds, adding water, adjusting pH, and sonication. This is a process that can encapsulate externally added PUFA to minimize their thermal oxidation, as it does for the intrinsic ALA PUFA. Fish oil (FO) encapsulation into this LSE platform to form linseed fish oil emulsions (LSFE) offers the possibility of a nutritive delivery system of the biologically essential FO PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In this study, 1H low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) is used to characterize LSE's and LSFE's chemical and structural properties as well as their stability and changes under thermal oxidation (55 °C for 96 hours). 1H LF‐NMR data processing was developed to generate one‐dimensional (1D) T1 (spin–lattice), 1D T2 (spin–spin), and 2D (T1 vs. T2) relaxation time spectra that can characterize OB emulsions and monitor their time domain fingerprints (spectrum peaks) of chemical and structural changes during the oxidation process. The 1H LF‐NMR analysis were further supported and correlated with conventional peroxide value test, self‐diffusion, droplet size distribution, zeta potential estimation of surface stability, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acid profile changes under thermal oxidation conditions. The 1D and 2D LF‐NMR relaxation spectra showed that the LSE and LSFE did not suffer intense oxidation process, due to PUFA assembly in OB oxidative protection. These results were further confirmed by the supportive analytical methodologies. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of 1H LF‐NMR methodology to monitor PUFA's rich oil and emulsion thermal oxidation.