Changes In Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Priming maize seeds with cyanobacteria enhances seed vigour and plant growth in elite maize inbreds.

Biofilm formation of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena torulosa with a beneficial fungus Trichoderma viride (An-Tr) was examined under laboratory conditions. A gradual enhancement in growth over A. torulosa alone was recorded in the biofilm, with 15-20% higher values in nitrogen fixation, IAA and exopolysaccharide production illustrating the synergism among the partners in the biofilm. To investigate the role of such biofilms in priming seed attributes, mesocosm studies using primed seeds of two maize inbred lines (V6, V7) were undertaken. Beneficial effects of biofilm (An-Tr) were recorded, as compared to uninoculated treatment and cyanobacterial consortium (Anabaena-Nostoc; BF 1-4) at both stages (7 and 21 DAS, days after sowing) with a significant increase of more than 20% in seedling attributes, along with 5-15% increment in seed enzyme activities. More than three- to fivefold higher values in nitrogen fixation and C-N mobilizing enzyme activities, and significant increases in leaf chlorophyll, proteins and PEP carboxylase activity were observed with V7-An-Tr biofilm. Cyanobacterial inoculation brought about distinct changes in the soil phospholipid fatty acid profiles (PLFA); particularly, significant changes in those representing eukaryotes and anaerobic bacteria. Principal component analyses illustrated the significant role of dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass carbon and distinct elicited effects on soil microbial communities, as evidenced by the PLFA. This investigation highlighted the promise of cyanobacteria as valuable priming options to improve mobilization of nutrients at seed stage, modulating the abundance and activities of various soil microbial communities, thereby, enhanced plant growth and vigour of maize plants.

Clostridium difficile caused changes in fatty acids profile and resolvin D1 content in plasma of infected patients.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by anaerobic, toxin-producing bacteria. During the course of CDI, there is a general inflammatory state. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the role of fatty acids (FAs) in the pathogenesis of acute infection we analyzed their plasma content in both patients with CDI and controls. The study groups included 40 patients with CDI and 40 healthy volunteers. Plasma FA content was analyzed by gas chromatography, resolvin D1 (RvD1) level using ELISA assay, and we assessed the white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Patients with CDI were characterized by significantly higher values of WBC, neutrophils, platelets and CRP compared with the control group. The saturated FA index was statistically higher and total n-3 FA was significantly decreased in the plasma of CDI patients as compared with the control group. RvD1 content was significantly higher in the control group as compared with patients with CDI. In patients with good outcomes, we probably observed the effective resolution of inflammation, as reflected in n-3 FA metabolism and their significant decrease in plasma. This may indicate the therapeutic role of n-3 FA in CDI infection.

Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 Supplementation in Rats during Pregnancy and Lactation Impacts Maternal and Offspring Lipid Profile, Immune System and Microbiota.

Probiotics have shown potential for their use in early life. This study aimed to investigate whether the administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 during pregnancy and lactation periods impacts maternal and offspring plasma lipid profile, immune system and microbiota. Rats were supplemented with the probiotic during gestation and two weeks of lactation. After supplementation, although the microbiota composition was not affected, the probiotic strain was detected in all cecal contents of dams and in some of their pups. Dams showed reduced proportion of T cytotoxic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, modulation of intestinal cytokines (IL-10 and IL-12) and changes in plasma fatty acids (20:0, 22:0, 20:5 n-3, and 18:3 n-6). Pups showed changes in immunoglobulins (intestinal IgA and plasmatic IgG2a and IgG2c) and fatty acid profile (17:0, 22:0, and 18:2 n-6). Overall, Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 supplementation contributed to beneficially modulating the immune system of the mother and its offspring.

Branched chain amino acids alter fatty acid profile in colostrum of sows fed a high fat diet

BackgroundBranched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important substrates for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland, and are tightly related to lipid metabolism. No study has been performed examining the role of BCAAs with high fat diets on milk fat synthesis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary BCAAs on growth performance of piglets, progeny body weight, and milk fat composition in sows fed a high fat diet. Four diets (CON = control diet; HF = high fat diet with 8% soybean oil; HF-MB=HF plus 0.39% BCAAs; HF-HB=HF plus 0.78% BCAAs) were fed to sows from late gestation to weaning.ResultsCompared to HF, BCAAs (HF-MB and HF-HB) increased the litter weight (P < 0.05) and overall litter weight gain (P < 0.05) at weaning and increased colostrum fat content by 27.3–35.8% (P < 0.01). Fatty acid profiles between the two doses of BCAAs were similar. Compared with HF, HF-MB tended to decrease the percentage of C18:3n3 (P = 0.063) and increased the percentage of C18:1n9c (P = 0.03). In addition, BCAAs in HF-MB increased the concentration of total fatty acid by 22.1% in colostrum (P = 0.03) but decreased that in serum at parturition by 53.2% (P = 0.027). The fatty acids in colostrum that increased with BCAAs were C15:0, C17:0, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3 (P = 0.00~0.04). Colostrum fatty acids of C20:0, C21:0, C22:0, C16:1, C20:1, C18:1n9c also tended to be increased (0.05 < P < 0.1) with BCAAs. The change in sow serum fatty acid profile due to BCAAs was different from that in colostrum.ConclusionsBCAAs in high fat diet of sows altered the fatty acid composition in colostrum and enhanced litter growth. Our study indicated that BCAAs supplementation can enhance mammary fatty acid uptake and mammary fat synthesis and that supplemental BCAAs and fat in late gestation and lactation diets for sows can improve reproductive performance.

The correlation between the hypophysial gonadal axis with special reference to the role of fatty acids and isoenzyme during the ovarian maturation in female grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the gonad maturation of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella and the changes of pituitary gland cells types coincides with oogonial development and their changes of fatty acid profile and isoenzyme electrophoresis. Five categories of oogenesis are detected such as immature, maturing, ripe spawning and follicular atresia. The pituitary gland has possessed six different kinds of cells. In the rostral pars distalis (RPD), two acidophilic cells types are distinguished; adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cells (ACTH) and prolactin hormone secreting cells (PRL). The proximal pars distalis (PPD) exhibited two basophilic cell types include gonadotropic hormone secreting cells (GTH) and the thyrotrophic hormone secreting cells (TSH). During ripe stage, the gonadotrophic cells attained the highest changes of the GTH cells explained by increase of cytoplasmic secretory granules. The saturated fatty acids contents reached the maximum peak value and ranged from 38.45% to 39.19%. While unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) ranged from17.09.1% to17.49% and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) become 43.54% to 44.29%. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) in case of SFA, oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) in case of MUFA, linoleic (C18:2 n-6) in case of omega6 and docosahexaenoic (DHA) and acid (C22:6 n-3) Eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) (EPA) in case of omega3. The assayed isoenzymes electrophoresis was altered during the ovarian development. The authors finally concluded that there is a gradual change in the pituitary of endocrine cells parallel with changes of follicular development and assessed by alterations of isoenzyme electrophoresis and fatty acids content.

Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and molecular changes derived from nitrogen stress in the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri

Microalgae have great potential as biofactories for producing a wide variety of valuable products. Under stress conditions, it is well-known that microalgae accumulate various organic compounds. However, there is little information on the response of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri to different nitrogen concentrations. In the present study, C. muelleri was grown in medium containing different concentrations of nitrogen (NaNO3; f: 1.76 mM, f/4: 0.44 mM, f/10: 0.18 mM, and 2f: 3.53 mM) and their proximal composition, fatty acid profile, and gene expression (AMT1, PTD9, GltD, DGAT2, and NRT2) compared. The results showed no significant differences in biomass content among nitrogen treatments. Treatment f/10 significantly increased accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates but lowered the concentration of proteins. This treatment also produced shorter-chain fatty acids and a low percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, demonstrating the potential of this medium for growing microalgae with a suitable fatty acid profile for biodiesel production. Furthermore, DGAT2 and NRT2 expression was highest at lower nitrogen concentrations, suggesting these genes could be important for modulating lipid biosynthesis in response to nitrogen limitation.

Plasma fatty acid profile in dairy cows associated with the inclusion of annatto in their diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p &gt; 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.

Effects of Feeding Multinutrient Blocks Including Avocado Pulp and Peels to Dairy Goats on Feed Intake and Milk Yield and Composition.

Simple SummaryThe high and volatile prices of conventional ingredients for animal feeding has directed the attention of ruminant nutritionists toward local alternative resources such as agroindustrial by-products and fruits wastes. The inclusion of these resources in the diet might contribute to reducing feeding costs and environmental issues associated with both livestock production and by-products and wastes accumulation might be prevented. The global production and consumption of avocado have risen sharply in recent years, partly due to the recognition of its health-promoting potential in humans. The increased consumption of avocado and its derivatives is producing great amounts of wastes and by-products that might be reutilized in ruminant feeding. Our hypothesis was that avocado wastes (a mixture of pulp and peels) could be included in multinutrient blocks for dairy goats and improve the quality of the milk fatty acid profile without negatively affecting milk yield. However, the intake of multinutrient blocks containing 14.8% avocado wastes was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. No changes were observed in milk production, but feeding blocks with avocado wastes increased milk fat content with only subtle changes in the fatty acid profile of fat milk.Twelve Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were divided into two homogeneous groups, which were fed either a control diet composed of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate or a diet based on 40% alfalfa hay, 40% concentrate and 20% multinutrient blocks, including 14.8% avocado pulp and peels (APP). Total dry matter (DM) intake was similar (p = 0.709) for both diets, but APP-fed goats had lower (p = 0.024) concentrate intake and tended (p = 0.063) to have lower fat intake compared with those fed the control diet. The average intake of blocks was low (66.4 g DM/d), which was attributed to avocado lipids oxidation and rancidity. Neither milk yield (p = 0,921) nor the efficiency of energy and nitrogen use were affected (p = 0.909 and 0. 840, respectively) by the diet, but milk fat tended to be greater (p = 0.057) in the APP-fed goats compared with the animals fed the control diet. Other milk components were similar (p ≥ 0.110) for both diets, and only subtle changes in the milk fatty acid profile were observed. In summary, the intake of blocks containing avocado wastes by dairy goats was low probably due to avocado lipids oxidation causing off-flavors and reduced palatability.

Influence of the maturation process on the sheep's milk of Camembert cheese fatty acid profile change

The aim of this research was to study the fatty acid composition of Camembert cheese fat phase. The object of the research was the sheep’s milk Camembert soft cheese. The Camembert soft cheese was made from sheep’s milk pasteurized at 63∘C for 30 minutes before production, using cultures Penicillium camemberti, Geotrichum candidum, as well as Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Lactococcus diacetylactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris. The study of the cheese fatty acid composition during maturation was carried out using the gas chromatography method in accordance with the state industry standard of the Russian Federation 32915-2014 ”Milk and dairy products. The determination of fatty acid composition of the fat phase by gas chromatography”. The fatty acids profile in the process of cheese maturation changed significantly. There was an increase in the short chain fatty acids concentration: oil (C4:0) kapron (C6:0), capryl (C8:0). A change in the lauric acid content (C12: 0) and myristic acid (C14: 0) showed a similar trend but with less dynamics. On the 14th day of maturation, the concentration of lauric acid (C12:0) increased by 30%, myristic acid (C14:0) – by 13%. At the beginning of the maturation period, the C18:1n9t isomer consisted about 70% of the total fatty acid trans-isomers. During maturation, the concentration of C18:1n9t decreased by 98%. It was found that, regardless of the maturation period, fatty acids C10: 0, C14: 0, C16: 0, C18: 0, C18: 1 t11 and C18: 1c9 consisted about 73% of the total fatty acids. There was a decrease in the concentration of w-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids with a simultaneous increase in the concentration of w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results can serve as a basis for comparative analysis development tools and strategies aimed at improving the nutritional characteristics of sheep’s milk cheese.

ToF-SIMS spectrometry to observe fatty acid profiles of breast tissues in broiler chicken subjected to varied vegetable oil diet.

This study is aimed to observe changes in fatty acid profiles by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) in breast muscle tissues of broilers. Four different groups were identified. The source of fat in group I was soy oil (rich in linoleic acid, ω-6), group II received linseed oil (ω-3), and the third group was fed a mixture of the two mentioned oils. Broilers in the control group were fed with beef tallow, used in mass commercial production. The results reveal that the use of vegetable oils in animal nutrition determines the lipid profile of fatty acids. ToF-SIMS measurements showed that the lipid profile of muscle fibers and intramuscular fat reflect the composition of fats used as feed additives. In both structures, the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids, which is most favorable for human health, was found in the groups in which a mixture of vegetable oils and a supplement of linseed oil were used.

Determining the effects of black cumin seed oil on performance and meat fatty acid profile of broiler chickens

This study was designed to investigate the effects of adding black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed (BCS) oil to diets for broiler chickens on their performance and the meat fatty acid profile of the meat. Broiler chicks were assigned to three groups. The unsupplemented control did not receive BCS oil. The two treated groups received 0.5% and 1% BCS oil. The live weight and live weight gain of the experimental groups were generally greater for the treated groups than for the control group. Feed consumption did not differ among groups, and thus the group that was fed the diet supplemented with 1% BCS oil was most efficient. Total saturated fatty acids were lower, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater in the treated groups, but monounsaturated fatty acids were greater in meat from the control group. As a result, it can be concluded that the addition of 0.5–1% BCS oil into the diets of broiler may improve the performance of chicks and enrich the meat quality by creating meaningful changes in meat fatty acid profiles, especially in terms of total polyunsaturated fatty acids.Keywords: Ross broiler, fatty acids, nigella sativa, nutrition, yield

Effect of silver nanoparticles on gill membranes of common carp: Modification of fatty acid profile, lipid peroxidation and membrane fluidity

Although the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic organisms has been extensively investigated, the mechanism by which AgNPs damage membranes remains unclear. This study investigated the toxic effects of a series of sub-lethal concentrations of AgNPs on the membranes of freshwater carp (Cyprinus carpio) gills, based on changes in membrane fatty acid (FA) profile, membrane fluidity, membrane lipid peroxidation, and histopathology. Most of the FAs in fish gill membrane was not significantly affected by exposure to multiple AgNPs concentrations, only few significant changes occurred in some specific FAs species at a high concentration of AgNPs exposure. In particular, high concentrations of AgNPs significantly decreased the proportions of two important long-chain n-3 series polyunsaturated FAs (C20: 5n3, and C22: 6n3), resulting in a decreased ratio of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs to n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (Σn-3UFA/Σn-6UFA). The AgNPs also caused a dose-dependent decrease in fish gill membrane fluidity, increased the level of lipid peroxidation, and inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity. Further histopathological examination revealed that exposure to AgNPs can cause toxic responses in the lamellae, including the thinning of the basement membrane, malformation, and inflammation. Together, the results suggest that the mechanism of AgNPs membrane toxicity involves the oxidization of long-chain omega-3 unsaturated FAs to saturated FAs via lipid peroxidation, resulting in, decreased membrane fluidity and ultimately the destruction of the normal physiological function of the fish gill membrane. The findings contribute significantly to our understanding of nanoparticle-induced membrane toxicity and potential risks in aquatic environments.

Seasonal variation of fatty acids composition of milk from grazing ewes in Thessaly, central Greece

The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes in fatty acids (FAs) profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration of milk from grazing ewes in winter (December and January) and spring (April and May) in Thessaly, central Greece. No significant changes (P&gt;0.05) in the physicochemical properties (pH and protein, lactose and total solids content) of winter and spring milk were observed. However, the fat content of spring milk was lower (P&lt;0.05) than the winter milk. The saturated FAs content of milk was not significantly changed (P&gt;0.05) during winter neither during spring, whereas the polyunsaturated FAs content was significantly changed (P&lt;0.05) in each of the four months examined. Nevertheless, in the ovine milk of spring, the saturated FAs content was significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05), but the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs content was significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) as compared to that of winter milk. In contrast to the saturated FAs decrease in spring milk, the saturated stearic acid (C18:0) content showed a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in the spring milk as compared to winter milk. In winter milk, the C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA levels were 0.89±0.05 and 0.98±0.03g/100 g Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) in December and January, respectively, whereas, in spring milk, the CLA levels were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) to 1.36±0.04 and 1.27±0.03g/100 g FAMEs in April and May, respectively. The atherogenicity index (AI) associated with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic FAs was found significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in spring milk compared to winter milk.

Seasonal changes in fat and fatty acid profiles of the Sakarya Chub (Squalius pursakensis) from the Melen river basin

Total lipids, fatty acid composition of Squalius pursakensis fillet samples captured from Melen River Basin during winter, spring and summer seasons were evaluated. Total lipid levels were as 1.80% in winter, 2.56% in spring and 5.17% in summer. The composition of fatty acids showed that total polyunsaturated fatty acids (32.05-38.90%) were highest, followed by monounsaturated (29.85-35.40%) and saturated (27.10-31.23%). The fatty acid composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in fillets of S. pursakensis shows a high content n3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA C22:6n3) with maximum rates of 6.70% and 16.33%, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.05). The saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was dominated by palmitic acid with the maximum ratio of 19.03%.

Lipidomic Analysis of Plastidial Octanoyltransferase Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plant de novo fatty acid synthesis takes place in the plastid using acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) as the main precursor. This first intermediate is produced from pyruvate through the action of the plastidial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. For the proper functioning of this complex, lipoic acid is required to be bound to the dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase E2 subunit of PDH. Octanoyltransferase (LIP2; EC 2.3.1.181) and lipoyl synthase (LIP1; EC 2.8.1.8) are the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of this essential cofactor. In Arabidopsis plastids, an essential lipoyl synthase (AtLIP1p) and two redundant octanoyltransferases (AtLIP2p1 and AtLIP2p2) have been described. In the present study, the lipidomic characterization of Arabidopsis octanoyltransferase mutants reveals new insight into the lipoylation functions within plastid metabolism. Lipids and fatty acids from mature seeds and seedlings from Atlip2p1 and Atlip2p2 mutants were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HRMS2), the analysis revealed changes in fatty acid profiles that showed similar patterns in both mutant seeds and seedlings and in the lipid species containing those fatty acids. Although both mutants showed similar tendencies, the lack of the AtLIP2p2 isoform produced a more acute variation in its lipids profile. These changes in fatty acid composition and the increase in their content per seed point to the interference of octanoyltransferases in the fatty acid synthesis flux in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.

Seasonal changes in European whitefish muscle and invertebrate prey fatty acid composition in a subarctic lake

Abstract Ambient light and temperature show extreme seasonal variation in subarctic lakes due to the midnight sun period in summer and cold polar night period in winter. These changes have clear impacts on fish feeding and reproduction cycles, potentially affecting the fatty acid (FA) composition of muscle. Despite extensive research into fish FA over recent decades, we know little about intra‐annual changes of fish FA profile and content. We studied intra‐annual changes in the FA profile (mol%) and content (mg g‐1 dry weight) of sexually mature European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) muscle in a large and deep subarctic lake located in northern Fennoscandia. We collected fish, zooplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrate samples during 3 ice‐covered months, including December (during whitefish spawning), and 3 open‐water months. Fish size, age, sex, stomach content and fullness, and gonadosomatic index were also assessed as co‐variates. Whitefish changed diet from benthic macroinvertebrates in winter to zooplankton in summer. Generally, whitefish somatic growth was slow and most energy was used for gonad growth. Zooplankton had higher total content and different profile of FA compared to benthic macroinvertebrates. Increased zooplanktivory in summer was detected with higher α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n‐3) percentage and content as well as increased the ratio of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) of n‐3 and n‐6 family (n‐3/n‐6 ratio) in fish muscle. Whitefish gonadal growth and development occur during the summer growing season and continue until the initiation of spawning in early winter. We found that the content of physiologically crucial PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6) decreased by c. 60% between late summer and the spawning period in early winter. After spawning, total FA content of whitefish muscle increased rapidly, reaching the maximum recorded level in mid‐summer. Intra‐annual changes in whitefish muscle FA profiles and contents were modified both by available diet and reproductive phase; however, reproductive physiology was clearly a stronger driver of the changes in muscle FA composition. Results suggest marked changes in intra‐annual FA composition of fish muscle, an important factor that should be considered in future studies and especially in long term monitoring programs. Future studies are needed to determine whether these inter‐annual FA patterns revealed in this study can be extended to different regions and to e.g. adipose or spring spawning species.

Production effects of feeding extruded soybean meal to early-lactation dairy cows

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate productive and reproductive effects of replacing solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) with extruded soybean meal (ESBM) in a total mixed ration for early-lactation dairy cows. Thirty-four Holstein cows (12 primiparous and 22 multiparous) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 17 cows per treatment. Feeding was ad libitum for 5 to 10% refusals. A fresh-cow diet was fed the first 21 d in milk followed by a lactation diet from 22 to 60 d in milk. Milk and dry matter intake data were collected throughout the experiment, and samples were collected for blood chemistry and amino acid profile, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and enteric methane emission using the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Dry matter intake, milk yield, and feed efficiency were not different between SSBM and ESBM. Energy-corrected milk yield and efficiency were also not different between diets. Diet had no effect on milk composition, except that milk true protein yield was decreased by ESBM. Enteric methane emission, yield, and intensity were not different between SSBM and ESBM. Because of its greater fat content, ESBM triggered expected changes in milk fatty acid (FA) profile: decreased sum of C16, saturated, and odd- and branched-chain FA and increased sum of preformed FA, polyunsaturated, and trans FA. The ESBM diet increased or tended to increase some essential amino acids in plasma. In this study, ESBM did not affect dry matter intake and did not improve lactational performance or onset of ovarian function in early-lactation dairy cows, and it decreased milk protein yield, possibly due to greater unsaturated FA intake compared with SSBM.

Ag@SnO2@ZnO core-shell nanocomposites assisted solar-photocatalysis downregulates multidrug resistance in Bacillus sp.: A catalytic approach to impede antibiotic resistance

In the present study, we report the solar-photocatalytic disinfection (SPCD) of a multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterium, Bacillus sp. CBEL-1 using Ag@SnO2@ZnO core-shell nanocomposites (NCs) as catalyst. Complete disinfection was observed within 210 min with a catalyst concentration of 500 mg/L when subjected to NCs mediated PCD under solar irradiation. H2O2 was found to be the key reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in SPCD of targeted bacteria. Increase in production of 4-HNE along with change in fatty acid profile of bacteria after SPCD induced oxidative stress indicates the compromisation of bacterial cell membrane. Irreversible change in antibiotic resistance profile of the target bacteria was notice after SPCD, without recovery even after 96 h post disinfection experiments. Traditional disinfectants and UV-250 nm were found to have marginal impact on the resistance profile of the bacteria compared to that of SPCD. Disinfection achieved using the NCs were also validated for real water samples.

Overcoming the Trans Fat Problem in Thailand

ABSTRACTBackgroundOwing to the clear impact of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on cardiovascular disease, Thailand urgently needs to evaluate the problem and formulate appropriate policies in order to protect the health of its own people and to benefit exportation. Since 9 January, 2019, Thailand's FDA has not allowed the use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) in foods.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the situation and potential health risk from TFAs in foods available in Thailand, changes in fatty acid profiles upon replacement of PHOs, as well as to propose control measures for TFAs in the country.MethodsA total of 176 food samples representing potential sources of TFAs were analyzed for fatty acid profiles, which were later used to evaluate potential health risk based on Thailand's Food Consumption Survey data and the FAO/WHO Guideline on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (FAO/WHO guideline). Criteria for postmarketing monitoring of TFAs in food products were also proposed.ResultsTFAs were naturally highest in butter (5%) but lower than the limit in the FAO/WHO guideline regarding consumption pattern. TFAs in refined cooking oils were 0.4–0.8%, which was below the European Union (EU) legislative limit. Bakery products, i.e., puffs, pies, and deep-fried donuts, that used PHOs contained 3–5% TFAs and were the main sources of TFAs in Thailand. The postmarketing monitoring process should be based on the FAO/WHO guideline and EU legislative limit for TFAs. The PHOs in bakery products could be replaced with blended oils, although saturated fatty acids might increase.ConclusionsThailand's TFA problem was mainly due to the use of PHOs in bakery products. It is feasible to replace PHOs with blended oils. The international TFA limits should be used for the postmarketing monitoring of TFAs in foods on the market.

Dietary n-6/n-3 FA Ratio, but Not Total Content of n-3 PUFA, Regulates Diet-induced Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Dysfunction (OR19-01-19)

ObjectivesConsumption of n-3 fatty acids (FA) decreases the risk for chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, and promotes thermogenic energy expenditure. There is a growing concern that dietary n-6 FA undermines the availability of n-3 FA suggesting that dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio is a better determinant to predict metabolic outcomes than the total content of n-3 FA. This study aimed to test whether lowering the n-6/n-3 ratio in the solid fat would be effective in ameliorating the saturated fat-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. MethodsThe obesity-prone C57BL/6 mice (n = 8/group) were randomly assigned to any of three isocaloric diets that contain 45% of solid fat from either conventional butter (n-6/n-3 ratio = 6), n-3 FA-enriched butter (n3Butter, n-6/n-3 ratio = 1) or margarine (n-6/n-3 ratio = 6), and fed for 10 weeks in comparison with chow-fed control mice. The changes in FA profile in erythrocytes were quantified by GC-MS, and lipoprotein composition in plasma were determined biweekly. The changes in body composition were determined by NMR minispec. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance test and HOMA-IR score. To determine the thermogenic potential, core-body temperature and heat release by IR camera were measured upon acute cold exposure (4°C). The brown-specific signature gene and protein profiles were determined upon cold for two days. ResultsDespite the similar n-3 FA content, n3Butter significantly increased the de novosynthesis of EPA (> 5-fold) and decreased arachidonic acid than margarine. Importantly, intracellular n-6/n-3 ratio in the liver, muscle, and white/brown adipose tissue were mirrored by dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio. As a metabolic consequences, n3Butter intake substantially decreased 1) total and LDL-cholesterol levels, 2) visceral adiposity and adipose inflammation, and 3) glucose and insulin resistance compared to conventional butter or margarine. Notably, n3Butter intake showed higher thermogenic energy expenditure and brown/beige fat activation than isocaloric conventional butter or margarine. ConclusionsFortification and/or enrichment of n-3 FA in dairy products may be an alternative strategy to attenuate the obesity and metabolic complications mediated by chronic use of saturated fat. Funding SourcesUSDA HATCH.NIH NIGMS P20 COBRESunseo Omega Inc.