Changes In Colors Research Articles

Phosphorescence of several cocrystals assembled by diiodotetrafluorobenzene and three ring angular diazaphenanthrenes via C[sbnd]I··· N halogen bond

X-ray single crystal diffraction reveals that a series of cocrystals are assembled by three ring angular diazaphenanthrenes including 1,7-phenanthroline, 4,7-phenanthroline and 1,10-phenanthroline with 1,4-/1,2-diiodotetrafluorobenzenes via C—I···N halogen bonding (XB) as main driving force. Raman shift of the symmetric CI stretching vibration coupling with ring elongation and lateral ring expansion to a lower frequency by 2 to 7cm−1 for 1,4-DITFB in cocrystals shows the existence of C—I···N halogen bonding. All cocrystals phosphoresce with a distinct change of colors from yellow, orange, pink to red. Also phosphorescent lifetimes of cocrystals containing 1,4-DITFB are longer than those of others constructed by 1,2-DITFB. These phenanthrolines monomers have almost same phosphorescence wavelength (the max. at 493nm) in β-cyclodextrin solution in the presence of bromocyclohexane as a pure physically heavy atom perturber. The results demonstrate CI···N XB makes heavy atom effect more direct and efficient, and influences significantly the energy level of the lowest lying excited triplet states and the population of electrons to triplet state of the angular diazaphenanthrenes because of greater contribution of lone pair electrons from nitrogen to conjugation systems. Meanwhile, the XB modulates luminescent behaviors due to difference in positions of nitrogen atoms. Good coplanarity, i.e., torsion angles being closer to 0°, in CI···N halogen bonded binary systems also is an important factor affecting the appearance quality of cocrystals.

Dual-responsive and Multi-functional Plasmonic Hydrogel Valves and Biomimetic Architectures Formed with Hydrogel and Gold Nanocolloids.

We present a straightforward approach with high moldability for producing dual-responsive and multi-functional plasmonic hydrogel valves and biomimetic architectures that reversibly change volumes and colors in response to temperature and ion variations. Heating of a mixture of hybrid colloids (gold nanoparticles assembled on a hydrogel colloid) and hydrogel colloids rapidly induces (within 30 min) the formation of hydrogel architectures resembling mold shapes (cylinder, fish, butterfly). The biomimetic fish and butterfly display reversible changes in volumes and colors with variations of temperature and ionic conditions in aqueous solutions. The cylindrical plasmonic valves installed in flow tubes rapidly control water flow rate in on-off manner by responding to these stimuli. They also report these changes in terms of their colors. Therefore, the approach presented here might be helpful in developing new class of biomimetic and flow control systems where liquid conditions should be visually notified (e.g., glucose or ion concentration changes).

A review on fabrication processes for electrochromic devices

Electrochromism is a phenomenon involving change of colors under an externally applied voltages Because its importance is rising today, various fabrication processes have been used to manufacture electrochromic devices (ECDs). In this review, solution-, vapor-, and solid particle-based processes are introduced and compared in terms of process parameters. The seven representative fabrication processes discussed in this paper are electrodeposition, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal evaporation deposition, sputtering, and nanoparticle deposition systems (NPDS). Temperature and vacuum conditions for each process are compared. Electrodeposition and sol-gel processes can be performed under atmospheric pressure. Most sputtering and NPDS processes are conducted at room temperature. Although many fabrication processes are reviewed here, commercialization, environmental issues, cost, improvement of performance, and enhancement of product size will be studied for future ECDs.

Phenotypic, histological and proteomic analyses reveal multiple differences associated with chloroplast development in yellow and variegated variants from Camellia sinensis.

Leaf colour variation is observed in several plants. We obtained two types of branches with yellow and variegated leaves from Camellia sinensis. To reveal the mechanisms that underlie the leaf colour variations, combined morphological, histological, ionomic and proteomic analyses were performed using leaves from abnormal branches (variants) and normal branches (CKs). The measurement of the CIE-Lab coordinates showed that the brightness and yellowness of the variants were more intense than the CKs. When chloroplast profiles were analysed, HY1 (branch with yellow leaves) and HY2 (branch with variegated leaves) displayed abnormal chloroplast structures and a reduced number and size compared with the CKs, indicating that the abnormal chloroplast development might be tightly linked to the leaf colour variations. Moreover, the concentration of elemental minerals was different between the variants and the CKs. Furthermore, DEPs (differentially expressed proteins) were identified in the variants and the CKs by a quantitative proteomics analysis using the label-free approach. The DEPs were significantly involved in photosynthesis and included PSI, PSII, cytochrome b6/f complex, photosynthetic electron transport, LHC and F-type ATPase. Our results suggested that a decrease in the abundance of photosynthetic proteins might be associated with the changes of leaf colours in tea plants.

Multicolor Electrochromic Device with LSPR of Silver Electrodeposition toward Color Reflective Display

Novel multicolor electrochromic (EC) device based on electrochemical silver deposition was successfully demonstrated. The EC device exhibited reversible multicolor change of primary colors— transparent, magenta, cyan, yellow, black (CMYK) and silver mirror —in a single cell by using electrochemical method which controlled the morphology of silver deposit. In this paper, we particularly analyzed the coloration mechanism in detail.

Image Processing Techniques to Cope Color Vision Deficiency in Detecting Pork Adulteration in Meatballs Visually

The aim of this study is to utilize image processing techniques for solving color vision deficiency problem in visual detection of colors. Besides, about 0.5% female and 8% male were affected by color vision deficiency. Nevertheless, pork cheating in beef and chicken meatballs was investigated by the changing in color of pork’s DNA containing samples into a remarkable color. The visual results were supported by absorption spectroscopy device to avoid color vision deficiency problems. Surly, any pork component is prohibited in Halal and Kosher food and many non-Muslim countries are interested in Halal food as it reduces the risk of zoonotic diseases as well as having unique quality attributes economically. Utilizing spectroscopy device is inappropriate way to support the visual decision compared to image processing techniques. The key feature in this study is the pixel color intensity. The colors were enhanced by adjusting their brightness and saturation levels. Matlab was used to measure and classify the pixels of images. The image size was 320×240 pixels; which provides 76,800 pixels to be averaged, measured and classified. Moreover, a graphical user interface was designed to make the algorithm to be simply used by even unprofessional users. The results of this study indicated that the applied method is less complicated, more than $8,000 cost saving and it detected the Halal and non-Halal samples as the previous study did. Thus, it can be a good alternative to the utilizing of spectroscopy device.

옻칠과 포셀린150 페인팅의 금속 표면 색상 비교 연구

현대 사회에서 색채가 인간에게 미치는 영향은 정신적 심리적 측면에서 중요한 요소로 나타나고 있다. 색채는 시지각적으로 인간의 마음에 일어나는 감정과 정서를 연출하여 메마른 감성을 치유하며, 환경은 표현된 색채에 따라 삶의 가치를 높여 주는 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 금속의 단조로운 색채표현을 해소하기 위한 측면으로 금속 장신구에 옻칠과 포슬린150물감을 사용하여 표현하는 방법을 응용시켜 다양한 색채변화를 나타내었다. 옻칠과 포슬린150물감의 금속시편을 제작하고 비교 분석하여 장 단점의 결과로 도출하였다. 장점은 이를 접목하는 방법은 금속 색채표현의 일반적인 방법에 비해 색채효과를 다양하게 표현할 수 있었고, 표면 코팅 역할을 하므로 기물의 변색을 방지하여 가변적 문제점을 보완해 줄 수 있었다. 단점은 옻칠은 체질에 따른 옻오름 현상이 나타나고, 포슬린150페인팅은 화학성분으로 식기류에 사용하면 건강에 해로울 수 있다. 이를 참고하여 작품에 적용하여 예술성과 실용성 구현에 기여하고자 한다. Effect of color is to the human in modern society, has become an important element from the mental psychological aspects. Color is to heal the dry emotion directed the feelings and emotions that occur in the message visually the human mind, the environment plays a role that will enhance the value of life in accordance with the color that has been expressed. In this study, the metal jewelry on the sides to eliminate monotonous color expression of the metal using a Ottchil and Porcelaine 150 paint by applying the method of representing, it shows changes in various colors. Chapter and comparative analysis to produce a metal piece of Ottchil and Porcelaine 150 paint. It was derived as a result of the defect. Advantage is a method in combination of this, in comparison with the general method of metal color expression, were able to variously express color effect, since the role of the surface coating, to prevent the vessels discoloration the variable problems can give complemented on. The disadvantage is, Ottchil appears Ottchil up phenomenon by constitution, Porcelaine 150 paint, when used in the dishes in the chemical composition, can be harmful to health. To apply to work in the this reference, trying to contribute to the practicality of implementation and artistry.

Stimuli-Responsive Structurally Colored Films from Bioinspired Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles

Nature has evolved a fantastic gallery of structural colors, offering a source of inspiration for the development of artificial, multifunctional photonic devices. Inspired by the widespread use of melanin particles to produce structural colors in bird feathers, we recently demonstrated that synthetic melanin nanoparticles (SMNPs) offer the same rare, but critical combination of high refractive index and high absorption as natural melanin. Here, we show for the first time fast, significant, and reversible changes of structural coloration in self-assembled SMNP films in response to changes in humidity. This process is driven by the hygroscopic nature of the particles, leading to changes in the thickness of the SMNP layer that alter the interference color. This mechanistic explanation is supported by water absorption measurements, an optical model, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Humidity-induced dynamic colors arising from SMNP films offer possible routes for synthetic melanin as an importan...

Novel europium (III)-gatifloxacin complex structure with dual functionality for pH sensing and metal recognition in aqueous environment

A new type of Eu(III)-gatifloxacin complex with characteristic red luminescence has been prepared. Due to the presence of ionization effect linked to the organic chromophore, the molecular fluorescent sensor demonstrated variable pH-sensitive absorption and emission curves. The red emission derived from europium ions was strong during pH range 8–10. Between pH = 7 and 4, the europium emission remained relatively stable and fluorescence signals of gatifloxacin has been improved substantially. Under acidic conditions (pH = 1 to 3), the dramatic changes in the emission colors (from red, yellow to green) were clearly observed. Moreover, the excitation wavelength can be extended into the visible light range (Ex = 411 nm) by using the concentration effect experiment. Importantly, it gave turn-off emissions in the presence of Cu2+ or Fe3+ and the detection limits were determined to be 6.5 μM for Cu2+ and 6.2 μM for Fe3+ respectively.

Colour reproduction analysis of portrait photography in cross-media system: image on the computer monitor–electrophotographic printing

Photography is dominant illustration technique. Two-thirds of illustrations are realised in this technique most in commonly in the digital photography system. The portrait is one of the most present and most challenging photographic motifs which can be, in a technical sense, analysed primarily through monitoring of the changes in the skin colours. Modern publishing is characterised by increasing number of small circulations created in electrophotographic printing and, parallel, in electronic media. This paper deals with the portrait photography created on the computer monitor and with electrophotographic printing and the question if they can be, for consumers, considered to be the same. The evaluation was attended by the visual comparison based on the principle of memory harmonisation and ΔE00 determination. The results point out satisfactory reproduction in the electrophotographic printing of colour portrait photography in comparison to the portrait defined on the computer monitor, although the reproduction results in colour changes for skin colours and primary and secondary colours of additive and subtractive synthesis.

Heatless synthesis of well dispersible Au nanoparticles using pectin biopolymer

Due to its potency to utilize in enormous applications, preparation of nanogold is of interest. Moreover, getting of highly dispersed nanogold with small size is extremely needful in specific fields. Herein, Au nanocolloid was prepared using alkali catalyzed pectin biopolymer. Pectin was concurrently used as reductant for Au ions and stabilizer for the produced Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). Reducing sugars were evaluated in the colloidal solution reflecting the role alkali in catalytic degradation of pectin to produce much powerful reducing moieties. The obtained Au nanocolloid was monitored via changing in color, UV⿿visible spectral and transmission electron microscopy. Using of NaOH as strong alkali achieving rapid rate of degradation reaction, resulted in 0.45g/L reducing sugars from 0.2g/L pectin which produced AuNPs with mean size of 6.5nm. In case of Na2CO3 which attained slow degradation rate led to, slightly low reducing sugar content (0.41g/L), fabricated comparatively size of AuNPs (7.5nm). In both cases, well distributed AuNPs was obtained with suitable stabilization up to 5 months and Na2CO3 exhibited higher stability. The current successful method used to produce small sized AuNPs with high dispersion is an innovative, one-step, easily, costless, energy saving and eco-friendly method.

Luminescence ethylenediamine sensor based on terbium complexes entrapment

Ethylenediamine, as important chemical raw materials and fine chemical intermediates, has been widely applied in various industries. Detection of Ethylenediamine is highly desirable for a number of chemical industries due to its potential threat to human health. Chemical sensing bears an advantage over the traditional analysis method (liquid chromatography) owing to its sensing ability of visual inspection (such as the change in color, luminescence etc). Herein we report a new and solid luminescent material by encapsulating of terbium-acetylacetonate complexes within the cavities of Y type zeolite displaying obvious changes in luminescence colors triggered by solvent vapors, with excellent selectivity for En vapor.

RCA-Based Biosensor for Electrical and Colorimetric Detection of Pathogen DNA.

For the diagnosis and prevention of diseases, a range of strategies for the detection of pathogens have been developed. In this study, we synthesized the rolling circle amplification (RCA)-based biosensor that enables detection of pathogen DNA in two analytical modes. Only in the presence of the target DNA, the template DNA can be continuously polymerized by simply carrying out RCA, which gives rise to a change of surface structure of Au electrodes and the gap between the electrodes. Electrical signal was generated after introducing hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4) to the DNA-coated biosensor for the improvement of the conductivity of DNA, which indicates that the presence of the pathogen DNA can be detected in an electrical approach. Furthermore, the existence of the target DNA was readily detected by the naked eyes through change in colors of the electrodes from bright yellow to orange-red after RCA reaction. The RCA-based biosensor offers a new platform for monitoring of pathogenic DNA with two different detection modes in one system.

Impact of JPEG-WebP conversion on the characteristics of the photographic image

JPG is the most common format in digital photography today. In 2010 Google introduced WebP as the new optimal format for presenting photographs in the web environment, and the conversion of JPEG to WebP in Gmail, Picasa and Chrome services from 2013 is automatic and no more optional. Changes in colours and drawing sharpness of the image that occur in the JPEG - WebP conversion are analysed in the paper. The results point out changes in colours and the drawing sharpness of the image which are the outcomes of the JPG - WebP conversion and which can affect the technical, semantic and syntactic features of the photographs.

Colour and pattern change against visually heterogeneous backgrounds in the tree frog Hyla japonica

Colour change in animals can be adaptive phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments. Camouflage through background colour matching has been considered a primary force that drives the evolution of colour changing ability. However, the mechanism to which animals change their colour and patterns under visually heterogeneous backgrounds (i.e. consisting of more than one colour) has only been identified in limited taxa. Here, we investigated the colour change process of the Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica) against patterned backgrounds and elucidated how the expression of dorsal patterns changes against various achromatic/chromatic backgrounds with/without patterns. Our main findings are i) frogs primarily responded to the achromatic differences in background, ii) their contrasting dorsal patterns were conditionally expressed dependent on the brightness of backgrounds, iii) against mixed coloured background, frogs adopted intermediate forms between two colours. Using predator (avian and snake) vision models, we determined that colour differences against different backgrounds yielded perceptible changes in dorsal colours. We also found substantial individual variation in colour changing ability and the levels of dorsal pattern expression between individuals. We discuss the possibility of correlational selection on colour changing ability and resting behaviour that maintains the high variation in colour changing ability within population.

Screening of Potato Germplasm Resistant Against Low Temperature Sweetening

AbstractCold‐induced sweetening (CIS), which occurs when potatoes stored at low temperature for long‐term, causes changes in flavor and unwanted dark colors in fried and roasted potatoes. The culprit for CIS is an enzyme called invertase. Five potato cultivars A (FD3‐10), B (FD3‐9), C (TPS‐9801), D (393574‐61) and E (Laal‐e‐Faisal) were investigated for invertase activity at cold storage. The correlation between invertase enzyme, sugar content and certain acids is revealed in this study. Invertase activity at 4C was up to 6.3 nmol/min/mg of protein in the cultivars A and B; 2.5 times less in cultivar C; fructose 6.4 instead of glucose in cultivar D and 3.5 times less in the cultivar E compared with same at 4C. Malic acid concentration was found to be positively correlated with invertase activity at 4C and a significant increase at low temperature storage was revealed as compared with harvesting time. However, citric acid and oxalic acid concentrations were decreased in storage. The transcript level of invertase was found significantly high in potato tubers stored at 4C in cultivar A, B and D., less in cultivar C and negligible in cultivar E. In conclusion, LAAL‐E‐Faisal and TPS‐9801 may be used for future variety improvement programs through breeding and molecular approaches.Practical ApplicationsPotatoes are consumed in natural as well as in processed form of foods. French fries and crisps are important subdivisions of the processing industry and denote more than 70% of the potato processing industries. Potatoes are mandatory for use throughout year, however, generating fresh potatoes all the way through the year is unrealistic and long term storage is needed. Presently cold‐induced sweetening (CIS) is considered as one of the serious issue in potato production and processing with potatoes tolerant of CIS becoming a priority in many potato research programme. Potatoes resistant to CIS can deliver numerous economic benefits, such as reduction in use of sprout inhibitors, decreased dry matter loss, easy handling of high relative humidity, decreased pathogen problems during storage and reduction of chilling injury during harvest, storage and transit. Vacoular acid invertase gene is the main culprit in causing CIS. Genetic manipulation can be the best solution to generate CIS resistant potato. Most importantly, level of the carcinogenic element acrylamide can be greatly reduced by using CIS resistant varieties as it is also the byproduct of CIS. The CIS resistant potato generated through transformation can also provide valuable source for screening as well.

Color-Transformable Silicone Elastomers Prepared by Thiol-Ene Reaction with Potential Application in UV-LEDs.

A series of high-efficiency, full-color fluorescent elastomers based on polysiloxane matrix prepared by an easy thiol-ene "click" reaction is reported here. It is found for the first time that the same elastomer can emit transformable colors by conveniently altering the excitation wavelength because of the effect of energy transfer and the "fluorescence switch" of lanthanide ions. A fluent change in emission colors can also be feasible and conveniently reproducible by varying the stoichiometric ratio of lanthanide ions and rhodamine-B in solution and in polymer elastomers. The obtained elastomers are further coated onto commercially available UV-LED cells from the solution medium followed by an in situ cross-linking step.

The dynamics of color signals in male threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus.

Body coloration and color patterns are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom and vary between and within species. Recent studies have dealt with individual dynamics of various aspects of coloration, as it is in many cases a flexible trait and changes in color expression may be context-dependent. During the reproductive phase, temporal changes of coloration in the visible spectral range (400–700 nm) have been shown for many animals but corresponding changes in the ultraviolet (UV) waveband (300–400 nm) have rarely been studied. Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus males develop conspicuous orange–red breeding coloration combined with UV reflectance in the cheek region. We investigated dynamics of color patterns including UV throughout a male breeding cycle, as well as short-term changes in coloration in response to a computer-animated rival using reflectance spectrophotometry and visual modeling, to estimate how colors would be perceived by conspecifics. We found the orange–red component of coloration to vary during the breeding cycle with respect to hue (theta/R50) and intensity (achieved chroma/red chroma). Furthermore, color intensity in the orange–red spectral part (achieved chroma) tended to be increased after the presentation of an artificial rival. Dynamic changes in specific measures of hue and intensity in the UV waveband were not found. In general, the orange–red component of the signal seems to be dynamic with respect to color intensity and hue. This accounts in particular for color changes during the breeding cycle, presumably to signal reproductive status, and with limitations as well in the intrasexual context, most likely to signal dominance or inferiority.

Biopaintings Produced by Filamentous Fungi

The author explores the use of tridimensional filamentous fungi patterns to produce biopaintings. The painting process involves incorporation of food dyes into a fungi growth medium. Then, after some biochemical processes, the fungal forms are dehydrated and immobilized in polyester resin. Changes in colors and texture occur, resulting in lively images.

Evaluation of the effect of ultraviolet stabilizers on the change in color of pigmented silicone elastomer: An in vitro study.

Aim and Objective:To compare and evaluate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers (Chimassorb 81 and Uvinul 5050) on the color change of pigmented elastomer.Materials and Methods:Two pigments - Red (P112 Brilliant Red) and Yellow (P106 Yellow) and two UV stabilizers Chimassorb 81 and Uvinul 5050 were studied. A total of six groups of 10 samples each were fabricated using a combination of the above colors and stabilizers: Group A1 - Red control, Group A2 - Red + Chimassorb 81, Group A3 - Red + Uvinul 5050. Group B1 - Yellow control, Group B2 - Yellow + Chimassorb 81, Group B3 - Yellow + Uvinul 5050. All samples were subjected to ageing in an accelerated weathering chamber (Weather-Ometer). Color values L, a, and b were measured at 500 and 1000 h for all samples before and after weathering and change in color (Delta E) was calculated.Results:All groups showed a significant color change. At 500 h, Chimassorb 81 showed a statistically significant lesser change in both colors (red - 3.66 and yellow - 2.8) compared to their control groups (red - 5.19 and yellow - 4.9). At 1000 h, both UV stabilizers showed lesser color change (A2 - 5.49, B2 - 4.28, A3 - 7.47 and B3 - 4.09) as compared to their respective control groups (A1 - 9.57 and B1 - 5.91). Overall, the change in the color with Group A was more than Group B.Conclusion:Addition of UV stabilizers helped the reduction of color change. Chimassorb 81 showed a greater reduction in color change in both colors consistently at 500 and 1000 h.