Changes In Energy Reserves Research Articles

Effects of day-length and food availability on food caching, mass and fat reserves in black-capped chickadees ( Poecile atricapillus)

Many animals seasonally change energy stores such as food caches and fat deposits. Two factors that potentially influence energy stores are changes in day-length and food availability. We investigated food storing and fat levels in black-capped chickadees to determine how they are affected by changes in duration of light period and duration of food availability. Because previous studies have confounded the effects of photoperiod and the effects of duration of access to food we manipulated these variables independently. Birds were exposed to either long days (15 h light with 15 h of food availability), long day light exposure with short day food availability (15 h light, 9 h food), or short days (9 h light, 9 h food). We measured mass, body fat and the number of sunflower seeds stored in 1-h test sessions for 2 weeks prior and 3 weeks following this manipulation. Neither photoperiod nor food availability had an effect on food storing behavior. Fat and body mass transiently increased in both groups exposed to short duration of food availability, regardless of photoperiod, but did not increase in birds exposed to long days with long duration food availability. These results indicate that duration of time to feed may affect seasonal changes in energy reserves in addition to any effects of photoperiod.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is a mathematical model that estimates cattle requirements and nutrient supply based on animal, environmental, and feed compositional information in diverse production situations. Predicted animal requirements account for different physiological states (lactation, pregnancy, and growth), body reserves and environmental effects. The CNCPS uses feed carbohydrate and protein degradation and passage rates to predict extent of ruminal fermentation, microbial protein production, post-ruminal absorption, and total supply of metabolizable energy and protein to the animal. The CNCPS has been used successfully on beef and dairy cattle farms to evaluate and formulate rations. In an evaluation with individually fed growing cattle, the CNCPS accounted for 89% of the variation in ADG with a 7.4% underprediction bias. When the CNCPS was evaluated with data from individual dairy cows where the appropriate inputs were measured and changes in energy reserves were accounted for, the CNCPS accounted for 90% of the variation in actual milk production of individual cows with a 1.3% bias. The model accounted for 76% of the variation in individual cow milk production with an 8% underprediction bias when energy was first limiting in high producing cows, and accounted for 84% of the variation with a 1.1% overprediction bias when protein was first limiting.

Temporal variation of energy reserves in mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie

Summary1. We analysed changes in energy reserves (lipid and glycogen) and length–weight relationships of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in 1997–99 to compare an established population in Lake St Clair with a recovering population in western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. In addition, we measured changes in water temperature and potential food in both water columns and sediments.2. Although overall mean values of lipid and glycogen levels of Hexagenia nymphs from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie were not significantly different, there were differences in seasonal patterns between the two lakes. In Lake St Clair, levels were highest in early spring, declined throughout the year, and reached their lowest levels in fall during all 3 years of study. In contrast, levels in western Lake Erie were lower in spring, increased to a maximum in summer, then declined in fall. Seasonal patterns in length–weight relationships were similar to those for lipid and glycogen.3. Total lipid as a percentage of dry weight did not increase with developmental stage of nymphs until just prior to metamorphosis and emergence from water. However, the major reserve lipid, triacylglycerols, increased systematically with development stage. In the final stage of development, triacylglycerols declined, probably as a result of energy consumption and its conversion to other biochemical components for metamorphosis and reproduction.4. Indicators of potential food (algal fluorescence in the water column and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/phaeophytin ratio in sediments) suggest that Hexagenia in Lake St Clair have a food source that is benthic based, especially in early spring, whereas in western Lake Erie nymphs have a food source that is water column based and settles to the lake bottom during late spring and summer.

Determining the body condition of short-tailed shearwaters: implications for migratory flight ranges and starvation events

Short-tailed shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris migrate annually from breeding areas in southeast Australia and Tasmania to the Bering Sea to feed on abundant prey aggregations, mainly euphausiids. Occasionally thousands of shearwaters die of starvation en route, within, or on return from the Bering Sea. Collection of live and dead shearwaters in the southeastern Bering Sea in 1997, 1998, and 1999 allowed us to measure seasonal changes in energy reserves during a major mortality event. As birds lost body mass, lipid mass initially decreased faster than that of pectoralis muscle, but loss of pectoralis mass increased markedly at a body mass around 500 g when lipids were almost depleted (~33 g remaining). Death occurred as body mass approached 426 g. Individuals near this body mass had lipid values permitting estimated flight ranges of 140 to 400 km, a range less than that potentially covered in 1 d by shearwaters searching for prey (440 to 1124 km d -1 ). Seasonal differ- ences in body composition were most striking among body and bone marrow lipid contents, with the lowest values occurring during the die-off in fall 1997 and in fall 1998. The lack of shearwater mor- tality in fall 1998 may have resulted from more consistent winds that decreased flight costs and from greater availability of alternative fish prey. Our data allow estimates of usable energy stores and flight ranges based on lipid reserves in short-tailed shearwaters. Estimated flight ranges suggest that if feeding conditions are poor near Japan or near other termination points of the transequatorial migration routes shearwaters may have few reserves available to support foraging for food and star- vation events may occur. Our findings suggest how their energetic strategies and migration are shaped by seasonal and annual variability of prey during transglobal movements of short-tailed shearwaters between oceanic regions.

Energetic cost of sustained swimming in the late pelagic stages of reef fishes

The late pelaglc stages of reef f~shes are capable of swimming substant~al distances w h ~ c h may sign~flcantly mod~fy their dispersal The energetic cost of this swlmming, at 13 5 cm S' , was measured for the late pelagic stages (mean total length ranging from 10.8 to 22.4 mm) of 9 specles from 4 reef fish familles (Pomacentridae, Pomacanthldae, Chaetodontldae and Lethnnidae] Of the potentlal sources of energy (lipld, carbohydrate and protein), all were utilised, but lipid appeared to be the most energetically important across the specles. Llp~d levels decreased s~gniflcantly In 5 of the 9 specles. The decrease and the relatlve percentage of energy lost In the form of h p ~ d was greater than for carbohydl-ate and proteln The pattern of enel-gy utilisation v a r ~ e d among specles. The greatest decrease in energy stores was seen In the heaviest species, i vh~ch swam for the longest du ra t~on (the chactodontids and I(>thrin~d), showlng up to 72'LL8 decrease in 11p1d. 66% decrease* in carbohydrate and 39% decrease in proti'ln The lighter specles, which swam for shorter time perlods (the pomacentrids and the pomacanth~d) , showed cornparatlvely 11ttle change In energy reserves after sw~mming . lnltial levels of energy reserves correlated \vith d~s t ance surllm and were greatest In the heavier specles

Patterns of growth and triacylglycerol content in snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (Brachyura: Majidae) zoeal stages reared in the laboratory

Snow carb Chionoecetes opilio zoea I and zoea II larvae, hatched from females in a controlled mating experiment, were reared in the laboratory at 10.1 °C and 28.0‰ salinity, to resolve the patterns of growth (dry weight [DW]) and change in energy reserves (triacylglycerols [TAG]) within a given moult cycle. The patterns of growth and change in TAG reserves were similar in each zoeal stage. Following hatching or a moult, the zoeae entered a phase of rapid size increase, i.e. high daily growth rates (5.5 to 12.8% DWd-1), for 1/3 to 2/5 of the duration of the moult cycle. During the same period, the zoeae accumulated TAG reserves until a maximum (TAG DW-1) was reached at the end of the phase of rapid growth. The period of high growth rates and of TAG accumulation is interpreted as the required time for the zoeae to reach a point in development [i.e. point of reserves saturation (PRS); Anger and Dawirs (1981)] where sufficient growth and energy reserves allow moulting to the next stage. Following the phase of rapid growth and TAG accumulation, the zoeae entered a phase of low daily growth rates (0 to 1% DWd-1) during which the TAG reserves decreased to a minimum at the end of the phase. Prior to, and during the moult to zoea II, a phase of negative growth was observed in the zoea I larvae. We conclude that measurement of zoeal size and TAG content, along with morphometric criteria (e.g. epidermal retraction), can be used to assess growth and nutritional condition of C. opilio zoeal stages from the sea.

Effects of sublethal exposure to lead on levels of energetic compounds in Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852)

Lead is neither essential nor beneficial to living organisms; all existing data show that its metabolic effects are adverse. Lead is toxic to all phyla of aquatic biota. Most of the lead discharged into surface water is rapidly incorporated into suspended and bottom sediments. The American red crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, lives in a wide range of environmental conditions that include highly polluted waters. Lead present in take sediments can be available to aquatic animals such as P. clarkii because it is a detritivor and burrow into the sediment. In fact, we found remarkable levels of lead in tissues of P. clarkii caught in Albufera Lake and kept 15 days in clean water (e. g. 223 [mu]g/g dry weight in gills). Furthermore, P. clarkii has a high capacity for lead accumulation from water, and gills were the most important tissue of lead accumulation. Among effects that contaminants have on the physiology of the organisms, energetic state variables are important, since they will alter both survival and reproduction. Hepatopancreas is a major site for the energetic reserve in crayfish and is a site of lead accumulation, although metal concentration in this organ is not as high as gills. The purpose of thismore » study was to examine changes in energy reserves in hepatopancreas and gills of the crayfish P. clarkii, in response to sublethal exposure to lead. Gills are directly exposed to contaminants in the environment, and they are the first organ showing alterations by the action of the contaminants. Hepatopancreas was also chosen due to both, its relevance in the energetic metabolism and its role in heavy metal detoxification mechanisms.« less

Biochemical evidence for absence of feeding in puerulus larvae of the Western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus (Decapoda: Palinuridae)

Changes in energy-reserves during the transition from phyllosoma through peurulus to juvenile in the Western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus (George, 1962) were studied by means of carbon: nitrogen analysis. Specimens were collected by means of plankton nets and puerulus collectors along the Western Australian coastline between July 1992 and January 1993. Reserves are accumulated during the last phyllosoma stage and are consumed during the puerulus stage. These observations support the hypothesis that the puerulus is a non-feeding stage. Based on basal metabolic rate and observed changes in reserves, the natant puerulus stage is calculated to last a maximum of ∼21.6d. When the estimated cost of swimming is taken into account, the duration is reduced to perhaps a week. The latter time-span corre-sponds with field observations that both abundance of planktonic pueruli in oceanic waters and inshore settlement of pueruli peak in the week around new moon. At 18°C, the puerulus metamorphoses to the first juvenile stage within 12.8 d after settlement; at 23°C this is reduced to ∼8.3 d. After settlement, puerulus larvae have an energetic advantage at elevated temperatures; the increased cost of metabolism is compensated by an accelerated development. The natant puerulus, however, appears to be slightly disadvantaged energetically at elevated temperatures; both C:N ratio and ash-free dry weight of pueruli just after settlement show a decreasing trend as the water temperature increases. The effect of water temperature and the distance from the edge of the continental shelf to the shore on consumption of energy reserves might provide a mechanism to partially explain temporal and spatial patterns in puerulus settlement.

Influence of Tadpole Movement on Predation by Odonate Naiads

, N. U. BHUTTEWADKAR, AND C. R. HIREMATH. 1990. Onset of breeding season in some anuran amphibians of Dharwad, Karnataka. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society 87:156-157. KURIAN, T., AND S. K. SAIDAPUR. 1983. Frequency distribution of cell numbers in the spermatocysts during the annual testicular cycle in the Indian frog Rana tigrina. J. Herpetol. 17:315-319. LOFTS, B. 1984. Reproductive cycles of vertebratesamphibians. In G. E. Lemming (ed.), Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction, pp. 127-205. Churchill Livingstone, London. MIZELL, S. 1965. Seasonal changes in energy reserves in the common frog Rana pipiens. Cell Physiol. 66: 251-258.

Optical‐digital measurements of energy reserves in Calanoid copepods: Intersegmental distribution and seasonal patterns

We present a simple optical‐digital method to measure visible energy reserves in calanoid copepods. Seasonal patterns (spring‐fall) of triacylglycerol energy reserves in Diaptomus sicilis were determined in a hypereutrophic and in a saline prairie lake. In addition to optical measurement of energy reserves, two well‐established chemical techniques (microgravimetric and Iatroscan TLC‐FID analyses) were used over the same period. Seasonal patterns of visible energy reserves measured by the optical method were positively correlated with both the Iatroscan measurements of triacylglycerol (Pearson’s r was between 0.72 and 0.87, P < 0.005) and the microgravimetric measurements of total lipid (r was between 0.73 and 0.88, P < 0.005). Thus, the optical method can be used to investigate seasonal changes in energy reserves in calanoid copepods but at a substantially lower cost (equipment, handling time) than chemical‐based methods. Moreover, the optical method offers increased resolution because energy reserves can be measured for each animal so that individual feeding success can be assessed, provides data on the partitioning of lipids in various body regions, and is nondestructive because anesthetized animals can be measured and returned to culture. Patterns of storage lipid reabsorption within discrete body regions may predict starvation risk in culture and in natural populations of copepods.

Seasonal changes in energy reserves in the common frog, Rana tigrina.

Liver glycogen and lipid, ovarian glycogen, and lipid index were used as criteria to elucidate energy changes associated with reproduction and biphasic pattern of dormancy (summer and winter) in the female forg, Rana tigrina. Liver glycogen showed 2 peaks; the ovarian glycogen showed reciprocal relationship with that of liver. The liver lipid and glycogen showed parallel trend.

Change in energy reserves in different segments of the nephron during brief ischemia

Rat kidneys were made ischemic for 5 to 120 seconds. Segments of individual nephrons were dissected from freeze dried sections and analyzed for ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate and creatine kinase. ATP fell most rapidly in proximal convoluted and straight tubules (PCT, PST) and distal convoluted tubules (DCT), and most slowly in glomerulus and papilla. Phosphocreatine levels ranged fivefold and was highest in DCT, where it approached that of brain. Creatine kinase ranged 100-fold with lowest level in PCT, where the ischemic fall in phosphocreatine was so slow as to suggest a function other than that of an energy reserve. Glycogen varied tenfold from modest levels in distal segments to very low levels in PST, and was not used rapidly in any segment. Glucose consumption and lactate production were most rapid in distal portions. High-energy phosphate consumption for the first 7.5 seconds of ischemia, calculated from these data, indicates roughly-equal energy metabolism in proximal and distal segments, with lower levels in papilla, and especially in glomerulus. The absolute values suggest that the in vivo metabolic rate of the nephron continued almost unabated for 5 or 10 seconds of ischemia.

Quantitative seasonal changes in the protein, lipid and energy content of the carcass, ovaries and liver of adult female plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.

A detailed study was made of the seasonal changes in energy reserves in adult female plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. The weights of lipid, protein, glycogen and ash in the carcass, liver and ovaries were measured in females approximately 35 cm long on ten occasions during one year. These data were converted to data for a‘real’growing female by using a growth curve to take account of increasing length during the year. Growth of the whole body and of the body components was assumed to be isometric.Plaice show a marked seasonal cycle of body weight and energy content. A six year old female plaice of 330 g, 32.6 cm long and with an energy content of 406 kcal in May, assimilates 560 kcal before December when it ceases to feed. Of this, 234 kcal is used to produce eggs, 159 kcal is used for metabolism during starvation, and the remainder 167 kcal, is used in growth. There is an increase in length to 35.9 cm and in weight to 462 g over the year. From December until March, when plaice do not feed but grow large ovaries, 40% of the protein in the body is utilised, 33% is devoted to egg production and 7% is metabolised to provide energy; 64% of the lipid is used, only 14% being used for egg production but 50% is metabolised for energy. Lipid supplies 75% of the energy for metabolism and so forms the major reserve; 42% of the energy assimilated during the year is devoted to reproduction. The main source of lipid and protein reserves is the carcass.

The effect of audiogenic seizures on regional CNS energy reserves, glycolysis and citric acid cycle flux.

AbstractSelected energy reserves, glycolytic intermediates and citric acid cycle intermediates were measured in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord of susceptible mice during audiogenic seizures. Changes in energy reserves (ATP, phosphocreatine and glucose) differed strikingly in extent and temporal pattern from region to region. The audiogenic seizure produced a transient, large decrease in thalamic energy reserves during the early, pretonic phase of the seizure. Less extensive decreases were observed in brain stem and spinal cord; but in these latter regions the changes persisted throughout the pretonic and tonic phases of the seizures. In cerebellum there was a biphasic decrease in energy reserves; a small decrease was observed immediately after the sound stimulus and a second much greater decrease was observed during the tonic phase of the seizure. No change in energy reserves was observed in cerebral cortex. Changes in glycolytic intermediates (glucose 6‐phosphate, fructose diphosphate, pyruvate and lactate) also varied from region to region in response to the decreases in energy reserves. In contrast, changes in the two citric acid cycle intermediates, α‐oxoglutarate and malate, were essentially the same in all regions studied. α‐Oxoglutarate decreased during the tonic phase of the seizure and rose during recovery. Malate remained at control levels throughout the seizure and then slowly increased.These findings are interpreted as indicating regional variations in nueronal activity during audiogenic seizures. During the period when clinical seizure activity is apparent neuronal activity increases in the subcortical regions. This is reflected by an increase in energy utilization and an increase in glycolytic flux in these areas. However, a concomitant increase in citric acid cycle flux does not seem to occur during this period. Citric acid cycle flux does appear to increase after the seizure is over.

Changes in energy reserves during flight of the desert locust, schistocerca gregaria

1. 1. Amounts of glycogen and glucose in locust haemolymph and fat body increase during the first 15 min of flight but later fall to below the resting values. 2. 2. Amounts of trehalose in haemolymph and glycogen in gut wall decline throughout flight. 3. 3. Variations in the concentrations of free amino acids in haemolymph are reported. 4. 4. The concentration of lipid in the haemolymph increases to about three times the resting level during the first hour of flight. Concurrently, the proportion of lipid oxidized increases to reach a plateau about 50 min after the beginning of flight. 5. 5. Mechanisms for the overall control of fuel utilization in the locust are discussed.

Seasonal changes in energy reserves in the common frog, Rana pipiens.

AbstractSeasonal changes in blood glucose content, liver glycogen conten, and fat body weight have been studied in Rana pipiens. Over a 12‐month period frogs were maintained at room temperature in tap water for a minimum of 14 days before observations were made. The frogs were not fed while in the laboratory. Blood glucose content was high in the summer (June through August) and fall (September through August) and fall (September through November) and low in the winter (December through February) and spring (March through May). The value for summer (60 mgm per 100 cm3 blood) was not signficantly different from the blood glucose level in the fall (60 mgm %). However, the blood glucose content in the winter (52 mgm % ) and the spring (49 mgm % ) were significantly different from each other and from the summer and fall. Liver glycogen content was high in the fall (1.16 gm/100 gm body weight). This decreased through the winter (0.85 gm/100 gm body weight) and spring (0.50 gm/100gm body weigh) until the annual low was reached in the summer (0.27 gm/100 gm body weight). All seasons were significantly diferent from each other when tested statistically. Fat body weights also exhibited a seasonal variation. All seasons were significantly different from each other. The high was in the summer (203.3 mgm/100 gm body weight). Fat body weights then decreased to 87.1 mgm/100 body weight in the fall, 32.7 mgm/100 gm body weight in the winter, and 25.1 mgm/100 gm body weight in the spring. These data are important when studying metabolic changes in this common laboratory animal.

Seasonal variation in gastric hydrochloric acid production in Rana pipiens.

ArticleSeasonal Variation in Gastric Hydrochloric Acid Production in Rana PipiensSherwin MizellSherwin MizellFrom the Department of Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisPublished Online:28 Feb 1955https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.180.3.650This article has been correctedMoreSectionsPDF (738 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Related ArticlesSeasonal Variation in Gastric Hydrochloric Acid Production in Rana Pipiens 30 Nov 1955American Journal of Physiology-Legacy ContentCited ByEffects of a continental climate on the prevalence and severity of acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleedingClimate Research, Vol. 73, No. 3Influencia de los factores climáticos en la incidencia de hemorragia digestiva altaGastroenterología y Hepatología, Vol. 28, No. 9Influence of climatic factors in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleedingJournal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 16, No. 6Seasonal changes in symptomatic duodenal ulcer activity in Taiwan: a comparison between subjects with and without haemorrhage5 January 2002 | Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 244, No. 5Seasonality in the Prevalence of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal BleedingJournal of Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 25, No. 4Monthly variation in frequency of active duodenal ulcer and maximal acid outputJournal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vol. 3, No. 5Long-term starvation in Xenopus laevis daudin—I. Effects on general metabolismComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 89, No. 4Monthly fluctuations of active duodenal ulcersDigestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 11Seasonal fluctuations of pancreatic activities and cyclic nucleotide levels in the frog Rana esculentaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 71, No. 2Seasonal variation in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity of bullfrog, Rana catesbeianaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 51, No. 3Cyclic changes in liver and muscle glycogen tissue lipid and blood glucose in a naturally occurring population of Rana catesbeianaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 50, No. 4Short period rhythms of liver glycogen contentComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 39, No. 2Seasonal changes in the lipids of the liver of the frog,Rana tigrina1 December 1968 | Experientia, Vol. 24, No. 12Seasonal changes in energy reserves in the common frog,Rana pipiensJournal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 66, No. 2Geographical and environmental aspect of peptic ulcerThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 29, No. 5 More from this issue > Volume 180Issue 3February 1955Pages 650-654 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1955 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.180.3.650PubMed14376555History Received 19 August 1954 Published online 28 February 1955 Published in print 28 February 1955 Metrics