Changes In Consumption Habits Research Articles

Анализ конкурентной среды производителей сидра на российском рынке слабоалкогольных напитков

The Russian cider market has developed due to changes in consumer habits and an increase in the share of low-alcohol beverages. However, ensuring and increasing the competitiveness of traditional cider in the market of low-alcohol beverages is difficult, and requires more detailed study. This is due to the relevance of the research topic. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author has analyzed the competitive environment in the Russian market of low-alcohol beverages and identified the actual problems of increasing the competitiveness of traditional cider. The purpose of the study is to identify factors that negatively affect the competitiveness of traditional cider in the Russian market of low-alcohol beverages, as well as problems in this area and to propose ways to solve them. The research methods include comparison, comparison, content analysis, regulatory method, statistical analysis, graphical method. The article is devoted to the consideration of the characteristics and features of cider as a commodity, the analysis of the competitive environment, the identification of problems of ensuring and improving the competitiveness of traditional cider in the Russian market, as well as the development of ways to solve these problems. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the cider market in Russia is actively developing and has favorable prospects. Cider-making in Russia stimulates the development of agriculture, fruit growing, nursery breeding, the creation of jobs in rural areas, the creation of jobs in trade, stimulates scientific research. The study revealed the problems of ensuring and increasing the competitiveness of cider in the Russian beverage market, which include the problem of determining the status of traditional cider at the legislative level, the lack of tax benefits and other state support for traditional cider manufacturers, competition with drinks produced using a different technology, but also called cider. To solve the identified problems, measures were proposed to increase the competitiveness of traditional cider on the Russian market. It is shown that the competitive environment analysis makes it possible to identify the problems of increasing the competitiveness of cider in the Russian market.

Consumption coping to deal with pandemic stress: impact on subjective well-being and shifts in consumer behavior

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the role of consumption coping in managing collective tragedy stress and stress outcomes using the COVID-19 pandemic context.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-method study with a sample size of 931 was conducted to develop the questionnaire, followed by a quantitative study with 1,215 respondents to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results of this study empirically validated the use of consumption coping and found it effective in managing collective tragedy stress and its outcomes (subjective well-being and continuance intention).Research limitations/implicationsThis study advances the literature on stress coping in a collective tragedy context, with a specific focus on consumption coping.Practical implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected all elements of the marketing mix. Understanding pandemic-induced stress and the role of consumption coping can help managers to proactively formulate strategic responses suitable for changing consumer habits.Social implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected all elements of the marketing mix. Understanding pandemic-induced stress and the role of consumption coping can help managers to proactively formulate strategic responses suitable for changing consumer habits. This should lead to better social outcomes.Originality/valueThis study developed a scale for pandemic-induced stress that integrates various well-established theories to identify the role of consumption coping in managing collective tragedy stress and the psychological mechanism behind the shift in consumer behavior after a collective tragedy.

Global Aspects of Food Security in the World: Economic Dimensions

Abstract. Introduction. Food security is the basis of national security of any country. The definition of food security is based on four main dimensions, which include the physical availability of food, the economic availability of food, the quality and safety of products, and the environmental sustainability of food production. Thus, if the measurements of the physical availability of food, its quality and environmental safety are mainly related to the sphere of regulation of the system of technologies and sciences related to the production of agricultural products, then the question of the economic availability of food belongs to the sphere of scientific research by economists who develop recommendations for reforming state policy to improve this indicator. The vast majority of studies on the issue of the economic availability of food concern the provision of rational standards of consumption of the nutritional and energy composition of food products. At the same time, the consequences of not complying with these standards of consumption both in the short-term and in the long-term, which lead to the deterioration of the health and productive forces of the population, require a more in-depth study. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to define and analyze the basic aspects of food security through the prism of the economic dimension in order to form a map of bottlenecks in ensuring food security in the world and to find solutions for their elimination. Results. Full provision of food security is possible only under the condition of ensuring its main components: availability, quality, safety of food, as well as economic availability of food products. It is possible to ensure the ability of citizens to purchase the necessary nutrients through a comprehensive policy of increasing the level of real incomes of the population, as well as through the development of agricultural technologies. Decreasing the quality of the diet leads to systemic problems with the health of the population, which affects the composition and quality of labor resources in the country, and, as a result, affects the development of productive forces. Conclusions. The insufficient level of food security, which is based on the economic impossibility of providing adequate nutrition for the population, leads to systemic health problems and reduces productive potential. In addition to the crisis caused by the epidemiological consequences, the outbreak of hostilities in Ukraine led to the deepening of the global economic and food crisis. The significant rapid growth of the consumer price index for food confirms the fact that food prices have risen, which forces many consumers to review their consumption habits. This change in consumption habits often leads to a deterioration of the diet, which in developing countries leads to malnutrition, and in developed countries can serve as a cause of obesity, even among children. To eliminate the negative effects of unhealthy nutrition, states should take care of the use of advanced agricultural technologies that would help ensure high harvests and reduce food prices.

Development of Acoustic and Thermal Insulation Materials from Pantyhose Waste

Population growth, urbanization, industrialization, developing technology, increasing welfare level and changing consumption habits cause solid wastes to increase day by day. There are also sub-waste groups that have not yet been fully recognized among the solid waste groups in which textile wastes have a large share. One of them is pantyhose, which has been indispensable for modern life since the day it was presented to the consumer. These socks, which are made of polyamide and elastane fibers that are easily punctured, run and become unusable when worn once or several times, are generally thrown away after use. These pantyhose wastes, which are not biodegradable due to their raw materials, also pose an environmental risk. Within the scope of the study, thermal and sound insulation properties of carded and needle-punched pantyhose wastes are investigated. The results show that the thermal and acoustic properties of the developed material are at a sufficient level, and it has ensured that polyamide wastes, which have superior properties among thermoplastic polymers and have high economic value, are brought back into the economy.

Geographical Education and Climate Change Perception in Secondary School: A Case Study in Southern Italy

This contribution proposes a study on how young people aged between 16 and 18 who live in Catanzaro, the capital of Calabria (southern Italy), perceive climate change. Through ethnographic interviews, based on the use of an open questionnaire and on participatory observation conducted in a secondary school, an attempt was made to reconstruct the degree of awareness of the students interviewed regarding the climate change underway, asking them to indicate which are the forms of knowledge involved and the possible causes of the phenomenon, as well as the critical issues and solutions currently available, both locally and globally, to limit any irreversible damage. The results show that students are aware of climate change and of the decisive human action in determining it, but show gaps in differentiating it from weather. Furthermore, they do not trust politics as regards mitigation and adaptation actions but are convinced that each individual can make his/her own contribution by changing consumption habits and lifestyles, reducing waste and focusing on greater respect for sustainability. Finally, greater awareness of climate change can also be acquired by enhancing the teaching of geography in schools and integrating climate change issues into courses, subjects or programs in the universities or educational institutes of developed and underdeveloped world institutions.

A Study of the Impact of Social Media Marketing Efforts on Brand Awareness in the Real Estate Industry in Vietnam

Vietnam's real estate market has grown enormously as the government promotes public investment. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on changing consumer habits. Customers often search for information about real estate projects and brands through social media platforms before consulting relatives or brokers. A brand with a higher level of awareness will be more valuable and trusted by many customers choosing projects. Therefore, it can be affirmed that it is necessary to determine the influence of social media marketing efforts on brand awareness. This study examined the relationship between social media marketing efforts and customer brand awareness in the real estate industry in Vietnam. This study employed a deductive methodology coupled with a quantitative approach. The data collected from six hundred real estate clients were subjected to Cronbach's Alpha reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, T-Test, and ANOVA techniques to determine the existence of an indirect relationship. According to the findings of this study, social media marketing efforts include five factors: Interaction, Trendiness, Entertainment, Customization, and Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) positively impact real estate customers' brand awareness. While customization significantly influences the customer's brand awareness, Trendiness has little impact on consumers' brand awareness. Still, it remains a crucial factor in enhancing the efficacy of social media marketing. Thus, real estate enterprises must improve social media marketing efforts to collect information efficiently, reach target customers, and facilitate sales.

How Do E-Brand Experience and In-Store Experience Influence the Brand Loyalty of Novel Coffee Brands in China? Exploring the Roles of Customer Satisfaction and Self–Brand Congruity

China’s coffee sector is experiencing a transformation related to sustainability. While the media have reported various novel coffee brands in China, scholars have mostly focused on established non-Chinese coffee brands. These studies still cite the relevance of the growing middle class, which adopts coffee as part of an ‘exquisite Western lifestyle’ and form the antecedents of brand loyalty from an established coffee brand perspective. These antecedents may not directly apply to novel coffee brands that face the changing consumption habits of younger Chinese consumers, who stress coffee’s functionality and price performance. Drawing on a social service perspective, this study addresses how E-brand experience and in-store experience each affect customer satisfaction and brand loyalty, as well as the role of customer’s self–brand congruity. The conceptual model was empirically tested using an online survey of 332 Chinese novel coffee brand customers. Our results suggest that E-brand experience (EBE) and in-store experience (SBE) both affect customer satisfaction (CA), with each relationship moderated by self–brand congruity (SBC); CA mediates the relationship between EBE and brand loyalty and that between SBE and brand loyalty. Moreover, younger respondents in this study were more likely to develop customer satisfaction and brand loyalty toward novel Chinese coffee brands.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЕЙ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article is devoted to the study of issues of changing consumer behavior in modern conditions. It was clarified that it is important for domestic companies to determine shifts in consumer behavior and activity, to take them into account when developing development strategies. It has been determined that the most common consumer economy strategies during crisis periods are substitution, rationalization and avoidance strategies. A general description of modern features of consumer behavior is given – irrational financial manifestations, changes in consumer habits and the level of purchasing activity.

Mobile Technology and Advertising in Nigeria: The Emerging Complexities

Mobile Technology offers advertisers an ever-growing global audience of “always on” multifunctional smartphone capability and instantaneous access to their contextual information. Location based, environmental, and behavioural data are increasingly being used to apply novel targeting and creative strategies for the development of new forecasting models. There is widespread dissemination and broad acceptance of mobile technology in the market place, as well as very promising opportunities for advertisers to engage with their customers in novel ways. Modern Technology has given consumers a wider range of options when it comes to how they consume media. Recently people spend more time on their smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices than they do on traditional media. In order to keep up with changing consumer habits companies adopt their advertising campaigns by adapting mobile technology strategies. The study was conducted to ascertain the emerging complexities of mobile technology in advertising. The study anchored on Technological Determinism Theory and The Theory of Planned Behaviour. The population comprises of mobile technology users. Online survey was used to solicit information. Purposive sampling method was used to gather data for the survey. The study revealed that consumers avoid mobile advertising due to perceived goal impediments, perceived intrusiveness, privacy concerns and ad irritation. The study also found out that in mobile advertising the boundaries between virtual and real life experiences is blurry. The study recommends that advertisers should bridge the boundaries between virtual and real life experiences in mobile advertising and that there is need for proper orientation for companies, advertisers and mobile technology users on the emerging complexities of mobile advertising.

Emerging trends and applications of metabolomics in food science and nutrition.

The study of all chemical processes involving metabolites is known as metabolomics. It has been developed into an essential tool in several disciplines, such as the study of plant physiology, drug development, human diseases, and nutrition. The field of food science, diagnostic biomarker research, etiological analysis in the field of medical therapy, and raw material quality, processing, and safety have all benefited from the use of metabolomics recently. Food metabolomics includes the use of metabolomics in food production, processing, and human diets. As a result of changing consumer habits and the rising of food industries all over the world, there is a remarkable increase in interest in food quality and safety. It requires the employment of various technologies for the food supply chain, processing of food, and even plant breeding. This can be achieved by understanding the metabolome of food, including its biochemistry and composition. Additionally, Food metabolomics can be used to determine the similarities and differences across crop kinds, as an indicator for tracking the process of ripening to increase crops' shelf life and attractiveness, and identifying metabolites linked to pathways responsible for postharvest disorders. Moreover, nutritional metabolomics is used to investigate the connection between diet and human health through detection of certain biomarkers. This review assessed and compiled literature on food metabolomics research with an emphasis on metabolite extraction, detection, and data processing as well as its applications to the study of food nutrition, food-based illness, and phytochemical analysis. Several studies have been published on the applications of metabolomics in food but further research concerning the use of standard reproducible procedures must be done. The results published showed promising uses in the food industry in many areas such as food production, processing, and human diets. Finally, metabolome-wide association studies (MWASs) could also be a useful predictor to detect the connection between certain diseases and low molecular weight biomarkers.

Evidence-based public health interventions – current situation and challenges in respect to eating behaviour

Purpose of review Healthcare authorities and policymakers are well aware that chronic diseases associated with eating behaviour and lifestyle are a threat for the sustainability of health structures and for the wellbeing of the general population. Despite relentless efforts, the result of numerous nutritional public health initiatives to reduce dietary risk factors remain disappointing. Recent findings Adherence to the recommendations, often compromised by behavioural determinants, might get further jeopardized by the influence of social media. Another matter of concern is the emerging use of food delivery services, which has spread rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The devastating impact of these recent changes in consumer habits might not be quantifiable before several years. Summary Alerts about the worrying consequences of inappropriate food intake and exhortations to modify lifestyle can be counterproductive and lead to disengagement and even mistrust. As long as people are not more directly engaged in the process of investigating and establishing the most appropriate orientation for adequate healthy eating strategies, they will continue to be insufficiently spurred. The deployment of citizen science within public health nutrition research would offer an outstanding opportunity to get better insight in the most suitable triggers for inducing sustainable behaviour changes, an important challenge for health promotion.

Market Changes in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Abstract The pharmaceutical market is in a constant state of dynamism. There have been many changes in the market recently, and the business environment has changed, one of the most important factors driving the market being consumer behaviour and habits. Trends towards a healthier lifestyle are reflected in changes in purchasing behaviour, with the consumption of dietary supplements becoming increasingly popular. Within the pharmaceutical supply chain, the analysis focuses on pharmacies. The aim of the study is to describe the market changes affecting pharmacy retailing, in particular the effects of changing consumer habits and more conscious purchasing and the impact of the strong presence of players outside the supply chain on pharmacy turnover.

Disasters in the Anthropocene: a storm in a teacup?

Dramatic alterations to the natural environment due to human activity have produced a permanent rupture in the Earth system; the relative stable epoch of the Holocene has given way to a volatile Anthropocene. Acceptance of these claims means that we now live in this altered physical reality, inviting us to rethink how we conceptualise disasters. Yet, disaster scholars have been hesitant to apply the Anthropocene label and to acknowledge the profound changes that it can bring to the study of disasters. This paper queries whether this label is a necessary adage or unnecessary baggage for disaster studies by examining the possibilities and the challenges associated with engaging with the Anthropocene. An analysis of the concepts, causes, and consequences of disasters reveals how the Anthropocene provides, as the very least, a theoretical heuristic for challenging linear temporal assumptions, the epistemological status of uncertainty, and the location of agency in disaster studies.

Statistical Analysis of Changes in Tobacco Consumption amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

The author analyzed problems related to the prevalence of smoking and the need to combat the tobacco epidemic in Russia on the basis of current statistics and special surveys. Despite the fact that the number of smokers in Russia has been decreasing since 2009, there are new challenges for the authorities and society in their efforts to reduce the prevalence of smoking due to the emergence of new alternative tobacco and nicotine products, as well as changes in consumption habits due to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to surveys carried out by the National Research University Higher School of Economics (from 2017 to 2020) and Rosstat (from 2011 to 2020), changes in tobacco consumption and smoking preferences have been identified, especially during the period of economic instability and the COVID-19 pandemic.The article explains the author’s position that despite the general decrease in the number of smokers (up to a quarter of adult population – according to data for 2020), their population is heterogeneous, and within it there were various processes, depending on the sex of the smoker, the intensity of smoking, preferences for nicotine-containing products. Firstly, over the period under review, the proportion of former smokers who have relinquished the habit has increased; secondly, the proportion of heavy smokers who used to consume a pack of cigarettes per day has decreased, and, conversely, the proportion of those who smoke about a quarter of a pack per day has increased. Smoking among women has two characteristics: lowering the age of onset of smoking to 19 years, along with increasing the daily consumption of cigarettes to an average of 12. Men, on the other hand, tend to reduce the daily consumption of cigarettes to 16 cigarettes on average. The proportion of smokeless tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems is beginning to grow, but is still not a complete substitute for conventional cigarettes, which smoke about 95% of smokers. Finally, owing to the pandemic and crises in economy, the trend towards self-isolation has increased the number of people who smoke for the first time at a sufficiently mature age (30 years and older).Therefore, the results of the study revealed both certain patterns in tobacco consumption over the years preceding the pandemic and the impact of COVID-19 on social and economic processes involved in smoking that governance structures now need to take into account.

Prediction of the Estimated Time of Arrival of container ships on short-sea shipping: A pragmatical analysis

Fighting against climate change and global warming is one of the biggest challenges faced by the Maritime Industry nowadays to make the supply chain greener and environmentally sustainable. Cutting greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and decarbonizing the international shipping has been a paramount activity for the International Maritime Organization (IMO) since the first set of international mandatory measures to improve ships' energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions per transport work, as part of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) released in 2011. Besides that, changes in consumption habits around the globe (i.e., digitalization and growth of e-commerce) plus disruptive events like the COVID-19 or the blocking of the Suez Canal, to name only a few, have also highlighted the need for building more resilient maritime transport networks. In this work, a pragmatical analysis of the principal machine learning algorithms has been carried out to provide a qualitative prediction of the Estimate Time of Arrival (ETA) of container vessels applied to short-sea shipping where the distance between ports is reduced. By exploiting both, the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and meteorological data gathered over a desired area of interest, the developed approach delivers a model capable of predicting the ETA of ships where the reaction time of the stakeholders involved in the management of the Port Call is very reduced (i.e., less than two hours of sailing between ports) and therefore, tolerance for error is low. Very positive results were obtained for the training dataset collected under real conditions for more than a year. The best results were obtained by the RF model with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 11.31 and 19.56 minutes respectively.

A Research On Changing Consumption Habits During The Pandemic Period

COVID-19, 13 Mart 2020’de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından “pandemi” hastalıklar grubuna eklenmiştir. Söz konusu pandemi, bireylerin günlük yaşantılarında küresel çapta çok yönlü değişimlere neden olmuştur. COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde maruz kalınan kısıtlamalar ve sosyal mesafe kuralları sebebiyle tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarında da değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. Tüketiciler, yaşanan sürece kendilerini adapte etmek için kimi alışkanlıklarını değiştirmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Örnek olarak bu dönemde tüketiciler, kişisel hijyen ürünleri ve stoklanabilir gıda ürünlerine ilgi göstermişlerdir. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak tüketim kavramı ve ardından tüketicilerin satın almaya yönelik karar verme süreçlerini ve eylemlerini etkileyen faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışma, COVID-19’un tüketici davranışlarına olan etkisini incelemek için İstanbul ilinin Başakşehir ilçesinde yaşayan sakinlerine yönelik 337 katılımcıdan oluşan bir anket çalışması yoluyla uygulanmıştır. Anket sonuçları IBM SPSS 26 programıyla analiz edilip yorumlanmış ve hipotezlerin sonuçları çalışmanın sonucunda analizlerle desteklenmiştir.

Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Behavior on Baby Care Products

Purpose: The goal of this study is to understand consumer purchasing habits and to pinpoint the variables that affect parents' decisions to buy baby care goods. This article's objective is to look into customer preferences for baby care items such as hygiene, skin and hair care, and food and beverages. Design: For this study, the secondary data was collected from various published materials like Google scholar, journal articles, newspapers, books, magazines, publications, web pages, libraries and studies from various research papers. Findings: According to the results of a study, people prefer branded goods like Johnson & Johnson and Himalaya because of their strong brand names, affordable costs, and simple accessibility. The study will give more insight and help the producers and sellers of baby care products concentrate on environmentally friendly materials. Consumer behavior had a more significant influence on buying baby care products. Customers favor the improvement of quality products over pricing as child’s skin is very sensitive and mothers are also working to balance income in the family. Originality/Value: The market for baby care products in India is expanding and changing over time as a result of changing consumer habits, rising earnings, and a rise in the number of working women. The client is the main emphasis of today's market. In modern marketing, consumers are given considerable consideration. The goals of the business who are selling baby care items must be accomplished in order to satisfy the customers. Type of Paper: Case study.

Factors Influencing Loyalty to Health Food Brands: An Analysis from the Value Perceived by the Peruvian Consumer

The COVID 19 pandemic brought significant changes in consumption habits, bringing about an era of more sustainable and healthier consumption. The objective of the present study is to measure brand loyalty to healthy foods in Peru, not only in a pandemic context, but also in a natural context based on the dimensions of the PERVAL value scale. Data were collected through an online survey and processed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the model among 396 consumers revealed that qualitative value and emotional value have the highest contribution to brand loyalty, followed by economic value and social value. These findings suggest that product quality should be taken as a priority and, although social value does not contribute much to health food brand loyalty, it is a trend sought after by consumers.

Assessment of the diet-environment-health-cost quadrilemma in public school canteens. an LCA case study in Galicia (Spain)

The role of policies and public school canteens as drivers of sustainable and healthy diets is increasingly becoming the center of attention of academics and policy-makers alike. This work therefore aims to assess the environmental, economic and nutritional quality dimensions of the menus consumed across the Local Network of School Canteens in the municipality of Ames (Galicia, Spain). It additionally performs different scenarios to evaluate the effects on the environment-cost-nutritional quality trilemma of implementing two major dietary changes in these menus: introducing more organic products, and shifting toward a more plant-based consumption pattern. To this end, this study considers the following indicators: a) those obtained from an energy and carbon life cycle assessment of the school menus (cradle-to-grave approach), mainly the cumulative energy demand (CED) and the carbon footprint (CF), complemented by some energy efficiency indicators; b) the total cost (TC) of the menus, obtained from their life cycle cost assessment (cradle-to-fork approach); and c) the nutritional quality of the menus, calculated and assessed based on the nutrient rich diet index (NRD 9.3). The CED, CF, TC, and NRD 9.3 index of a daily meal at school canteens are, respectively, estimated at 18.87 MJ, 1.30 kg CO2-eq, EUR 4.65, and 278 per meal. The consumption of animal products and labor (for food preparation) are identified, respectively, as the main environmental impact and economic cost of the menus. The results of our research show how implementing changes in consumption habits toward a more vegetarian diet in school menus makes it possible to include organic products to generate the most positive effects in terms of the environment and nutrition without incurring in cost overruns. Our work discusses the main barriers to be overcome and the political actions that must be enforced to advance the procurement of more sustainable and healthy public food.Graphical abstract

Ride-hailing services: Competition or complement to public transport to reduce accident rates. The case of Madrid.

IntroductionThe transport and mobility sector is experiencing profound transformations. These changes are mainly due to: environmental awareness, the increase in the population of large urban areas and the size of cities, the aging of the population and the emergence of relevant technological innovations that have changed consumption habits, such as electronic commerce or the sharing economy. The introduction of new services such as Uber or Cabify is transforming urban and metropolitan mobility, which has to adapt to this new scenario and the very concept of mobility.ObjectiveThus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether ride-hailing platforms substitute or complement public transport to reduce accident rates, considering the two basic transport zones of Madrid: “The Central Almond” and the periphery.MethodsThe data were collected from the 21 districts of Madrid for the period 2013–2019, and they were analyzed by a Random Effects Negative Binominal model.ResultsThe results obtained in this study suggest that since the arrival of Uber and Cabify to the municipality of Madrid the number of fatalities and serious injuries in traffic accidents has been reduced. Traffic accidents on weekends and holidays, with at least one serious injury or death, have also been reduced. However, the number of minor injuries has increased in the central districts of Madrid.ConclusionOverall, what was found in this study supports the hypothesis that these services replace the urban buses. However, these services improve the supply to users with greater difficulties to access taxis or public transport, constituting an alternative mode of transport for high-risk drivers. Therefore, such findings may be quite useful for policy makers to better define regulatory policies for these services.