Changes In Chemical Components Research Articles

The Digital Ink-Jet Printing Properties of Cashmere Treated by Low-Temperature Plasma

Microwave low temperature plasma（LTP）which is a physical processing method is used to modify the physical and chemical properties of cashmere fiber, thus improve digital printability. The paper mainly studies the effects of low temperature plasmas modification on the scale structure, the change of chemical component, hydrophilicity, printing properties of cashmere. The results show that low temperature plasmas treatment can make cashmere fiber scale edge blunted but keep in the integrity of scale structure. Hydrophilicity of cashmere fiber is improved as lipid substances exposed to the surface of fiber are damaged and yielding hydrophilic groups. In digital printing process, the k/s values of cashmere pretreated by low temperature plasma are higher than untreated ones because of the micro-etching of low temperature plasmas and yielding hydrophilic groups on cashmere surface. Cashmere fiber modified by low temperature plasmas can be steamed at 90°C for 0.5h. The application research of low temperature plasmas to cashmere fiber modification can improve the quality of cashmere products and reduce water and energy consumption.

Growth and Virulence Properties of Biofilm-FormingSalmonellaentericaSerovar Typhimurium under Different Acidic Conditions

This study was designed to characterize the viability and potential virulence of bofilm-forming Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium under different pH levels, ranging from 5 to 7. The plate count method and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) were used to evaluate the survival of S. Typhimurium grown in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) adjusted to pH 5, 6, and 7 (TSB-5, TSB-6, and TSB-7, respectively) at 37°C for 10 days. In TSB-5 and TSB-6, the numbers of viable cells estimated by using the real-time RT-PCR were greater than the culturable counts enumerated by the plate count method. Reflectance micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the biochemical changes in biofilm cells. Considerable changes in chemical components were observed in the biofilm cells grown in TSB-5 and TSB-6 when compared to the cells grown in TSB-7. The enterotoxin production and invasive ability of planktonic and biofilm S. Typhimurium cells were inferred by the relative levels of expression of stn and invA. The levels of expression of stn and invA were significantly increased in biofilm S. Typhimurium cells grown in TSB-5 (1.9-fold and 3.2-fold) and TSB-6 (2.1-fold and 22.3-fold) after 10 days of incubation. These results suggest that the biofilm-forming S. Typhimurium under different pH levels might change the virulence production and stress response mechanisms.

Clinical profile, treatment assignment, predictors of death of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis not eligible to participate in a clinical trial evaluation of transcatheter aortic valve implantation

This study was conducted to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Lactobacillus salivarius) inoculation on the microbial, physical and chemical properties of food waste mixture (FWM) stored at ambient temperature (25 °C) for 10 and 30 days. A complete pig diet including restaurant food waste, bakery by-product, barley and wheat bran, and broiler poultry litter was amended with LAB at the levels of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% and fermented anaerobically. These treatments were compared with intact FWM before storage and non-anaerobically stored FWM.Non-anaerobic storage of FWM showed microbial putrefaction with the loss (P < 0.05) of water and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and increases (P < 0.005) in protein and fiber. Anaerobic fermentation of FWM with or without LAB seemed effective in both 10- and 30-day-storage. The addition of LAB inoculants to FWM showed a linear trend (P < 0.05) toward an increase in the number of total and lactic acid bacteria and toward the nutritional improvement with WSC increased and fiber decreased. Long-term (30 days) storage resulted in consistent reduction (P < 0.05) in numbers of total and lactic acid bacteria and pH and showed little change in chemical components, compared with short-term (10 days) storage. On the basis of these results, LAB inoculation improved fermentative characteristics of FWM. Among anaerobic treatments, further WSC increase and NDF reduction did not occur (P > 0.05) when LAB-added levels were over 0.2%. Based on these observations the optimum level of LAB addition to FWM was 0.2%.

Changes in Chemical Components during Ripening of Wild Mulberry and Papermulberry

Changes in Chemical Components during Ripening of Wild Mulberry and Papermulberry

발아대두 청국장의 발효 중 화학성분의 변화

대두를 <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 48시간 발아시킨 발아콩을 원료로 볏짚 B. natto, B. natto와 A. oryaze 혼합균을 접종하여 제조한 청국장과 비발아콩 볏짚으로 제조한 청국장의 발효 중 질소화합물, 유리아미노산 함량, 총당 및 환원당 함량의 변화를 조사하였다. 발효식품의 품질 지표로 사용되는 아미노태 질소함량과 장류의 이상발효 지표로 사용되는 암모니아테 질소함량은 4종류의 청국장 모두 발효시간이 증가함에 따라 전반적으로 그 함량이 증가하였다. 아미노태 질소함량은 혼합균주를 이용한 발아중 청국장>발아콩 볏짚 청국장>B. natto를 접종한 발아콩 청국장>비발아콩 볏짙 청국장 순으로 나타났고 암모니아태 질소 함량은 혼합균주를 이용한 발아콩 볏짚 청국장>B. natto를 접종한 발아콩 청국장>비발아콩 볏짙 청국장>발아콩 볏짚 청국장 순으로 나타났다. 혼합균주를 이용한 발아콩 청국장은 다른 청국장에 비해 약 <TEX>$1.3{\sim}3.0$</TEX>배 높은 질소화합물 함량을 나타내었다. 4종류의 청국장 모두 발효 60시간까지 총 유리아미노산 함량이 증가하였다. 비발아콩 볏짚 청국장은 lysine 함량이 가장 높았으며 발아콩 볏짚 청국장은 72시간 발효 이후 glutamic acid함량이 3.64 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, 혼합균주를 이용한 발아중 청국장의 glutamic acid 함량은 4.37mg/g으로 높았다. 청국장의 총당 함량 변화는 비발아콩 볏짚 청국장을 제외한 나머지 청국장에서 발효시간이 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하여 발효 72시간에는 <TEX>$9.81{\sim}14.04%$</TEX> 총당 함량을 나타내었다. 한편 비발아콩 볏짚 청국장의 총당 함량은 발효시간이 증가함에 따라 서서히 감소하였으나 발효 72시간에는 20.34%로 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 환원당 함량은 발효 12시간에 최대값을 보인 이후 감소하였다. 따라서 아미노태질소와 glutamic acid 함량측면에서 B. natto와 A. oryaze 혼합균을 이용한 발아콩 청국장이 다른 청국장에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타나 발아콩을 이용하여 혼합균주로 청국장 제조 시 기능성 성분의 증가와 더불어 품질향상을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. This study was carried out in order to investigate the changes in chemical components of four kinds of Cheonggukjang during fermentation. Three different kinds of Cheonggukjang were prepared with germinated soybeans using rice straw, Bacillus natto, Bacillus natto plus Aspergillus oryzae, and non-germinated soybeans using rice straw. The nitrogen contents increased significantly during fermentation in all kinds of Cheonggukjang. Especially germinated soybean Cheonggukjang prepared with A. oryzae plus B. natto showed approximately 1.3 to 3.0 fold higher values than the other Cheonggukjangs. Total free amino acid contents of all Cheonggukjangs increased with an increase in fermentation time until 60 h. Lysine content was highest in Cheonggukjang prepared with ungerminated soybean at 72 h of fermentation. Among free amino acids of germinated soybean Cheonggukjang prepared with rice straw, glutamic acid was highest (3.64 mg/g) after 72 h of fermentation. In Cheonggukjang prepared with mixed culture, glutamic acid content was 4.37 mg/g. Total carbohydrate contents of Cheonggukjang decreased rapidly with an increase in fermentation time except the ungerminated soybean Cheonggukjang, and the total carbohydrate contents varied from 9.81 to 14.04% after 72 h of fermentation. On the other hand, total carbohydrate contents of ungerminated soybean Cheonggukjang prepared with rice straw gradually decreased during fermentation. In conclusion, it is expected to increase the contents of functional constituents and to improve quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang when it is prepared with germinated soybeans using B. natto plus A. oryaze.

Material Basis of Compatibility of Traditional Chinese Medical Categorized Formula with Fingerprints

Abstract This work was to reveal the compatibility of material basis of Traditional Chinese Medical categorized formula. The activities of the combined effective parts of Ermiaowan categorized formulas for anti-gouty syndrome of dampness and heat and Ermiaowan's relevant herbs were also evaluated. The results identified the mechanism and function of compatibility of effective parts. Four types of fingerprints of effective parts of Ermiaowan categorized formula were established with HPLC and GC. Similarities of peak UV spectra were employed to evaluate the relative adscription analysis of its relevant herbs. HPLC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS were used to identify the chemical constituents of main peaks in the fingerprints. The compatibility changes of total peaks of four types of fingerprints of Ermiaowan categorized formulas were compared. The results indicated that Ermiaowan categorized formulas for clearing away heat and drying dampness played a major role in anti-gouty syndrome of dampness and heat. The changes of chemical components are in accordance with the attributes of Ermiaowan categorized formulas.

The Mass Production of ZnS Nanoarchitecture via Thermodynamic Design

Based on the principle of thermodynamically stable nanophase, we design a strategy for fast and mass preparation of ZnS nanostructures. Under concentrated NaOH environment, where ZnS nanoarchitecture can be thermodynamically stable, ZnS nanoarchitecture was rapidly grown by using equal stoichiometric proportions of ZnO and Na2S as reaction precursors. We demonstrate that the precursors of higher free energy can react quickly and produce the same ZnS nanoarchitecture as from slow thermodynamic transformation. The idea of thermodynamic design can be extended to a series of NaOH concentration and is insusceptible to the small changes in chemical components. We propose that the direct growth of thermodynamic stable nanomaterials has potential advantage in industrial mass production.

Changes in chemical components in the freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), in relation to the development of its cold hardiness

The apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is an invasive freshwater snail. It increases its cold hardiness before winter. However, the physiological mechanism of cold hardiness in molluscs is poorly understood, especially in freshwater molluscs. In this study, we examined the changes in low molecular weight compounds, glycogen and lipids, in the body of P. canaliculata in association with the development of cold hardiness. When snails without cold hardiness were experimentally cold-acclimated, the amount of glycerol, glutamine, and carnosine increased, while glycogen and phenylalanine decreased. Overwintering cold-tolerant snails collected from a drained paddy field in November also showed increased glycerol in their bodies with decreasing glycogen concentration, compared to summer snails collected from a submerged field. Water content also decreased during the cold acclimation, although the water loss was minimal. These results indicate that the freshwater snail, P. canaliculata enhances cold hardiness by accumulation of some kinds of low molecular weight compounds in its body as some insects do. However, the actual function of each low molecular compound is still unknown.

A Change of Chemical Components and Effect on Anti-allergic Activity in ‘Benifuuki’ Green Tea Which was Produced With Low Caffeine Processing Machine

A Change of Chemical Components and Effect on Anti-allergic Activity in ‘Benifuuki’ Green Tea Which was Produced With Low Caffeine Processing Machine

Complex permittivity measurement at millimetre-wave frequencies during the fermentation process of Japanese sake

Various chemical reactions occur simultaneously in barrels during the fermentation processes of alcoholic beverages. Chemical analyses are employed to monitor the change in chemical components, such as glucose and ethyl alcohol. The tests are carried out with extracted specimens, are costly and require time. We have developed a permittivity measurement system for liquid specimens in the frequency range from 2.6 to 50 GHz, and applied the system to fermentation monitoring. Experimental results proved that the observed change in complex permittivity suggests a decrease in the amount of glucose and an increase in alcohol content, which are the key chemical components during the fermentation process.

Physiological and biochemical responses to thermal and salinity stresses in a sterile mutant of Ulva pertusa (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)

Like other organisms in the marine ecosystem, macroalgae are subjected to intense environmental stresses, particularly in the intertidal zone. The green seaweed Ulva inhabits rocky intertidal zones worldwide, suggesting that this alga may be a good model system for studying environmental stress responses in marine plants. Here, we review the physiological and biochemical responses to thermal and salinity stresses in a sterile mutant of Ulva pertusa. In response to high-temperature stress, the amount of photosynthetic pigments, major free amino acids (AA), and total carbon and nitrogen in U. pertusa increase. Changes in chemical components due to high-temperature stress are consistent with morphological changes in thalli subjected to high temperature and suggest that high-temperature stress mainly affects nitrogen metabolism. Isozyme assays show that the alga expresses a glutamate dehydrogenase isozyme in response to high-temperature stress, and that its expression was regulated at the mRNA transcription level. Chemical component changes due to salinity stress indicate a possibility that the low- and high-salinity conditions affect photosynthesis and carbon and nitrogen metabolism, respectively. In particular, it was observed that thalli exposed to hypersaline conditions rapidly accumulate the organic osmolyte proline, suggesting that free proline accumulation is an important tolerance mechanism in this alga for adapting to hypersaline conditions. Finally, we discuss future directions for the molecular analysis of environmental stress in U. pertusa.

Lactic acid fermentation of food waste for swine feed

This study was conducted to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Lactobacillus salivarius) inoculation on the microbial, physical and chemical properties of food waste mixture (FWM) stored at ambient temperature (25 °C) for 10 and 30 days. A complete pig diet including restaurant food waste, bakery by-product, barley and wheat bran, and broiler poultry litter was amended with LAB at the levels of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% and fermented anaerobically. These treatments were compared with intact FWM before storage and non-anaerobically stored FWM. Non-anaerobic storage of FWM showed microbial putrefaction with the loss ( P < 0.05) of water and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and increases ( P < 0.005) in protein and fiber. Anaerobic fermentation of FWM with or without LAB seemed effective in both 10- and 30-day-storage. The addition of LAB inoculants to FWM showed a linear trend ( P < 0.05) toward an increase in the number of total and lactic acid bacteria and toward the nutritional improvement with WSC increased and fiber decreased. Long-term (30 days) storage resulted in consistent reduction ( P < 0.05) in numbers of total and lactic acid bacteria and pH and showed little change in chemical components, compared with short-term (10 days) storage. On the basis of these results, LAB inoculation improved fermentative characteristics of FWM. Among anaerobic treatments, further WSC increase and NDF reduction did not occur ( P > 0.05) when LAB-added levels were over 0.2%. Based on these observations the optimum level of LAB addition to FWM was 0.2%.

Inhibitory effect on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and protective effect on CCl 4-induced hepatic damage of HEAI extract

The effects of methanol extract from Hericium erinaceus cultivated with Artemisia iwayomogi (HEAI) on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and CCl 4-induced hepatic damage were evaluated. HEAI was shown to have a potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Interestingly, a methanol extract of Hericium erinaceus showed no inhibitory effect on the proliferation of VSMCs, while a methanol extract of Artemisia iwayomogi possessed strong inhibitory effects on the proliferation of VSMCs. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of HEAI may be caused by the changes of chemical components in the culture broth after the addition of Artemisia iwayomogi in the HEAI growth media. HEAI also had a strong protective effect on CCl 4-induced hepatic damage in rats. The activity was evaluated using biochemical parameters such as glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). HEAI treatment caused a significant reduction in the activity of GOT but not of GPT and ALP in comparison with CCl 4 treatment alone. Histopathological studies showed that liver samples treated with HEAI were significantly different when compared to non-treated animals after CCl 4 exposure.

Effects of elevated CO2 and transgenic Bt cotton on plant chemistry, performance, and feeding of an insect herbivore, the cotton bollworm

AbstractEffects of elevated atmospheric CO2 (double‐ambient CO2) on the growth and metabolism of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), fed on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) cotton [Cry1A(c)], grown in open‐top chambers, were studied. Two levels of CO2 (ambient and double‐ambient) and two cotton cultivars (non‐transgenic Simian‐3 and transgenic GK‐12) were deployed in a completely randomized design with four treatment combinations, and the cotton bollworm was reared on each treatment simultaneously. Plants of both cotton cultivars had lower nitrogen and higher total non‐structural carbohydrates (TNC), TNC:Nitrogen ratio, condensed tannin, and gossypol under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 further resulted in a significant decrease in Bt toxin level in GK‐12. The changes in chemical components in the host plants due to increased CO2 significantly affected the growth parameters of H. armigera. Both transgenic Bt cotton and elevated CO2 resulted in a reduced body mass, lower fecundity, decreased relative growth rate (RGR), and decreased mean relative growth rate in the bollworms. Larval life‐span was significantly longer for H. armigera fed transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly reduced larval, pupal, and adult moth weights were observed in the bollworms fed elevated CO2‐grown transgenic Bt cotton compared with those of bollworms reared on non‐transgenic cotton, regardless of the CO2 level. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food and of digested food of the bollworm were significantly reduced when fed transgenic Bt cotton, but there was no significant CO2 or CO2× cotton cultivar interaction. Approximate digestibility of larvae reared on transgenic cotton grown in elevated CO2 was higher compared to that of larvae fed non‐transgenic cotton grown at ambient CO2. The damage inflicted by cotton bollworm on cotton, regardless of the presence or absence of insecticidal genes, is predicted to be more serious under elevated CO2 conditions because of individual compensatory feeding on host plants caused by nitrogen deficiency.

Treatments of Different Water Using Natural Minerals and Its Influence on Early Plant Growth, Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. nothovar)

An investigation was carried out to ensure the proper water quality by using natural minerals that have electrochemical functions (i.e.Quartz Porphyry and ceramics made from Quartz Porphyry) . One type of ground water and Dhaka tap water from Bangladesh and Kochi tap water of Japan were used in various treatments. The treatments with ceramics and Quartz Porphyry significantly changed the physical properties of water, but small changes in chemical components of water were found after the treatments. The values of pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and surface tension (ST) in ceramics treated Kochi tap water and Dhaka tap water ranged around levels suitable for plant growth, while these values of the treated ground water of Bangladesh did not range around the suitable levels. Germination test with Komatsuna plants (Brassica rapaL. nothovar) was conducted to examine effects of the treated water on early plant growth. Ceramics treatments for Kochi tap water and Dhaka tap water significantly activated the early growth of Komatsuna plants. These results suggest that ceramics treatments of Kochi and Dhaka tap water can be expected as advantageous in controlling the growth of plants.

Changes in Chemical Components of Leaf Litter of Ginkgo Biloba during Mulching

The biological decomposition and chemical changes of leaf litter of Ginkgo biloba both at the surface and bottom layers were studied for 1 year. The changes in components such as the yields of 80% ethanol and water extractives, neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason residues, acid-soluble phenolics, ash, nitrogen, and carbon were investigated. There were great drops of the yields of 80% ethanol extractives and water extractives in both surface and bottom mulch layers. Klason residues and sugars were the major components of the solid residues. The Klason residues lost 2.2% and 30.5% of their initial mass at the surface and bottom layers, respectively, during mulching. The total losses of the neutral sugars were 71.6% at the surface layer and 89.3% at the bottom layer. These results implied that the Klason residues were the most important inner component restraining the decomposition of the leaf litter of G. biloba and all analyzed cell wall components at the bottom layer had faster decomposition rates than those at the surface layer. Nitrogen content increased during one year of mulching, while changes in carbon contents were less than 1% throughout experiment.

Discordance between thermogenic activity and expression of uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of old rats.

To elucidate the reason why thermogenic ability is impaired with age, the relationship between thermogenic activity and gene expression of several proteins including uncoupling protein (UCP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) was investigated in 24-month-old rats. Compared to young (3-month-old) rats, a significant decrease in BAT/body mass ratio and considerable changes of chemical components in BAT were observed in the old rats. This indicates a marked decrease in the thermogenic capacity in BAT of the old rats. Likewise, the thermogenic activity (which was assessed by guanosine 5'-diphosphate binding to BAT mitochondria) was greatly reduced in the mitochondria recovered from BAT of the old rats. However, the UCP content in the BAT mitochondria was similar in both groups. Conversely, the expression of UCP mRNA was greater in the old rats than in the young rats. These results suggest that the regulation on and after UCP translation may be concerned with impaired BAT thermogenic activity due to aging. Moreover, the mRNA levels of several other proteins including insulin-sensitive glucose transporter concerned in BAT thermogenesis changed with age, suggesting that the mRNA levels may be affected in order to compensate for the decline in the thermogenic activity in the old rats.

Rare metal-bearing and barren granites, Eastern Desert of Egypt: geochemical characterization and metallogenetic aspects

Three “younger granite” plutons from the Eastern Desert of Egypt are studied: petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the barren pink granites at Wadi Sikait and Wadi Nugrus are similar, of alkaline, mildly peraluminous nature and are enriched in LIL-elements and LREE with moderate negative Eu anomalies. In contrast, the Sn-Ta-W-bearing albite granite of Abu Dabbab is alkaline, peraluminous muscovite granite; its chemical specialization is manifested by the pronounced enrichment in Ta, Sn, W, F, Rb and Li coupled with marked depletion in Ca, Ti, Mg, Sr and Ba. Elemental ratios (e.g., K/Rb, Rb/Sr, Ba/Rb) discriminate the albite granite and the pink granites into “mineralized and barren granites”, respectively. The albite granite is derived from Na-rich magma of within-plate characteristics. Fluorine was an important complexing anion during magmatic evolution history. The albite granite is emplaced at shallow depth (<100 MPa) and at the intersection of structural weaknesses. The pink granites might have a crustal and/or LIL-element enriched mantle sources, in which the subduction-related fingerprints are partly obliterated. For both types, reactivation of regional structures played a significant role in magma generation. Acid metasomatism is mainly manifested by the development of thin greisen veins along fracture systems in the albite granite. The chemistry of greisenization using mass balance approach reveals that the process is accompanied by dramatic increase in SiO 2, Fe 2O 3, MnO, F, Sn and Li as well as significant loss in Na 2O, K 2O, Ba, Nb and Zn. The process causes a significant increase in volume (30%). Changes in chemical components are consistent with the observed mineralogical changes. Microprobe results reveal that the wolframite crystals are typically huebnerite with Fe-rich cores and Mn-rich rims. Compositional variations in wolframite crystals are attributed to the physicochemical conditions (pH, T, etc.) and chemistry of the ore-bearing fluids.

Changes in Chemical Components and Energy Charge during Growth Cycle of Chattonella antiqua.

The changes in cellular content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono (Raphidophyceae), a red tide microorganism, were determined during growth in laboratory culture using ESM-enriched seawater. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the cells were also analyzed. The cellular content of ATP decreased within several hours of inoculation into fresh medium, then rapidly increased during the early exponential phase of growth to 20-30pg ATP cell-1. After the mid exponential phase ATP decreased and reached a constant level from the late exponential phase to the stationary phase at 5-10pg ATP cell-1. The decrease of ATP after inoculation seemed to be due to a lack of extracellular organic materials in the fresh medium. The addition of both low and high molecular fractions obtainned by dialysis from early stationary phase cultures of C. antiqua increased the cellular ATP content in the early exponential phase. The energy charge decreased from 0.63 to about 0.5 during the lag phase and recovered during the exponential phase. The lag phase in C. antiqua culture is the period of adaptation to fresh medium possibly by the production of extracellular organic materials at the expense of cellular ATP.

Clarification of Changes in Chemical Components during Development of Tea Shoots and Manufacture of Green Tea

Clarification of Changes in Chemical Components during Development of Tea Shoots and Manufacture of Green Tea