Changes In Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Safe and well-tolerated long-term parenteral nutrition regimen: omega-3-fatty-acid-enriched Medium Chained/ Long Chained Triglycerides emulsion.

Background and AimsA limited number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the use of lipid emulsions (LEs) of different compositions in home parenteral nutrition (HPN), and there are very few data on the long-term use of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The study´s objective was to assess safety and tolerability of an n-3 PUFA-enriched LE in adult patients suffering from chronic intestinal failure (CIF) requiring long-term HPN. MethodsIn this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicentre, international clinical trial, which was conducted at eleven sites, adult patients in need of HPN including lipids received either the investigational product, an n-3 PUFA-enriched medium/long-chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT) LE, or the reference product, a standard MCT/LCT LE, for an average duration of eight weeks. The primary outcome was the sum of changes of liver function parameters (total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) from baseline to final visit. Secondary objectives included fatty acid pattern in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) and triene:tetraene ratio in plasma. Results74 patients were enrolled up to premature study termination. Liver function parameters showed no clinically relevant differences between study groups and remained within normal ranges. The n-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA increased in plasma and RBCs in the Lipidem group and were higher in the Lipidem group than the reference group at the end of the study resulting in an increased n-3-index in RBCs with Lipidem. Average n-3-index was >8. The plasma triene:tetraene ratio decreased in both groups. ConclusionThis study is one of the largest comparing two LEs in the complex setting of HPN treatment of adult patients. Although it has been early terminated its results considerably contribute to the evidence on safety and efficacy of longer-term use of LEs in HPN treatment. The n-3 PUFA-enriched LE Lipidem was safe and well-tolerated, particularly in terms of liver function. Lipidem provided an additional supply of n-3 PUFAs and led to positive changes in fatty acid profiles of plasma and RBCs. The n-3-index was in the desirable range at the end of the study in patients receiving Lipidem. There was no evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency with Lipidem. ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT03282955 Trial RegistrationEudraCT Number: 2015-000849-23

Changes in serum fatty acid profile after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Changes in serum fatty acid profile after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Effects of dietary supplementation with Acaciamearnsii tannin extract on carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs

BackgroundPlant extracts are used as possible methane mitigants and to replace antibiotic feed supplements previously used prophylactically to improve the adaptation of lambs in intensive feeding systems. This study investigated the effects of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract used as anti-methanogenic feed additives on carcass and meat quality of lambs.MethodsForty Dohne Merino lambs, with an initial mass between 23.90 kg and 37.40 kg, were first stratified according to their initial body weight and thereafter one of the eight lambs with similar body weight were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10 lambs/treatment). The lambs were fed ad libitum with a basal total mixed ration. Four experimental diets were formulated: TMR diet (control); TMR diet with Rumensin® at a dosage of 75 mg/kg of DM feed (Monensin; Positive control); TMR diet with raw condensed Acacia tannin at 20 g/kg of DM feed (Crude tannin); TMR with addition of encapsulated condensed Acacia tannin at 20 g/kg of DM feed (Encapsulated condensed tannins). The lambs were slaughtered at a live mass of about 50 kg after a 19 week trial period.ResultsDietary tannin additives did not affect the carcass composition or colour aspects of lamb meat. However, there were minor changes in fatty acid profiles, particularly in the intramuscular adipose tissue. The addition of encapsulated tannin extract resulted in a higher proportion of C18:2n6t (0.15% ± 0.03 vs. 0.19% ± 0.03; p < 0.05), C18.3n3 (0.24% ± 0.04 vs. 0.29% ± 0.04; p < 0.05), C22:6n3 (0.02 ± 0.01 vs. 0.05 ± 0.03; p < 0.05), in comparison to monensin. This improvement in fatty acid profiles is presumably beneficial for human health, but it could affect the sensory quality of meat.ConclusionOur results suggest that Acacia mearnsii tannin extracts can be included as anti-methanogenic feed additives in lamb diets without compromising product quality.

Clostridium butyricum Probiotic Feed Additive: Modulation of Sow Milk Metabolomics and Mitigation of Pre-Weaning Piglet Diarrhea.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of Clostridium butyricum probiotic feed additive on sow and piglet performances, together with alterations in the lipidomic and metabolomic profiles of sow milk. Sixty-four Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows and 794 piglets were included. Sows were divided into two groups; i.e., (i) conventional gestation diet (control; n = 35) and (ii) conventional diet added with 10 g/sow/day of probiotic C. butyricum spores (treatment; n = 29) from one week before the estimated farrowing day until weaning (29.6 ± 4.8 days). The sow and piglet performances and incidence of piglet diarrhea were recorded. Changes in gross chemical composition, fatty acid and non-volatile polar metabolite profiles of sow colostrum, transient milk and mature milk were evaluated. The results showed that relative backfat loss in the treatment group (-2.3%) was significantly lower than in control group (11.6%), especially in primiparous sows (p = 0.019). The application of C. butyricum probiotics in sows significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea in piglets (p < 0.001) but no other effect on piglet performance was found. Lipidomic and metabolomic analyses revealed variations in sow colostrum and milk biomolecular profiles, with indicative compounds significantly altered by feeding with the C. butyricum probiotics. In conclusion, the use of C. butyricum probiotics in sows may improve sow body condition and reduce diarrhea incidence in piglets, with underlying changes in milk composition that warrant further investigation. These findings support the potential of C. butyricum as a beneficial feed additive in swine production.

Octanoic acid kills Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by affecting two major defence systems: cuticular free fatty acids and immunocompetent cells

This work examines the insecticidal activity of octanoic acid (C8:0), a short-chain fatty acid detected in entomopathogenic fungus – Conidiobolus coronatus medium, against Lucilia sericata larvae and adults. The LD50 value was calculated as 3.04±0.26 µg/mg (3040 mg/kg) of insect body mass, which places the compound in category 5 of acute toxicity (slightly hazardous). The presented research also describes its probable mechanism, with a particular focus on changes in two main insect defense mechanisms: (1) the composition of the cuticle (GC–MS analysis) and (2) immunocompetent cells (microscopic analysis of cultured hemocytes). More precisely, octanoic acid application resulted in changes in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles in both adults and larvae; generally, treatment increased short-chain FFAs, and a decrease of middle- and long-chain FFAs. Both in vivo and in vitro applications of octanoic acid resulted in vacuolisation, disintegration, and destruction of nets formed by plasmatocytes. As the compound has also previously been found to be toxic against Galleria mellonella, it appears to have lethal potential against insects in both the Orders Diptera and Lepidoptera, indicating it may have strong entomopathogenic potential. It is worth noting that octanoic acid is approved as a food additive with well-documented insecticidal activity, and hence may be a valuable component in the design of new insecticides that are safe for both humans and the environment.

Taurine improves juvenile Seriola rivoliana growth performance and biochemical profiles in blood serum and skeletal muscle

Taurine supplementation has shown survival and feeding efficiency in larval fish development. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of adding taurine to the longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) diet for 60 days. Fish (n = 270) were distributed in three treatments: T0 without taurine, T1, and T2, supplemented with taurine at 1 and 2%, respectively. Growth performance, blood serum biochemistry, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Notable improvements (P &lt; 0.05) were observed in T1 and T2 in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG). Survival rates (SR) did not show significant differences (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, a decrease was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF). Still, an increase was observed in blood parameters, including higher total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) concentration, as well as a reduction in cholesterol (CHO) levels. Changes in fatty acid profiles were also detected in skeletal muscle with an increase in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and elevation in taurine concentration in T2. The results showed that adding 20 g kg-1 of taurine to the diet improved growth, skeletal muscle, and blood serum biochemistry. Therefore, the use of higher taurine concentrations is recommended in future studies to understand fully the extent of the benefits to longfin yellowtail juveniles.

Modelling changes in whole body and fillet fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon with changing levels of dietary omega-3 intake

In this study, a fatty acid dilution model was coupled with a dynamic nutrient demand model to provide an integrated model capable of predicting the whole-body and fillet lipid and fatty acid levels of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following a change in dietary fatty acid profile. Based on knowledge of the initial fish and dietary fatty acid compositions, diet digestible energy density, the water temperature and duration of feeding, the model demonstrated that it was possible to predict a range of parameters, including the growth, feed utilisation, whole-body and fillet (Norwegian Quality Cut; NQC) total lipid, and fatty acid levels of the fish. The model was validated against five separate experiments, including two farm-based trials with harvest size fish. Validation experiments involved fish ranging in size (initial weights to final weights) from 138 g/fish to 5138 g/fish and running for durations of between 66 and 323 days. For the laboratory experiments, prediction of growth, feed utilisation and fatty acid deposition proved to be highly predictable (R2 > 0.998). Fatty acid profiles from both short and long-term cage trials were also highly predictable. Despite the reduced level of weight change in the short-term cage trial, and the higher variability that was observed in growth performance, the fatty acid deposition still showed high levels of correlation (R2 > 0.996), between the modelled and measured fatty acid levels in the fish fillet. Departure from linearity was more evident in the long-term cage trial, but correlation still exceeded R2 > 0.995 for all treatments. Prediction of whole-body and NQC total lipid levels was less accurate, with correlations being R2 = 0.962 and R2 = 0.909 respectively. Model outputs were generally more accurate with greater weight change and/or experiment duration. The outcome of this study shows that the model developed here provides a useful tool for the estimation of the fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon following a change in dietary fatty acid composition. This could help assist in the more judicious use of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for commercial salmon farming.

Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles in Seeds of Camellia oleifera Treated by Mycorrhizal Fungi and Glomalin

Camellia oleifera is an important oilseed forest tree, but it is unknown whether and how inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as spraying easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EG), regulates the fatty acid profile in seeds of this species. This study explored how inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices (800 g inoculum/tree) and spraying EG (2.5 L/tree, four times in total, once a week) modulated the fatty acid profile for potential nutritional qualities in the seeds of 20-year-old C. oleifera. Spraying exogenous EG significantly increased fruit transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, fruit weight, number of seeds, and seed weight but had no significant effect on the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. Inoculation with R. intraradices had no significant effect on these fruit traits but significantly boosted the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. A total of 11 saturated fatty acids and 12 unsaturated fatty acids were detected from the seeds, with the unsaturated fatty acids consisting primarily of C18:1N-12, C18:1N-9C, and C18:2-N6. Spraying exogenous EG significantly increased the levels of major unsaturated fatty acid components such as C18:1N-12, C18:1N-9C, C18:1N-7, and C18:2N-6 by 140.6%, 59.7%, 97.6%, and 60.6%, respectively, while decreasing the level of C16:0. Inoculation with R. intraradices only decreased the levels of C16:0 and C18:0, while increased the level of C18:2N-6. Both treatments increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in total fatty acids, resulting in an increase in the unsaturation index of fatty acids. In addition, inoculation with R. intraradices significantly up-regulated the expression of CoFAD2, spraying exogenous EG significantly increased the expression of CoSAD, CoFAD2, and CoFAD3, and both treatments also significantly suppressed the expression of CoFAE. These findings suggested that exogenous EG as a biostimulant, is more suitable to regulate the nutritional values of fatty acids in seeds of 20-year-old C. oleifera.

Microalgae Application in Ruminants Feeds on The Production and Quality of Meat and Milk: A Review

Abstract Research focusing on microalgal as an alternative source of protein and fat in ruminant feed shows a growing trend. Microalgae are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and carotene. Ruminants can digest the cell walls of microalgae, positively affecting their health, growth, metabolism, reproduction, production, and product quality. This paper introduces the latest review of microalgae on ruminant feed and its effect on performance, production, and quality of meat and milk. The results showed that using microalgae does not increase milk production in dairy cows but substitutes protein from corn and soybean meal. Microalgae improves the quality of meat and milk through the changes in fatty acid profiles associated with omega 3, especially DHA and PUFA, which benefit human health. However, some microalgae species reduce palatability, feed consumption, and weight gain. Feeding microalgae to livestock as a supplement or substitute protein for soybean meal protein or other ingredients requires considering the limiting factors of lipid concentration and the economic value of microalgae species.

Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Profile of Sous-Vide Beef Marinated with Kiwiberry Fruit Pulp: Effects of Level Addition and Refrigerated Storage.

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. 'Ananasnaya') fruit pulp, as well as changes in the parameters studied after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage in a vacuum package. The FA profile, FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid)), total polyphenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids were also determined in the fruit pulp. Lipid indices for meat were calculated based on the obtained FA profile. The values of FRAP and ABTS of experimental meat products were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of control samples but decreased with storage time. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the lipids of sous-vide meat was higher in samples with pulp than in control samples and insignificantly decreased with storage time. Meat marinated with kiwiberry pulp was characterized by a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) and LA (linoleic acid), considerably affecting the more favorable value of polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio. A troubling finding was the heightened level of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the lipids of beef subjected to 30% kiwiberry pulp, a factor recognized to play a significant role in the development of various diseases. Beef marinated with 20% kiwiberry pulp addition provides greater nutritional and health benefits than other sample variants because of optimal AA and FA profile changes during refrigerated storage.

Changes in the fatty acid profiles and health indexes of bovine colostrum during the first days of lactation and their impact on human health

Our objective was to analyze the changes in fatty acid (FA) profiles of bovine colostrum and immature milk during the first four days of lactation and assess their potential impact on human health. Colostrum and immature milk samples were collected from Czech Fleckvieh cows during their first to third lactation and the FA profiles were analyzed using multidimensional gas chromatography with a vacuum ultraviolet detector (GC×GC-VUV). The colostrum of primiparous cows contained lower levels of medium-chain and saturated fatty acids, and higher levels of mono- and unsaturated fatty acids compared to that of multiparous cows. The atherogenic and thrombogenicity indexes, as well as the hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio, were more favourable in primiparous cows. This makes colostrum fat an attractive product for human nutrition. To obtain the maximum health benefits, we recommend collecting and processing the colostrum of primiparous cows and immature milk at the end of the milk transition separately.

Plasma free fatty acid levels in cervical cancer: concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves abnormal profile.

Background: Epidemiology has demonstrated that plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) can prevent the development of cancer. Our study sought to evaluate the relationship between plasma (FFA) levels and cervical cancer. Methods: In recent years, metabolomics-based approaches have been recognized as an emerging tool, so we examined the plasma FFA profiles of 114 patients with cervical cancer and 151 healthy people using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Results: The data results were analyzed by multifactorial binary logistic regression analysis, and it was found that palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total ω-3 fatty acids were negatively correlated with the risk of cervical cancer; whereas tetracosanoic acid was positively correlated with the risk of cervical cancer (OR, 1.026; 95% CI, 1.013-1.040; p < 0.001). Dynamic follow-up of 40 cervical cancer patients who successfully completed CCRT revealed that most fatty acid levels tended to increase after the end of treatment, except for palmitic and stearic acid levels, which were lower than before treatment. Conclusion: Plasma FFA profiles were altered in cervical cancer patients, which may be related to abnormal fatty acid metabolism in cervical cancer. The described changes in fatty acid profiles during CCRT may be related to the good functioning of CCRT. Further studies on plasma FFA composition and its changes due to CCRT in patients with cervical cancer are warranted.

Advances in free fatty acid profiles in gestational diabetes mellitus.

The morbidity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term maternal and infant health. The exact mechanism underlying changes in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) profiles in patients with GDM is unknown. However, it is believed that changes in diet and lipid metabolism may play a role. Fatty acids contain many specific FFAs, and the type of FFA has different impacts on physiological processes; hence, determining changes in FFAs in individual plasma is essential. Alterations in FFA concentration or profile may facilitate insulin resistance. Additionally, some FFAs show potential to predict GDM in early pregnancy and are strongly associated with the growth and development of the fetus and occurrence of macrosomia. Here, we aimed to review changes in FFAs in women with GDM and discuss the relationship of FFAs with GDM incidence and adverse outcomes.

Silicon and titanium nanoparticles modulated drought and chromium toxicity by adjusting physio-biochemical attributes and fatty acid profiles of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.).

Drought and chromium (Cr) stress are the main environmental issues affecting plant performance. Although the positive effects of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are used as a promising strategy to control abiotic stresses; their synergic effects on controlling drought and Cr toxicity are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar applications of SiO2 (200 mg L-1) and TiO2 (60 mg L-1) NPs on growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme, and fatty acid profile of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under drought (soil moisture at 50% field capacity (FC) and Cr toxicity as K2Cr2O7 at 10 mg L-1. The results showed that drought and Cr stress significantly reduced growth and Chl a + b, but increased malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The use of NPs particularly SiO2 NPs modulated drought and Cr stress through enhancing Chl content and alleviating MDA, EL, and antioxidant activities. Under drought stress, SiO2 NPs enhanced shoot weight (26%), root weight (25%), seed yield (36%), Chl content (26%), but lowered MDA (22%), EL (14%), catalase (CAT, 32%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, 33%) activity relative to non-NP application. The main changes in fatty acid profile corresponded to abiotic stresses, where they increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) but decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Multivariate analysis showed that plant weight, seed yield, Cl content, and oleic acid negatively correlated with MDA, EL, antioxidant enzymes, and linoleic acid. In total, the use of SiO2 is recommended for modulating drought and Cr stress to reach the maximum seed yield of black cumin and a healthy fatty acid profile.

Comprehensive lipid hydrolysis observation in anaerobic digestion

Lipid hydrolysis monitoring, including especially glycerides, is necessary for comprehending the anaerobic digestion process in lipid-rich substrates processing. This reaction has not been investigated in such detail so far, despite its potential to be crucial in assuring a stable process. This study suggested and thoroughly validated an uncomplicated method of monitoring lipid hydrolysis during anaerobic digestion, achieving recovery values >95 % with an average relative standard deviation <5 %. Subsequently, the method was applied on the very first detailed observation of glyceride hydrolysis in the anaerobic sludge, tracking even changes in fatty acid profiles during anaerobic digestion. Results showed that lipid hydrolysis can take several days, thus likely affecting the whole anaerobic digestion of lipids. The method aims to provide answers to improve understanding of lipids' fate and their inhibition phenomena in anaerobic digestion.

Tween 80™-induced changes in fatty acid profile of selected mesophilic lactobacilli.

Fatty acid profiles are crucial for the functionality and viability of lactobacilli used in food applications. Tween 80™, a common culture media additive, is known to influence bacterial growth and composition. This study investigated how Tween 80™ supplementation impacts the fatty acid profiles of six mesophilic lactobacilli strains (Lacticaseibacillus spp., Limosilactobacillus spp., Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). Analysis of eleven strains revealed 29 distinct fatty acids. Tween 80™ supplementation significantly altered their fatty acid composition. Notably, there was a shift towards saturated fatty acids and changes within the unsaturated fatty acid profile. While some unsaturated fatty acids decreased, there was a concurrent rise in cyclic derivatives like lactobacillic acid (derived from vaccenic acid) and dihydrosterculic acid (derived from oleic acid). This suggests that despite the presence of Tween 80™ as an oleic acid source, lactobacilli prioritize the synthesis of these cyclic derivatives from precursor unsaturated fatty acids. Myristic acid and dihydrosterculic acid levels varied across strains. Interestingly, palmitic acid content increased, potentially reflecting enhanced incorporation of oleic acid from Tween 80™ into membranes. Conversely, cis-vaccenic acid levels consistently decreased across all strains. The observed fatty acid profiles differed from previous studies, likely due to a combination of factors including strain-specific variations and growth condition differences (media type, temperature, harvesting point). However, this study highlights the consistent impact of Tween 80™ on the fatty acid composition of lactobacilli, regardless of these variations. In conclusion, Tween 80™ significantly alters fatty acid profiles, influencing saturation levels and specific fatty acid proportions. This work reveals key factors, including stimulated synthesis of lactobacillic acid, competition for oleic acid incorporation, and strain-specific responses to myristic and dihydrosterculic acids. The consistent reduction in cis-vaccenic acid and the presence of cyclic derivatives warrant further investigation to elucidate their roles in response to Tween 80™ supplementation.

The role of roasting on changes in bioactive properties, fatty acid and phenolic compound profiles in the free and bound fraction of black quinoa seeds

SummaryIn present investigation, the effect of roasting in microwave and oven on bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profiles and phenolic constituents of quinoa seeds for free and conjugated phenolic profile fractions are studied. The oil contents of seeds roasted in both roasting systems were recorded between 4.25% (microwave) and 4.80% (oven).Total phenolic amounts of free and bound fractions of quinoa seeds were measured to be between 1668.1 (control) and 2037.5 mg/100 g (microwave) to 638.9 (microwave) to 1615.3 mg/100 g (oven), respectively. Antioxidant activities of free and bound fractions of quinoa seeds were recorded to be between 36.86% (microwave) and 39.28% (oven) to 74.83% (control) and 77.18% (microwave), respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid results of quinoa seed oils roasted in microwave and oven were identified between 17.26% (oven) and 22.41% (control) to 48.39% (oven) and 59.92% (microwave), respectively. 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzoic acid results of raw and roasted quinoa seeds for free and bound fractions were identified to be between 2.84 (microwave) and 4.01 mg/100 g (oven) to 7.43 (oven) and 12.60 mg/100 g (control), respectively. K results of roasted quinoa seeds were recorded between 8701.17 (oven) and 9638.45 (microwave). Results showed some changes depending on roasting systems and fraction types.

Influence of Nigella sativa L. Oil Addition on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Freezer-Stored Ground Pork for Pâté

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa L. (NS) oil addition on the quality of ground pork for pâté stored for one month and two months (−20 ± 1 °C). The study was conducted on a negative control (C), a positive control with the addition of antioxidant (CB) butylated hydroxyanisole (E320), and two groups with the addition of NS oil at the level of 1.9% (O1) and 3.8% (O2). The quality parameters tested in the meat were colour (measured in the CIELab system), lipid oxidation products, the fatty acid profile, thrombogenicity (T1), atherogenicity (A1), and the ratio of hypocholesterolemia to hypercholesterolemia (h/H). After roasting the pâtés, their volatile compound profiles were studied and sensory tests were conducted. A significant effect of NS oil additive on meat colour was found and ΔE for C-O2 increased faster during storage than for C-O1 and C-CB. NS oil additive in pork pâté improved the fatty acid profile. Significant differences in the rate of the fatty acid profile change during storage were observed with the addition of 3.8% NS oil compared to the other groups. Only the O2 group showed no change in PUFA content, while the h/H ratio was approximately 20% higher in the groups with added oil. The addition of NS oil also slowed the growth of TBARSs compared to the C and CB groups. The volatile compound profile of the raw pâté was most influenced by the proportion of terpenes in the NS oil. After two months of meat storage, the O1 pâté received the highest sensory ratings.

The Entomopathogenic Fungus Conidiobolus coronatus Has Similar Effects on the Cuticular Free Fatty Acid Profile of Sensitive and Resistant Insects.

The mechanisms underlying the recognition of a susceptible host by a fungus and the role of cuticular compounds (CCs) in this process remain unclear; however, accumulated data suggest that this is influenced to a great degree by cuticular lipids. Two insect species differing in their sensitivity to fungal infection, viz. the highly sensitive Galleria mellonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the resistant Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), exhibited significant qualitative and quantitative changes in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles after exposure to Conidiobolus coronatus (Constantin) Batko (Entomopthorales). Despite being systematically distant, leading different lifestyles in different habitats, both insect species demonstrated similar changes in the same FFAs following exposure to the fungus (C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:1, C18:0), suggesting that these are involved in a contact-induced defense response. As it was not possible to distinguish the share of FFAs present in the conidia that were attached to the cuticle from the FFAs of the cuticle itself in the total number of extracted FFAs, further research is necessary.

Rate of change in the fillet fatty acid profile of Nile tilapia to attain a nutraceutical level of DHA + EPA for human consumption

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, grows adequately in the absence of dietary omega-3 long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid. However, its fatty acid profile can be enriched by feeding finishing diets for some time before harvesting, to reach a desirable content of 250 mg of DHA + EPA in a 100 g fillet, recommended as the daily intake of these essential fatty acids for human consumption by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, thus improving its economic and nutritional value as a nutraceutical. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of change in the fatty acid profile of tilapia's fillet by feeding diets formulated with soy (SO) or fish oil (FO) in an 8-week bioassay, with two additional treatments, feeding FO for four weeks followed by SO for four additional weeks (FO/SO), or the opposite treatment (SO/FO). No significant differences among treatments were observed at the end of the study for growth performance (weight gain: 103.28–115.83 g; specific growth rate: 6.60–6.83% day−1; daily weight gain: 1.95–2.19 g day−1; survival: 96.67–100%), feed efficiency (1.16–1.31), body indices (hepatosomatic index: 1.48–1.89%; condition factor, K: 2.25–2.43), or proximate composition of the fillet, confirming the versatility of tilapia to efficiently use lipid sources of different nature. However, the fatty acid profile of the dietary lipid source directly influenced the fatty acid profile of the fillet; it was confirmed that, under these experimental conditions, it is possible to enrich the fillet of O. niloticus and reach the concentration of 250 mg of DHA + EPA in a 100 g fillet in just 10 days, for fish of the experimental size (3.11 g of individual initial weight) used in this study and under the prevailing experimental conditions.