Changes In Demographic Structure Research Articles

Demographic changes, technology growth, and retirement policy reform: Implications for U.S. housing dynamics

As the population aging process continues, concerns about how this situation impacts the housing market and social security rise. To address this question, this paper presents a developed and calibrated general equilibrium life-cycle model incorporating two production sectors to analyze the impacts of demographic structure changes and retirement policy reforms on housing price fluctuations and household choices. The model calibrated to the U.S. macroeconomic data between 1968 and 2018 suggests that in an economy with unlimited land supply, the housing supply curve exhibits perfect elasticity, rendering demographic changes insignificant in housing price fluctuations, while technological advancements lead to decreased prices. A 1% growth in productivity in both sectors results in a 2.6% decrease in house prices. Furthermore, a 1% decrease in population and a 5-year early retirement led to significant reductions of 25% and 30% in individual social security payments and 9% and 18% in interest rates, respectively. This suggests that during a recession caused by demographic structural changes, households become more conservative and prioritize precautionary saving strategies, increasing savings and investing more in housing assets. Consistent with empirical findings, during an economic boom, a decline in the capital-output ratio and the real housing price suggests a decrease in savings and housing asset investment. The rise in consumption drives the capital demand of the non-housing sector to increase, stimulating business expansion and labor inflow.

The Influence of Satisfaction on Service Quality and Intention to Recommend Mediated by Patient Loyalty

The purpose of this study is how the role of the Hospital as one of the health service facilities has a very strategic role in efforts to accelerate the improvement of the health of the Indonesian people. This strategic role is owned because the hospital is a technology-intensive health facility. This role is increasingly prominent considering the emergence of changes in disease epidemiology, changes in demographic structure, developments in science and technology, changes in the socio-economic structure of society, and services that are of better quality, friendly and able to meet the needs that demand changes in health service patterns in Indonesia. The analysis method is carried out through explanatory research, with the application of PLS / SEM. The concepts and problems studied look at the causal relationship, then explain the variables that cause the problems studied. The research sample was 384 respondents who had received services at a government tertiary hospital in Batam City. The findings of this study were patient satisfaction with the quality of service had a significant positive effect on patient loyalty. Patient satisfaction with the quality of service had a significant positive effect on the intention to recommend. Patient loyalty had a significant positive effect on the intention to recommend. Patient satisfaction with the quality of service had a significant positive effect on the intention to recommend with the mediation of patient loyalty

Entrepreneurship in the nursing profession

Today, patients' tendency towards self-care has increased compared to the past due to changes in demographic structures, the increasing cost of healthcare, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and the emergence of new illnesses [1]. Additionally, considering demographic shifts, the youthfulness of the nursing generation, and socio-economic and political transformations, the focus on entrepreneurship in nursing has gained special significance [2]. With the expansion of medical science, job opportunities for nurses have increased [3]. Moreover, unemployment and reduced income in nursing have heightened the need for job development within the field [4].

On the Association Between Demographic Structural Change and the Effectiveness of Nurse Staffing Policy for Inpatient Care: Evidence from Taiwan.

This study investigates the influence of demographic changes on the effectiveness of hospital nurse staffing policy, measured by the cumulative response of inpatient care quality to adjustments in hospital nurse staffing levels in Taiwan. The research design utilized in this study aligns with the observational time-series methodology, and a total of 99 monthly time-series observations were collected from multiple databases administered by the Taiwan government over the period from January 2015 to March 2023. Specifically, the time-varying parameter vector autoregressive and autoregressive distributed lag models were employed to investigate the association between age distribution and nurse staffing policy effectiveness. The time-varying impulse responses of the unplanned 14-day readmission rate after discharge to changes in nurse staffing levels indicate a positive association between patient-to-nurse ratios and unplanned 14-day readmission rates across various types of hospitals. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of hospitals' nurse staffing policy is observed to diminish with population aging, particularly evident in medical centers and regional hospitals. Policymakers should establish lower mandated patient-to-nurse ratios, grounded in practical nurse workforce planning, to address the needs of an aging society and enhance inpatient care quality through improved nurse staffing in hospitals.

Econometric analysis of the development of labor potential of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan

The goal is to reveal the basis for the formation of labor potential in agriculture, its condition and role in socio-economic development of rural areas. Consider theoretical foundations of economic and mathematical modeling of dynamics of the formation of human resources in agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - application of methodology for carrying out forecast calculations based on econometric model in the form of a system of joint equations, tracing the connection of labor market with changes in demographic structure of the country's rural population. The study used statistical data series provided by the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An overview of government support measures aimed at increasing labor reserves in rural areas is presented. As a result of scientific research, calculation forecast models were obtained, on the basis of which the values of main statistical indicators characterizing the dynamics of labor activity in rural areas of the republic for the long-term period were determined. Results - ways to overcome negative trends that slow down labor activity and form effective labor potential in rural areas are proposed: ensuring real growth in rural employment in all areas of activity; creation of additional high-performance jobs; improvement of social infrastructure. Conclusions - based on forecast calculations of indicators reflecting the directions of development of human capital in agricultural sector, opportunities for increasing GDP of products (services) of agriculture, forestry and fisheries have been identified. Studying the problems of rural labor economics makes it possible to note imbalances in the supply and demand of qualified specialists. In this regard, there is a need for active labor policy, stimulation of job search, training in professional skills, acquisition of a new profession.

The Effect of Role Conflict and Job Stress on Turnover Intention in Nurses at Hasanuddin Damrah Manna Hospital, South Bengkulu Regency

Increased competitive pressure, accelerated technological change, and changes in demographic structure. Growing awareness and recognition of the increasingly important role of human resources in an organization. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of role conflict and work stress on turnover among nurses at Hasanuddin Damrah Manna Hospital, South Bengkulu Regency. The type of research used is quantitative. The data analysis methods used are multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination test, classical assumptions, and hypothesis testing.The results of multiple linear regression have the equation Y= 27.384-0.439 X1+0.156 X2+2.292 because the direction of the regression is positive, which means that if role conflict and work stress increase, turnover intentions will also increase. Role conflict is more influential than work stress, there is turnover intention because the role conflict regression value is -0.439 which is greater than the work stress regression value. Role conflict has a negative effect on turnover instruction, this is proven by the results of the t test showing t count > t table (-5.903 > 1.976) and a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 meaning Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. Job stress has a positive effect on turnover, this is proven by the results of the t test showing tcount > ttable (3.128 > 1.976) with a significant value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Role conflict and work stress have a joint and significant effect on turnover among nurses at Hasanuddin Damrah Manna Hospital, South Bengkulu Regency, this is proven by the f test which shows the value of Fcount > Ftable (19.697 > 3.91) with a significance value of 0.000.

Research on Replacement Rate from Occupational Pension in China and Influencing Factors

Under the background of the pension system reform in government departments and public institutions, occupational pension is an important supplement to basic endowment insurance, and provides retirement income in the form of a complete accumulation mechanism. By constructing an actuarial cash flow balance model, this study calculates the replacement rate from occupational pension for “new people” who begin to work in government departments and public institutions in 2015 onwards, and analyzes its influencing factors such as retirement age, rate of investment return, contribution rate, wage growth rate, etc. The results reveal that delaying retirement, increasing the rate of return and increasing the rate of contribution have significant positive effects on the growth of the replacement rate. Meanwhile, the increase in wage growth rate has a negative impact on replacement rate. When the influencing factors are the same, the replacement rate of men is about 5% higher than that of women. The main reason is that the average life expectancy of women is longer. The policy suggestions are as follows: appropriately delaying retirement to adapt to the changes in demographic structure; optimizing investment operations to ensure investment return; improving rate of individual contribution flexibly to accelerate the accumulation of funds.

Transformations of Changes in the Labour Market Situation of Young People and Older Adults in Lithuania: A Demographic Approach

The paper assesses labour market integration opportunities for the groups of country’s population that are highly contrasting in social terms, i.e. young people and older adults, and their dependence on demographic changes. Since the beginning of the 21st century up to 2050 in the future, demographic changes have demonstrated and will continue to have an increasing impact on the social and economic development of European countries. In this context, it is particularly appropriate to monitor the demographic prospects and labour market situation of young people and older adults. These marginal social groups of economic activity are the best reflection of the overall labour market prospects of an individual country. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the situation in Lithuania. Transformations of the situation of young people and older adults in the Lithuanian labour market are closely linked to highly dynamic changes in demographic structures. Using a variety of labour market indicators, the paper identifies trends characterising the situation of the target groups at issue, with a particular emphasis on the observed changes in unemployment and employment (economic activity) during crisis periods. The results of the analysis help to highlight weaknesses and strengths of the labour market situation of the target groups. The strengths include the positive dynamism of most of the observed labour market indicators in Lithuania in the long term and the fact that the situation is, in many cases, relatively better than the average for EU countries. The weaknesses in the labour market situation of young people and older adults are related to the relatively higher vulnerability of these social groups during economic downturns; they appear to lose jobs faster and need longer time to find a suitable job during economic recoveries.

Tourism towards healthy lives and well-being for older adults and senior citizens: Tourism Agenda 2030

Turismo hacia una vida sana y el bienestar de las personas mayores: Agenda de turismo 2030ResumenObjetivoEl objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar una revisión exhaustiva de la contribución del turismo al desarrollo de vidas saludables y a la promoción de sentimientos de bienestar para los adultos mayores. Esto se relaciona con el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 3 de la Agenda 2030 de “garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar para todas las personas en todas las edades”.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueEste trabajo se presenta como una revisión conceptual que salvará la brecha de investigación entre el turismo y la demografía y se centrará en los viajes de los turistas mayores que apoyan un estilo de vida saludable y ayudan a desarrollar sentimientos positivos de bienestar.ConclusionesEl envejecimiento de la población y el cambio de la estructura demográfica presentarán tanto posibilidades como dificultades para la economía, los servicios y la sociedad. Es importante desarrollar formas innovadoras para ayudar a las personas a mantenerse activas a medida que envejecen, así como proporcionar medidas para combatir la soledad es primordial. El turismo y los viajes pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la consecución de este ODS.OriginalidadEste estudio proporciona una visión cualitativa de la literatura existente, examinando el papel del turismo desde una perspectiva física, psicológica (o intelectual), social y espiritual que ha demostrado ser importante en la promoción de un estilo de vida saludable, así como en la creación de sentimientos positivos de bienestar para los viajeros mayores. También ofrece direcciones futuras y construye la teoría a través de un modelo holístico de las dimensiones del bienestar. Además, propone futuras prioridades de investigación relacionadas con las personas mayores que están vinculadas a estilos de vida saludables que incluyen experiencias turísticas.

The Influence of Demographic Transition Factors on the Demographic Dividends in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between factors of demographic transition and the demographic dividend in developing countries on the example of Kazakhstan. This literature review made it possible to identify two main factors that indirectly impact economic growth: the working-age population and the labor force. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between these factors, taking into account urban and rural areas. The SPSS program was used to confirm four hypotheses. Where Working Age Total is the dependent variable and Women Working Age Urban Population, Women Working Age Rural Population are independent variables for the first two hypotheses. In the third and fourth hypotheses, Labor Force Total is the dependent variable, and Fertility Rate, Fertility Rate Urban, Fertility Rate Rural, Death Rate, Death Rate Urban, Death Rate Rural are independent variables. Data from the official open source information of the Bureau of National Statistics between 2007-2020 was used. According to the results, three hypotheses were partially accepted, one was rejected. The results showed little effect of changing demographic structure in rural areas on the working-age population, except for mortality rate. The birth rate has a positive impact on the working-age population only in cities. The female population of working age, although predominant in terms of the number, has a negligible effect on the labor force. The results of this study can be used to develop and improve existing programs and strategies for managing demographic factors by the government at various levels and in science.

Genocid nad Bošnjacima i demografske promjene na području Višegrada 1991-2013.

Commission of individual and mass crimes against values protected by international law, including the crime of genocide, was also directed towards changes in ethnic and demographic structures of population. All these are the features of fascistic, great state ideologies and policies. The most severe and most brutal forms of the implementation of the great state projects took place in the territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992-1995. Namely, the great-Serbian genocidal ideology and policy has in continuity for more than two centuries practiced mass crimes against values protected by international law, including the crime of genocide against Bosniacs. Already in 1992, and independent, sovereign and internationally recognised Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was exposed to a brutal armed aggression by the neighbouring Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). The objective of the aggression was fulfilment of several century long great state goal, and/or final completion of the space in which Serbs would dominantly live – the great Serbia. This goal was not possible without execution of grave forms of war crimes, namely in final destruction Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state and society. Impacts of such approach are particularly visible in the aspect of changes in demographic structure of population. Strategically important space for great-Serbian genocidal ideology and policy was and is the space of Bosnian Podrinje. Crime committed against Bosniacs in 1992-1995, including those committed in Višegrad, are essential part of the enforcement of the great-Serbian genocidal plan on making ethnically “clean” territories. According to 1991 census, there were 21,199 residents of Višegrad, of which 13,471 Bosniacs (63.54%) and 6,743 Serbs (31.80%). The Bosniacs of Višegrad were, especially in spring and summer of 1992, subjected to different forms of crimes, including mass murders, setting on fire, incarceration in camps, rapes, and persecution of civilians. Regardless of huge extent of crimes, the genocidal ideology was not given up even after the signing of the Dayton peace agreement. Adapted to peacetime conditions, even today, thirty years since the aggression, different forms of psychological and physical violence against Bosniacs have been used in Višegrad. Frequent attacks and harassment of returnees are followed by, for example line-up of members of the Ravna Gora Chetnic movement, a symbol of crimes against Bosniacs of Podrinje area in the WWII, or celebration of the Day of Russian Volunteers, who took part in the attacks and crimes against Podrinje Bosniacs during the aggression. Open discrimination and dehumanisation of Bosniacs returnees, permanent celebration of crimes and criminals are everyday events. All of this negatively affects continuation of the process of return of Bosniacs to their historic residence. The analysis of the contents of the relevant archives, especially two relevant censuses in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991 and 2013) shall elaborate the demographic changes, which took place in Višegrad in this relevant period. It is the fact that the Bosniacs are today the absolute minority in Višegrad, which is the result of the committed crimes, including the genocide against Bosniacs, which ultimately resulted in the altered ethnic demographic structure of population. Višegrad is also subjected to a fast process of ageing, both due to the reduced number of returnees and due to the emigration of biologically productive population. Even all the other demographic indicators suggest that Višegrad is becoming the town of old people and general societal hopelessness, which shall be also detailed in the paper. This is also one of the ways to fully implement the practice of ethnically clean “Serb” territories. Nowadays, the political leaders of the smaller BiH entity and municipality Višegrad are preoccupied with the policy of denial of Bosniacs identity markers and provision of hopelessness for returnees, which finally brings no good to population in general, regardless of their ethnic background.

초고령사회의 사회운용 패러다임의 전환에 대한 연구

As Korea's aging population progressed rapidly, 40% (Statistics Office) of cities, counties, and districts nationwide already entered a super-aged society. UN standards classify aging society, aging society, and super-aged society when the proportion of people aged 65 or older to the total population is 7%, 14%, and 20%. According to the National Statistical Office's forecast (2020-2070 Future Population Estimation) according to the current trend, the entire country will enter a super-aged society by 2025. As such, aging requires a major shift in the paradigm of social management as a phenomenon that has a great ripple effect on society as a whole. If Korea's population aging progresses slowly over 100 years like other countries in the world, society will gradually adapt and change in line with the changing demographic structure. However, the pace of aging in Korea is unprecedentedly fast. Korea ranks first in the elderly poverty rate and the elderly suicide rate among OECD member countries. The quality of life of the elderly falls short of the OECD average. These phenomena are inevitable results of failure to prepare for a new paradigm shift of population aging. Some experts warn that more problems will emerge in the future as Korea's elderly population is close to 38% in 2050 and is expected to become the world's oldest country. This is a well-known fact that no group, no policy, or specific person can be held accountable. Overall, it is a topic that individuals, groups (businesses, etc.), and countries should constantly think about. Hints were obtained from Japan, which currently lives in a super-aged society, and the contents that previous researchers commonly pay attention to were collected and prioritized. In conclusion, in order to solve the aging problem, the elderly must be the subject of production and consumption. Just as customers are aging, it is necessary to consider an alternative family community due to the improvement of the education system system system and the increase of single-person households for fundamental social system adjustment and change.

Per capita renewable energy consumption in 116 countries: The effects of urbanization, industrialization, GDP, aging, and trade openness

Renewable energy is one of the key clean production pathways to achieve the global energy transition and combat climate change. This research is aimed to investigate the impact of changes in social structure, economic structure, demographic structure, and trade structure on per capita renewable energy consumption. Four threshold panel regression models are developed using the updated data of 116 countries. In these models, social structure, economic structure, demographic structure, and trade structure are set as both explanatory variables and threshold variables, whereas per capita renewable energy consumption is set as the explained variable. These models verify the existence of the threshold (1% confidence level), which indicates that there is a non-linear relationship between social-, economic-, demographic- and trade-structure changes and renewable energy consumption. Changes in the social structure (urbanization level) promote per capita renewable energy consumption, and when it crosses the threshold, this promotion effect become more significant. Changes in the economic structure (industrialization level) inhibits the growth of per capita renewable energy consumption. However, as industrialization level rises above the threshold, this inhibition is weakening. Changes in the demographic structure (population aging) and trade structure (trade openness) contributes to the growth of per capita renewable energy consumption. Moreover, after the demographic structure and trade structure cross the threshold value, this promotion strengthened. The above findings provide theoretical support for policymakers to formulate energy and population policies.

Becoming Urban Citizens: A Three-Phase Perspective on the Social Integration of Rural-Urban Migrants in China.

This article attempts to provide an integrated conceptual framework for understanding how rural–urban migrants in China integrate into urban society. We propose a three-phase conceptual framework in which the social integration of rural–urban migrants is categorized into circular migration, urban settlement, and urban integration. We argue that the three phases differ with respect to the aims of migration, the identity of migrants, the key dimensions of social integration, the role of government, and the hukou policy. While the transition from circular migration to urban settlement is an outcome of economic development and change in demographic structure, as reflected by the economic conditions of rural–urban migrants, welfare expansion also plays a critical role during this process. We further hypothesize that the transition from urban settlement to urban integration will be a result of the social interaction between rural–urban migrants and local urbanites, within which social capital and cultural factors are vital. Since most rural–urban migrants are currently at the phase of urban settlement, we suggest that the Chinese government should enlarge welfare provisions to support their settlement in cities. This study contributes to improving the understanding of how to facilitate social integration of internal migrants in developing countries.

Application of Wooden Modular Construction for the Needs of the Elderly

In recent years, changes in demographic structure have been observed worldwide. To sustain the growing population of elderly people with special needs, homes need a radical rethink both in designing new houses and in retrofitting new solutions to existing houses. Designs that facilitate aging in place, designs that maintain thermal comfort, and designs that have net-zero energy demands and low to zero to negative carbon footprints are needed. The article discusses the issues of construction for the elderly. The trends in the demographic development of society in selected countries are presented. Additionally, information on the housing stock for elderly people in Poland is provided. The carbon dioxide emission limits to mitigate climate change make it necessary to find an alternative to concrete and steel, traditional construction materials. In this context, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) fulfills the sustainability requirements. However, to select the suitable panel a detailed analysis of timber characteristics is required. It is necessary to evaluate mechanical properties in bending, tension, compression, and shear. Since the mechanical properties of certain types of wood differ, their proper selection is challenging. The multi-criteria analysis could address this. In this article, four wood species, spruce, oak, ash, and beech, were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. Based on the type of construction elements and their functions, analyses were using six mechanical properties as criteria. The optimal type of wood was indicated.

Vaccine failure, seasonality and demographic changes associate with mumps outbreaks in Jiangsu Province, China: Age-structured mathematical modelling study

Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine program was introduced in Jiangsu province of China in May 2008 and has been greatly contributed to decreasing of mumps cases. However, mumps has been resurging since May 2015. A number of studies have put forward that the resurgence of mumps is due to vaccine failure. In this paper, we investigated the other reasons for the resurging of mumps, such as the changes in seasonal transmission patterns and demographic structures, by using an age-structured mathematical model. We divided the history (January 2005 to May 2019) of mumps epidemics of Jiangsu province into three different stages: No vaccine stage (January 2005 to December 2008), effectively controlled stage (January 2009 to December 2014) and resurgence stage (January 2015 to May 2019). The features of mumps epidemics in three stages are compared under different demographic structures with same physical contact rate. The mumps transmission rate was increased in summer and dropped in November in stage III compared with that in stage I. The changes in demographic structures give a good explanation why the mumps outbreaked among children around 10 years old in stage I and around 5 years old in stage III. We have a conclusion that the vaccine failure, changes in seasonality and demographic structures were associated with the mumps outbreaks in recent years in Jiangsu province, China. We give the patterns of mumps dynamics considering age, vaccine, seasonality and demographic structures, which can help health program planners to implement more preventive interventions in mumps control during the period of higher risk of infection.

Spatial heterogeneity of demographic structure effects on urban carbon emissions

As the main body to promote economic development, the role of demographic structure on carbon emissions cannot be ignored. Based on data from the three national censuses in 2005, 2010 and 2015, this paper constructs urban-level demographic structure indicators and uses the Geographically Weighted Regression Model to study the spatial heterogeneity of demographic structure changes on carbon emissions and the corresponding mechanism at the microlevel. The results show that: (i) there was a negative correlation between household size and carbon emissions; (ii) the effects of labour ratio and dependency ratio on carbon emissions between coastal and northeastern cities are significant differences, for example, there is a significant negative relationship between labour ratio and carbon emissions in most cities in the Northeast. Overall, in most cities, the labour force ratio is positively correlated with carbon emissions, while the juvenile dependency ratio is negatively correlated with carbon emissions; (iii) demographic structure affects carbon emissions through cost mechanisms and consumption upgrade mechanism; and (iv) the medical and housing needs of the elderly are positively correlated with carbon emissions. Therefore, cities should seize the positive aspects of demographic changes. For example, policies dedicated to increasing fertility willingness in the short term are effective measures to deal with the aging population, declining birthrate and environmental challenges. It is necessary to respect the inherent laws of population development, meanwhile, based on the city's functional orientation, to cultivate differentiated leading industries, and build a green and low-carbon city through the coordinated development of population structure and employment structure.

Gini coefficient decomposition-based and mortality-rate-difference-based description of mortality causes in the Chinese population from 1991 to 2019: a retrospective cross-sectional surveillance study

ObjectivesImproved national Disease Surveillance Points systems (DSPs) in China have clarified mortality causes in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the variations and drivers of multiple mortality causes.DesignThis...

The impact of demographic structure, human capital, migration and environmental degradation on economic growth in Asia

PurposeThis study investigates the impact of demographic structural changes on economic growth using data for Asian economies covering the period 1960–2020. Other factors affecting economic growth, such as human capital, are also considered.Design/methodology/approachA fixed-effects model and a fixed-effects model with endogenous covariates are used to examine a dynamic demographic model covering different age cohorts (i.e. youth-age, working-age and old-age populations) and other factors impacting economic growth.FindingsThe working-age population share, the labour force relative to the working-age population and growth of the actively employed population have significant and positive impacts on economic growth. Population growth and the youth-age population share exert a significant and negative impact on economic growth. A second and silver demographic dividend is found arising from a significant and positive association between the old-age population and economic growth. Human capital has an inverted U-shaped association with economic growth. Environmental degradation is significantly and negatively related to economic growth. No evidence is found for the importance of migration.Practical implicationsThe positive association between the old-age population and economic growth indicates the policy significance of retirement-income systems with high coverage to enhance economic growth in Asia. Lifelong learning and preventative health measures can also be supportive policies to strengthen the third (silver) demographic dividend via the extension of retirement for productive and healthy elders.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine the impacts of demographic structure, human capital, migration and environmental degradation on economic growth in Asia, using the most up-to-date longitudinal data from 1960 to 2020. Unlike previous empirical studies, this study discovers empirically based evidence to support Asia's second and silver demographic dividends.

Identification of Long-term Care Challenges in Europe

Background: Changes in demographic structures and especially the dynamic ageing of the population lead to an increased demand for care services. Finding ways to provide them efficiently has become one of the challenges for developed countries. The choice of the research issue is a consequence of recognising the fact that in recent years it has increasingly emerged as an area of practical and theoretical reflection in many scientific disciplines, including management and health sciences.
 Research objectives: The aim of the study is to characterize characterising selected aspects of the organisations and functioning of long-term care in EU countries, describing the related initiatives taken by the European Commission and identifying the challenges faced by decision-makers and managers in the said service sector.
 Research design and methods: The paper is based on the analysis of European documents, Eurostat database and literature review. It provides numerical analysis of current and prospective variables such as: average population age in EU 28, projected population age structure, population aged 65+, long-term care expenditure.
 Results: Analysis of the available statistical data unambiguously confirms that increasing life expectancy, combined with low birth rates, leads to a significant quantitative increase in the proportion of older people in the overall population structure of EU countries. There is also no internationally accepted and standardised definition of what constitutes long-term care and thus no possibility of reliably identifying needs in this area. In many Member States, long-term care systems are characterised by horizontal interdependencies with health care and social care systems. Consequently, they may and do apply different criteria for long-term care eligibility, needs assessment, social protection scope and the catalogue of services and benefits offered.
 Conclusions: The evolving social structures, the increasing introduction of artificial intelligence solutions and the situation after COVID-19 are changing the conditions of long-term care functioning, hence the reflection on the directions of these transformations is essential to properly formulate public policy practices.