Changing Employment Patterns Research Articles

Challenging uneven development: an urban agenda for the 1990s

The editors and contributors to this volume are not willing to accept what is known as uneven development, where some cities win and some lose. They look at two practical consequences of urban growth: the change in residence patterns as neighborhoods gentrify, and the change in employment patterns, as factory workers lose jobs and white-collar workers gain jobs. The editors' goal is to highlight the alternatives to uneven development and to the growth ideology. They outline and advocate specific policies, including affordable housing, changes in taxation, and direct community participation in planning and zoning decisions. Challenging Uneven Development begins with a rousing discussion of the pervasiveness of the community redevelopment ideology. The growth machine defines the language of the debate. The next group of chapters examine residence patterns--how communities have organized to fight gentrification, why residential integration is essential for good planning as well as morality, and what strategies can be used to achieve racial diversity. Another chapter emphasizes the role of lenders in regulating the flow of credit within communities. Disinvestment by credit providers causes decline, and opens the way for gentrification, which displaces local residents. The impact of taxes in stimulating the growth machine is also explained. Later chapters move beyond gentrification issues to examine other problems of economic restructuring. They look at how blacks, Latinos, and women have been affected by the growth of service sector jobs. The final chapter serves as a strategic guide to those who wish to establish a progressive agenda for community-based economic development. The authors call for social change, not unimaginative reform.The contributors to this volume are leaders or researchers from community organizations, civic groups, government agencies, and universities. In addition to the editors, they are Mel King, Teresa Cordova, Daniel Lauber, Jena Pogge, David Flax-Hatch, Arthur Lyons, Wendy Wintermute, Charles Hicklin, Jeffrey D. Reckinger, David Mosena, Charlotte Chun, Raymndo Flores, Luther Snow, Deborah Bennett, John Betancur, and Patricia Wright. They have presented state-of-the-art progressive policy solutions for urban problems.

Patterns of manufacturing employment change within multinational enterprises 1977–1981

The extent of job loss has ensured a high level of interest in the corporate strategies of large firms in the UK. This study examines the employment record of a sample of leading UK-based multinational enterprises over the period 1977–81. In contrast with multinational enterprises from other nations, the UK companies were unique in combining significant domestic employment reduction with considerable overseas employment creation. While the pattern of employment change did not support the hypothesis of a direct substitutability of overseas for domestic production and employment it was consistent with a decline in the locational advantage of the UK.

Occupational Therapy in Australia: A Changing Profession and Changing Attitudes

This article reports the main findings of the Victorian Occupational Therapy Labour-Force Survey in 1986, and compares them where possible with data obtained in a national survey conducted four years earlier by Lansbury.1 Recent socioeconomic changes in Victoria have led to a considerable growth in demand for occupational therapists. The main reserve labour force consists of women caring for dependent children, many of whom would welcome the opportunity to return to work if their needs for flexible hours and on-site child care were catered for. Whilst the changes in patterns of employment and career attitudes could be interpreted as indicators of a decrease in labour-force problems, the profession's continued acceptance of traditional working conditions suggests that problems may be perpetuated rather than alleviated.

A Flexible Future in Europe?: Changing Patterns of Employment in the United Kingdom

It is widely recognised that the 1980s have seen significant changes in patterns of employment in the UK, including major shifts in the industrial and occupational structure, and important developments in the labour market and the conditions and social relations of employment. What might prove more contentious is establishing which changes are the really significant ones and why they have occurred. Should attention be focused on the massive increase in unemployment in the first half of the decade, or on the 'de-regulation' of the labour market and the growth of flexibility (Department of Employment 1985: 18-21)? Have we been living in a period when relatively long term secular trends, such as the decline of employment in manufacturing, have culminated in a 'post-industrial society', or has it been the specific acts and/or failures to act by government which have been the most important influence? Will the l990s see a continuation of the trends of recent years, or will the 1 980s come to be seen as a temporary interruption to developments which characterised earlier decades? The aim of this paper is to consider the available evidence relating to changing patterns and-conditions of employment so as to to try to disentangle some of the longer term underlying trends from the more contingent and historically specific; and to show to what extent each has played its part in creating the labour force with which we enter the l990s, with its particular occupational and industrial structure. The discussion will be divided into two main parts: firstly, an account of the changing size and composition of the economically active population of the UK, the distribution of those in employment by sector, industry and occupation, the level of unemployment and the characteristics of the unemployed. This will be primarily descriptive, though so far as possible it will identify the most important influences on the changes which have taken place. Secondly, we shall consider the somewhat more contentious issues regarding the changing nature of employment relations the nature of the labour market, the conditions of

The development of a classification of travel-to-work areas

Section headings: Abstract. Introduction. Methodology. Results. Synthesis of A Priori and Cluster Analysis Classification of TTWAs. Policy Perspectives. Using the Classification of TTWAs in an Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Employment Change, 1981-84. Summary. Appendices. Bibliography.

Older Workers: Can They be Motivated to Seek Employment in the Hospitality Industry a Preliminary Report

Changes in retirement policies over the past 30-45 years have significantly influenced changes in employment patterns in the United States. These changes have made early retirement very attractive for many employees, and it is now an accepted practice for workers to retire in their 60s or even while still in their 50s. However, the changing labor force demographic pattern is making it increasingly undesirable for persons to leave the work place early. If the current demographic projections are correct and the current economic development trends continue, it may be necessary for firms to consider revising today's retirement policies if there are going to be enough workers to meet the projected employment demands.Recently there has been considerable interest in older persons as a new labor resource. Interest has generally been directed toward recruitment of older persons back into the labor force after they have left it for retirement. However, once persons leave the work force, it is generally difficult to...

Industrial Development Policy and the Restructuring of the Northern Ireland Economy

There can be little doubt that Northern Ireland has experienced, and continues to experience, severe economic and social disadvantages within the United Kingdom context. These are manifested most noticeably in high and persistent levels of unemployment. In this paper the nature of the regional problems in Northern Ireland is outlined, and the development and implementation of an industrial development policy designed to strengthen and diversify the industrial base of the region is summarised. There is then an examination of the contribution of the industrial development (ID) programme to employment change in Northern Ireland since 1945. Particular attention is given to the employment performance of various age cohorts of project openings and to the impact of country of ownership and industrial structure on the pattern of employment change. The impact of the ID programme on, and implications for, the region's growth performance are then drawn out, and the paper concludes with some suggestions for the development of ID policies in the 1980s.

The Changing Bedouin.

Economic change among pastoral nomads in the Middle East / Emanuel Marx -- Th desert frontier in Judea / Avshalom Shmueli -- The Islamization of the Bedou family in the Judean desert ... / Aharon Layish -- Blood revenge in Bedouin society / Joseph Ginat -- The exercise of power by Bedouin women in the Nege Gillian Lewando-Hundt -- Changes in employment and social accommodations of Bedouin settling in an Israeli town / Gideon M. Kressel -- Arab al-Hjeraat Rohn Eloul -- Changing employment patterns of Bedouin in South Sinai / Emanu Marx.

Instrumental versus Disciplinary Curricula: A Comparative Perspective

Changing employment patterns and austerity affect cultural and curricular content in an educational system. Considering Thorstein Veblen's dictum that ... higher learning takes its character from the manner of life enforced on the groups by the circumstances in which it is placed this paper looks briefly at Europe and the USA and narrates both the conceptual and the statistical aspects of the shift. The general position was perhaps best enunciated for the USA in the Newman Report on higher education [1] from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. It puts forth skills and as the ends of college education, i.e. the direct products of cognitive investment, whereas the process products of a college education emerge as the most important outcomes in a slightly later study [2] by Talcott Parsons and Gerald Platt, who held that graduate training and research are the core of the university where the commitment to cognitive rationality is translated into the canons of the various disciplines. The Newman Report, however, advocated that students be socialized to the world of work and be related to the university as a source of useable knowledge in place of the Parsonian socialization to rational modes of behaviour. For Parsons and Platt, courses should conform to the strict professional standards of academia; for Newman professionalism would be de-emphasized by the introduction of practitioner knowledge from the workplace. Elite institutions on the American scene are still likely to be governed by the demands of disciplinary inquiry. The middle ranks of universities, a central part of the academic revolution [3] portrayed by David Riesman and Christopher Jencks, and previously large gainers of academic, scholarly, research prestige are now dominated by instrumental, as opposed to disciplinary, knowledge and vocationalism. The Newman Report described, predicted and perhaps would have applauded what has happened to the middle-rank American universities, but it did not cause the change. The changing labour market, the austere economy and the cessation of growth in American higher education (demographic change) were the major factors. There has been, then, a general trend away from disciplinary majors in favour of instrumental subjects. This trend is especially noteworthy in view of steady decline in education majors. In the class of 1977, the business majors for the first time surpassed education as the largest category of graduates, comprising one of every six bachelor's degrees. The data in Table I showing change from 1964 to 1977 as a percentage of the total number of higher education students in the USA document this conclusion: 67

(Address on the occasion of the annual dinner of the Royal Society of N.S.W., 21st March, 1984, by the Minister for Science and Technology) Changing employment patterns and truncated development in Australia

(Address on the occasion of the annual dinner of the Royal Society of N.S.W., 21st March, 1984, by the Minister for Science and Technology) Changing employment patterns and truncated development in Australia

Economic Development and Community Social Change

There is growing recognition that economic development in advanced industrial societies involves massive capital migration from one industrial sector to another, from one community to another, and even from one nation to another. Economic development is a continual process of opening new areas, spatially and sectorally, while closing others. Development projects in rural communities provide a timely and valuable laboratory in which to learn how the restructuring of advanced industrial societies affects local social structures. This chapter extracts and reviews what has been learned from studies of communities coping with rural industrialization and natural resource development, especially large-scale projects. Particular attention is given to changes in employment patterns, income, population, agriculture, local businesses, and public sector costs and revenues. The findings reveal an underlying tension between the free movement of capital, on the one hand, and community stability and worker welfare, on the other hand. The authors conclude that local social changesa re integral elements of external processes of economic development. They may be understood by directing attention to the spatial patterns of social, economic, and political inequality and to the mechanisms that generate and sustain unevenness.

Some trends in the evolution of big cities: Studies of the USA and India

The article examines changing patterns in the development of urban areas and the significance of these changes on the industrial and economic growth of a country. The development of urban industrial areas in some countries indicates growing manufacturing power, industrial development and changing employment patterns in which rural inhabitants are gradually transformed into urban inhabitants. In some developing countries however growing urbanisation by population movement to the cities has been brought about by the poor being driven off the land to the relative security of the cities. The author examines such developing patterns of domestic labour redistribution in the USA, processes of changing employment levels in Europe, and compares common and differing elements of such changes as they affect population levels and manufacturing growth in India. (TRRL)

BEC goes for the mature student

In the wake of the successful establishment of the Certificate in Management Studies (CMS) course, the Business Education Council has developed further post‐experience awards to meet the challenge of an accelerating rate of change in employment patterns, the working environment, and business practices and procedures. The two priority areas for the development of post‐experience provision were training for accounting technicians and for people in overseas trade. The first BEC Certificate for Accounting Technicians (CAT) courses started in January 1981, sponsored by TOPS, and the main launch is due to take place in colleges in September this year at the same time as the introduction of the Certificate in Overseas Trade (COT).

Manpower implications of capital investment in Sweden

Sweden has made a rational approach to the manpower problems arising from the modernisation of manufacturing processes as a result of capital investment. The Swedish experience is discussed under the headings of effectiveness of investment, congruence of objectives, changes in patterns of employment, union structure and differentials.

Changing Employment Patterns in New York

Although population, employment and income rose throughout the country during the 1960's, growth in New York was less rapid than in the country at large. Population in the state increased by 8.7 percent in the 1960–70 decade, compared with 10.7 percent in the nation. Per capita incomes also rose during the period but by only 65 percent in the state, compared to 78 percent nationwide; the ways in which New Yorkers were earning a living changed dramatically. Manufacturing employment by place of residence declined by 13.4 percent between 1960 and 1970, but nearly a quarter of all jobs in the state remained in manufacturing. Agriculture and agriculturally related jobs declined; the largest growth areas were trade and services. Outstripping the growth in the nation as a whole, employment in the trade and service sectors accounted for two-thirds of all jobs in New York by 1970.

Changing employment patterns and faculty demographics

AbstractA thorough analysis of the impact of market conditions and instructional policies on faculty composition in the next few decades.

Housing Segregation, Negro Employment and Metropolitan Decentralization: An Alternative Perspective

I. Introduction, 299. — II. Changes in employment patterns, 300. — III. Negro population changes in the urban areas, 304. — IV. A model of decentralization of employment and its impact on the urban negro's employment problem, 304. — V. The regression results, 307. — VI. Conclusions and implications, 309.

Comparability of Estimates of the Industrial Distribution of Employment

SINCE about I950 the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been publishing a monthly series showing the industrial distribution of the employed nonfarm labor force.' In addition to supplying current estimates on nonagricultural employment, the figures have been compiled from I9I9 and yield, therefore, a continuous forty-year series on the changing pattern of the industrial distribution of employment.2 major value of this series is in evaluating current employment trends, serving as an important supplement to the Census Bureau's monthly estimate of aggregate employment. BLS figures can also be used effectively to study the changing industrial pattern of employment.3 BLS estimates have several distinct advantages over the usual statistical series used to evaluate long-run changes in employment patterns. Typically such series rely exclusively upon decennial data, to the exclusion of either monthly or yearly figures on the industrial composition of the work force.4 major weakness in such a dependence stems from the obliteration of cyclical changes in the industrial composition of employment, and what may be only short-run changes can too easily be interpreted as long-run movements.5 For example, decennial data for I930-50 show that there has been a long-run increase in employment in the tertiary industries, and this fits the pattern which Colin Clark and others hypothesize.6 However, yearly data on employment patterns, such as those of the BLS, indicate that there is considerable cyclical movement in the industrial composition of employment, with the result that service occupations rise as a percentage of total employment in recessions or periods of less than full employment. Each of the recent Census years (I930, I940, and I950) had a sizeable portion of unemployment, and it is by no means clear that the long-run trend of the tertiary industries is entirely consistent with the industrial pattern that emerges when decennial data are used. However, it is not the purpose of the present paper to discuss the degree to which decennial data are truly indicative of long-run trends, nor to evaluate the effectiveness of BLS data for estimating short-run movements. present intent is merely to contrast the industrial distribution of employment obtained from BLS data with two distributions derived from the decennial data. More specifically, the distribution derived from BLS figures is compared with two estimates prepared by researchers associated with the National Bureau of Research. First, the Carson-Barger estimates for the labor force7 and, second, John W. Kendrick's more recent employment figures for the industrial distribution 8 are juxtaposed with BLS figures. Both the Carson-Barger and the Ken'Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1950 Edition, Bulletin ioi6 (Washington, 1950), I-5; Measurement of Industrial Employment, Monthly Labor Review, 76 (September 1953), 968-73. 2 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, and Earnings, Annual Supplement (June 1958). 'Ewan Clague, The Shifting Industrial and Composition of the Work Force During the Next Ten Years, Daily Labor Report (Washington, 1958), Thursday, January i6, 1958, Special Supplement, i-II; reprinted in Monthly Labor Review, 8I (July 1958), I676-9I. ' Cf. Simon Kuznets, Quantitative Aspects of the Growth of Nations, III. Industrial Distribution of National Product and Labor Force, Development and Cultural Change, vi (July 1957), 19-32; Colin Clark, Conditions of Progress (3rd ed., New York, 1957); P. Whelpton, Occupational Groups in the United States, I820I920, Journal of the American Statistical Association (September I926), 335-43; and Daniel Carson, Changes in the Industrial Composition of Manpower Since the Civil War, Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. xi (New York, I949), 46-I34. For an instance of such misinterpretation, see George Stigler, Trends in Employment in the Service Industries (Princeton, 1956). 6 Colin Clark, Conditions of Progress (London, 1957) ; and A. G. B. Fisher, Economic Implications of Material Progress, International Labour Review, LVII (July