Changes In Economic Behavior Research Articles

Management Accounting Improvement in Packaged Beverage Entities

Management accounting practices must be embedded and running in a corporate entity or organization. Management accounting can provide actual information that affects the decision-making process of a company manager. One of the implementations is the concept of management in entities in the packaged beverage industry. The process of handling customers must continue to be carried out because the customers have several characteristics, such as loyalty, behavior, habits, and perceptions of a product. At the same time, the company must apply ideas to the company's production activities and be able to analyze the social, economic, and environmental impacts of these activities. So in this study, the production service sector that the author has chosen is packaged beverage industry because, since the COVID-19 pandemic, beverage producer companies have changed their business methods, namely through online ordering applications or package systems. This habit has not changed after the COVID-19 pandemic. Online sales of packaged beverages are still often carried out by the public. There is a change in economic behavior in the community, and it has a direct impact on the business model and product sales of the packaged beverage manufacturer. Based on this background, the authors will conduct research, namely to determine what variables will affect this business so that packaged drinks continue to be favored by the community so as to grow economic potential and job opportunities for the community.

CHANGING THE BEHAVIOR OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The war in Ukraine has led to a change in behavioral patterns of economic agents (population, business entities, civil society organizations, governing bodies), which can be observed in the mobilization of economic agents to accumulate material and human resources in the process of countering the enemy. In this context, there is a need to apply the scientific foundations of behavioral economics to the peculiarities of the conflict and the adaptation of people's behavior to these extreme conditions, as well as their resilience in such circumstances. The purpose of the article is to identify and justify the changes in behavioral patterns of economic agents in the conditions of war in Ukraine. Methods. The research utilizes dialectical analysis, synthesis, logical generalization, as well as comparison and formalization methods. Results. The model of public behavior in times of war is examined through the theoretical principles of behavioral economics, namely the economics of violent conflicts, which is grounded on the monopoly of state violence, the compromise between utility maximization and physical security in decision-making, and changes in the system of individual preferences. The analysis reveals certain similarities in the behavioral reactions of economic agents in times of war and in times of pandemic, which has ensured a certain level of readiness of the public administration system, business, and civil society to the challenges and threats of war. The following changes in economic behavior are emphasized and thoroughly examined: the change in the level of civil society activity and the role of altruism in the economic progress of the state, changes in consumer behavior, and new trends in employment and education.

Ethnic cooperation and conflict in Kenya

There is growing evidence that ethnic divisions and conflict experiences affect social capital and economic interactions in both positive and negative ways. We conduct a set of experiments measuring social capital in Kenya between the two largest ethnic groups, the Luo and Kikuyu, who experienced violence in the 2007 and 2008 post-electoral riots. Our findings indicate trust, coordination, altruism, and cooperation between these groups are not affected by priming people on the ethnic identity of their partners or on the salience of election conflict. Our results suggest electoral violence does not necessarily lead to changes in economic behavior between ethnic groups and that cooperative failure across groups may be easily overstated or might have other mechanisms. These findings are consistent with recent evidence suggesting that experience of electoral violence in Kenya does not correlate with laboratory behavior between the Luo and Kikuyu.

Employment risks under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on changes in economic behaviour

Employment risks under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on changes in economic behaviour

House prices, housing wealth and financial well-being

The causal chain between house price variation and observable changes in economic behavior including consumption requires that individuals perceive the impact of house price movements on their household wealth and recognize the impact on their financial situation. In this paper we establish evidence for the first link in this causal chain by investigating the effect of house price variation on perceived financial well-being using longitudinal information on subjective financial satisfaction. Exploiting substantial variation in local house prices in Australia across time, we find that plausibly exogenous unanticipated increases in local house prices improve the perceived financial well-being of home owners. The impact is strongest for mortgage owners, suggesting a strong collateral effect. We also highlight important asymmetries in the effects of house price shocks on perceived financial well-being associated with both the direction of the house price shock and tenure status. Mortgage owners exhibit more significant changes in their financial well-being in response to positive house price shocks. Furthermore, we highlight a weaker wealth effect for individuals that are liquidity constrained suggesting that these constraints are important for understanding responses to housing wealth shocks.

COVID-19 and impacts on global food systems and household welfare: Introduction to a special issue.

The food system, and those who depend on it, have been strongly but unevenly affected by COVID‐19. Overall, the impacts on food systems, poverty, and nutrition have been caused by a combination of a generalized economic recession and disruptions in agri‐food supply chains. This paper provides an overview of the contributions to this Special Issue of Agricultural Economics. The papers in this volume confirm that both income shocks and supply disruptions have affected food security and livelihoods the most where supply chains were more poorly integrated, and poverty and market informality had greater presence before COVID‐19. Yet, as the pandemic still has societies worldwide in a stranglehold, outcomes remain uncertain and reliable data are still sparsely available. This Special Issue of Agricultural Economics provides new insights of the pandemics impact on food systems, household welfare, and food security, building on both model‐based scenario analysis and new survey data. These methods have proven helpful in providing these insights amidst the unprecedented shock that the pandemic has caused to production systems and livelihoods worldwide. However, they also suffer from obvious limitations identified in this editorial overview paper and require substantial improvement in order to understand the changes in economic behavior and functioning of food supply chains induced by the pandemic.

Which moral hazard? Health care reform under the Affordable Care Act of 2010.

Purpose - Moral hazard is a concept that is central to risk and insurance management. It refers to change in economic behavior when individuals are protected or insured against certain risks and losses whose costs are borne by another party. It asserts that the presence of an insurance contract increases the probability of a claim and the size of a claim. Through the US Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, this study seeks to examine the validity and relevance of moral hazard in health care reform and determine how welfare losses or inefficiencies could be mitigated. Design/methodology/approach - This study is divided into three sections. The first contrasts conventional moral hazard from an emerging or alternative theory. The second analyzes moral hazard in terms of the evolution, organization, management, and marketing of health insurance in the USA. The third explains why and how salient reform measures under the ACA might induce health care consumption and production in ways that could either promote or restrict personal health and safety as well as social welfare maximization. Findings - Insurance generally induces health care (over) consumption. However, not every additional consumption, with or without adverse selection, can be considered wasteful or risky, even if it might cost insurers more in the short run. Moral hazard can generate welfare and equity gains. These gains might vary depending on which ACA provisions, insured population, covered illnesses, treatments, and services, as well as health outcomes are taken into account, and because of the relative ambiguities surrounding definitions of "health." Actuarial risk models can nonetheless benefit from incorporating welfare and equity gains into their basic assumptions and estimations. Originality/value - This is the first study which examines the ACA in the context of the new or alternative theory of moral hazard. It suggests that containing inefficient moral hazard, and encouraging its desirable counterpart, are prime challenges in any health care reform initiative, especially as it adapts to the changing demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the insured population and regulatory landscape of health insurance in the USA.

Werte und Institutionen im Wettbewerb. Wirtschaftspolitik, Moral und Verantwortung unter den Bedingungen des gesellschaftlichen Wandels

Abstract This paper deals with changes in economic behaviour. It demonstrates how economic decision-making is formed by values and institutions, which provide a framework of economic processes. Changes in this framework appear as a result of human creativity and can be influenced by several kinds of policy measures (economic policy, educational policy, social policy). In a liberal society, such measures should aim at providing opportunities to participate in economic and social life for all citizens and at strengthening the link between liberty and responsibility.

Financial Transactions Tax: Panacea, Threat, or Damp Squib?

Attempts to raise a significant percentage of gross domestic product in revenue from a broad-based financial transactions tax are likely to fail both by raising much less revenue than expected and by generating far-reaching changes in economic behavior. Although the side-effects would include a sizable restructuring of financial sector activity, this would not occur in ways corrective of the particular forms of financial overtrading that were most conspicuous in contributing to the crisis.

Total Economic Consequences of Terrorist Attacks: Insights from 9/11

Osama bin Laden has emphasized his intent to ruin the U.S. economy. This paper addresses the reason why the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center fell far short of this goal. It provides estimates of the various types of economic impacts and the factors that affected their relative magnitudes. Special attention is devoted to the resilience of the New York Metro and U.S. economies, how changes in risk perceptions translated into changes in economic behavior, and the impacts of terrorism on economic growth. The analysis is based on a collaborative research effort of eight modeling teams through a research process that included: a common scope and set of basic assumptions and data, and several iterations of comparing and refining simulations and econometric tests. An important conclusion of this paper is that we, rather than the perpetrators, are the major determinant of the consequences of a major terrorist attack. After 9/11, our resilience was high, but so was our fear, both of which had profound effects on the bottom line, though in opposite directions. Government policy in the form of Federal Reserve action and fiscal policy reduced the losses significantly. However, subsequent anti-terrorist initiatives at home and abroad were more costly than the direct damage caused by the attack.

Financial Transactions Tax: Panacea, Threat or Damp Squib?

Attempts to raise a significant percentage of GDP in revenue from a broad-based financial transactions tax are likely to fail both by raising much less revenue than expected and by generating far-reaching changes in economic behaviour. Although the side-effects would include a sizable restructuring of financial sector activity, this would not occur in ways corrective of the particular forms of financial overtrading that were most conspicuous in contributing to the crisis.

How Big Are Total Individual Income Tax Expenditures, and Who Benefits from Them?

Tax expenditures measure the cost of spend? ing programs run through the tax system. In preparing their annual lists, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Congress's Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) define tax expenditures as deviations from the normal individual and corporate income tax bases. OMB has recently also listed tax expenditures measured against consumption tax and compre? hensive income tax bases. Tax expenditures are static, meaning that they assume no change in economic behavior if they are eliminated. Tax expenditure estimates may thus be much larger than revenue estimates for eliminating a par? ticular provision. The measurement of tax expenditures is controversial, mainly because there is no com? monly agreed tax baseline against which to measure departures. In spite of this and other measurement issues, most public finance econo? mists believe that measuring tax expenditures is an important part of good budget management because tax benefits can have the same effect on beneficiaries as direct spending programs, and impose similar opportunity costs in terms of higher taxes, reduced federal spending, and higher deficits. We should assess their effects on the federal budget and on achieving program objectives the same way we assess direct spend? ing programs. Non-business tax expenditures?the focus of this paper?are large relative to the size of the economy and to total tax revenues.1 They rose sharply between 1976 and 1985, from 4.2 to 6.4 percent of GDP. They dropped between 1985 and 1990 as a result of the Tax Reform Act of

How does changing measurement change management behaviour? A review of the evidence

The effect of a change in accounting standards on reporting firms' economic behaviour is often a concern raised by those opposing the accounting change. Some view these changes in behaviour as an inevitable consequence of a rule change. Others are not persuaded by these arguments. Although the empirical evidence of changes in economic behaviour is not extensive, it is consistent with accounting changes resulting in firms changing both operating and financing decisions. The evidence of which economic incentives give rise to these changes is more limited. Changes in economic behaviour appear consistently to be related to the regulatory use of accounting numbers. In addition, some evidence related to incentives created by management compensation and by market discipline has been found. Evidence of the importance of debt covenants in inducing accounting changes is less convincing given limited examination of actual debt contracts and the use of poor proxies of covenant slack. The existing research does little to tell us whether any changes in behaviour are for the better or for the worse.

Do Accounting Changes Affect the Economic Behaviour of Financial Firms?

This study examines whether accounting changes result in changes in the economic behaviour of financial institutions. The results of several papers examining how banks respond to accounting changes that affect their regulatory ratios are consistent with Furfine's (2000) summary that capital regulation, broadly speaking, can significantly influence bank decision-making. These papers do not attempt to disentangle the effects of regulation versus market discipline. This paper examines banks' response to recent changes in accounting for Trust Preferred Securities that effect how these securities are reported in the balance sheet but do not change the calculation of Tier 1 capital. This provides a good setting to examine whether accounting changes induce changes in banks' economic behaviour in the absence of an effect on regulatory capital. I test five hypotheses related to banks' decisions to issue Trust Preferred Stock during the period from 1997 through 2004. Specifically, I examine whether there was an overall decrease in banks' propensity to issue these securities after the accounting change, whether publicly traded banks and those that access the external debt markets were more likely to issue these securities before the accounting change but not after, and whether banks with low regulatory ratios and with high marginal tax rates were more likely to issue these securities both before and after the accounting change. The results suggest that accounting changes can lead to changes in banks' economic behaviour even when the change in accounting does not affect regulatory calculations. This is consistent with bank managers acting as if they are concerned with the markets' response to the numbers reported after the accounting change.

How Does Changing Measurement Change Management Behavior? A Review of the Evidence

The effect of a change in accounting standards on reporting firms' economic behavior is often a concern raised by those opposing the accounting change. Some view these changes in behavior as an inevitable consequence of a rule change. Others are not persuaded by these arguments. Although the empirical evidence of changes in economic behavior is not extensive it is consistent with accounting changes resulting in firms changing both operating and financing decisions. The evidence of which economic incentives give rise to these changes is more limited. Changes in economic behavior appear to consistently be related to the regulatory use of accounting numbers. In addition some evidence related to incentives created by management compensation and by market discipline has been found. Evidence of the importance of debt covenants in inducing accounting changes is less convincing given limited examination of actual debt contracts and the use of poor proxies of covenant slack. The existing research does very little to tell us whether any changes in behavior are for the better or for the worse.

The Effects of Welfare Reform and Related Policies on Single Mothers' Welfare Use and Employment

This paper examines how changes in tax policy, welfare programs, public health insurance, and economic conditions during the 1990s affected welfare use and employment among single mothers. Drawing on panel data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I give new estimates of the effects of specific policy changes and use those estimates to explain changes in economic behavior. The results suggest that Welfare Reform policies, the EITC, and improved economic conditions, in that order, were the primary determinants of changes in welfare use and employment between 1993 and 1999.

The Effects of Welfare Reform and Related Policies on Single Mothers' Welfare Use and Employment in the 1990s

This paper examines how changes in tax policy, welfare programs, public health insurance, and economic conditions during the 1990s affected welfare use and employment among single mothers. Drawing on panel data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I give new estimates of the effects of specific policy changes and use those estimates to explain changes in economic behavior. The results suggest that Welfare Reform policies, the EITC, and improved economic conditions, in that order, were the primary determinants of changes in welfare use and employment between 1993 and 1999.

Changes in Economic Behavior: The Case of Zhuang Farmers in Wuming

Situated in the middle-southern part of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Wuming is a county belonging to the administrative system of Nanning Municipality, the capital city of Guangxi. With the Tropic of Cancer passing through its northern part, the county has a subtropical, monsoon climate. The total area of the county is 3,396 square kilometers. In 1993 its population was 629,700, with the Zhuang people making up 86.28 percent of the total, the Han people 13.2 percent, and the Miao, Yao, and other ethnic groups 0.52 percent.

Ideology and the Czech Transformation: Neoliberal Rhetoric or Neoliberal Reality?

As true liberals, we should start with a very heavy dose of monetarist medicine—with economic policy measures, not with formal institutional reform—because with “easy money” no real changes in economic behavior of any agents can be achieved. Václav Klaus and Tomas Ježek, December 1989

97/03397 Domestic energy conservation

Book description: The new environmental policy agenda for the 1990s will require major changes in economic behaviour: in the generation of power; in transport; and in the exploitation of natural resources. This volume examines the main economic concepts and policy instruments. It introduces the reader to the analytic issues regarding the appropriate role of markets and government and the pragmatic issue of the right policies for particular problems and regions. The first part of the book focuses on international problems, global protecton and the prospects for co-operative agreements. The second part considers the theme of markets, looking specifically at environmental damage, externalities, the role of economic instruments such as permits and the extent to which the environment can be considered a commodity. The final section moves from theoretical questions to actual policy, with chapters on the regulation of pollution, US policy, market-based pollution policy and energy taxes.