Changes In Adiponectin Research Articles

Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin after a 4-Week Vegan Diet: A Randomized-Controlled Pilot Trial in Healthy Participants.

Adiponectin and leptin are important mediators of metabolic homeostasis. The actions of these adipokines extend beyond adipocytes and include systemic modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, nutrient flux, and the immune response to changes in nutrition. Herein, we hypothesized that short-term intervention with a vegan diet might result in an improvement of plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. We investigated the response of plasma adiponectin and leptin to a 4-week intervention with a vegan or meat-rich diet and its associations with sex, BMI and nutritional intake. Fifty-three healthy, omnivore participants (62% female, average age 31 years and BMI 23.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a vegan or meat-rich diet for 4 weeks. Plasma adiponectin and leptin were lower in men compared to women both at the beginning and end of the trial. The concentration of adiponectin in women was significantly higher both when comparing their transition from omnivorous to vegan diet (p = 0.023) and also for vegan versus meat-rich diet at the end of the trial (p = 0.001), whereas plasma leptin did not vary significantly. No changes in adiponectin were identified in men, yet an increase in leptin occurred upon their transition from an omnivorous to a meat-rich diet (p = 0.019). Examination of plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio, a proposed marker of cardiovascular risk, did not differ after 4-weeks of dietary intervention. Our study revealed that adiponectin and leptin concentrations are sensitive to short-term dietary intervention in a sex-dependent manner. This dietary modification of leptin and adiponectin not only occurs quickly as demonstrated in our study, but it remains such as published in studies with individuals who are established (long-term) vegetarians compared to omnivorous.

The Role of Adiponectin in the Resolution of Male-Obesity-Associated Secondary Hypogonadism after Metabolic Surgery and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Risk

Male-obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) is a very prevalent entity that may resolve after marked weight loss. Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine with anti-inflammatory properties that regulates metabolism. Low-circulating APN is associated with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk, along with circulating testosterone. We aimed to evaluate APN changes in men with MOSH (low circulating free testosterone (FT) with low or normal gonadotropins) and without it after metabolic surgery. We look for their possible association with cardiovascular risk measured by carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). We included 60 men (20 submitted to lifestyle modification, 20 to sleeve gastrectomy, and 20 to gastric bypass) evaluated at baseline and 6 months after. The increase in APN at follow-up was reduction in patients with persistent MOSH (n = 10) vs. those without MOSH (n = 30) and MOSH resolution (n = 20), and the former did not achieve a decrease in cIMT. The increase in APN correlated positively with FT (r = 0.320, p = 0.013) and inversely with cIMT (r = −0.283, p = 0.028). FT inversely correlated with cIMT (r = −0.269, p = 0.038). In conclusion, men without MOSH or with MOSH resolution showed a high increase in APN after weight loss with beneficial effects on cIMT. Those without MOSH resolution failed to attain these effects.

Metabolic effects of the left atrial appendage exclusion (the heart hormone study).

The effect of epicardial left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion therapy on lipid and glucose metabolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients over the long-term follow-up are unclear. In a single-center prospective observational study, 60 patients with longstanding persistent AF with cardiovascular risk factors had undergone an epicardial exclusion procedure. Anthropometric parameters and glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, leptin, adiponectin, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and total cholesterol levels were evaluated on fasting at baseline before the procedure and compared with levels at 24 h, 7 days, 1, 3, 6, and 24 months follow the procedure. The mean age of the patients was 67.5 ± 8.1. Insulin levels significantly increased at 7 days, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up. The leptin levels showed a significant increase in 6, 12, and 24 months when compared to baseline. Whereas the adiponectin levels showed a significant decrease at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months when compared to baseline levels. In patients with the epicardial procedure, when compared to baseline, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels did not show any significant changes at baseline and 24 months follow-up. The epicardial exclusion ligation in AF patients was associated with significant changes in insulin, leptin, and adiponectin over long follow-up.

Individual evaluation of aging- and caloric restriction-related changes to distinct multimeric complexes of circulating adiponectin by immunoblotting

Adiponectin (APN), a major adipokine secreted from white adipose tissue, prevents inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity. APN exists as distinct multimeric complexes with different physiological activities, including low, middle and high molecular weight complexes (LMW, MMW and HMW, respectively) in peripheral blood. Caloric restriction (CR), an intervention that suppresses aging-related pathophysiological changes and extends lifespan, reportedly elevates the expression levels of Adipoq (encoding APN) and total circulating APN. Circulating APN levels have generally been measured using ELISA, but ELISA fails to directly and separately detect APN multimeric complexes other than HMW. Here, we aimed to evaluate the association of aging and CR with oligomerization of APN in rodent models, using immunoblotting to distinguish multimeric complexes based on molecular sizes. In mice, aging elevated plasma levels of HMW and MMW, while CR only elevated HMW. In contrast, LMW and monomeric APN levels were unchanged, suggesting that aging and CR can induce the assembly of APN oligomers in adipocytes. In rats, plasma levels of all multimeric complexes and monomeric APN were not significantly changed by aging or CR. Collectively, levels of circulating APN in mice were consistent with previous findings, whereas those of rats were partially inconsistent, probably because of experimental differences. Moreover, aging reduced Adipoq mRNA levels in mice and rats, while CR prevented this reduction only in rats. Such a discrepancy between Adipoq expression and circulating APN levels may be attributed to proteasomal regulation in adipocytes or tissue accumulation of APN. In conclusion, this study provides new findings of aging- and CR-related changes of each APN multimeric complex and underscores the importance of qualitative approaches for a greater understanding of physiological changes in APN.

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Selected Adipokines and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Young Males-A Pre-Post Test Trial.

Simple SummaryAdipose tissue secretes bioactive substances called adipokines that affect cardiometabolic health. High-intensity interval training has a beneficial effect on cardiometabolic health, but its impact on adipokines is unclear. This research aims to assess the effects of 8-week high-intensity interval training on plasma levels of four adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, and omentin-1) and cardiometabolic risk markers in normal- and excess-weight young males. The findings suggest a beneficial role of adiponectin and omentin, and a harmful role of leptin and chemerin in cardiometabolic health. Following the training, plasma omentin-1 levels had increased in normal- and excess-weight youth, but adiponectin, leptin, and chemerin levels had not changed in both groups. Body mass, fat mass, plasma lipids, and insulin sensitivity improved in excess-weight group, only. Body composition seems not to influence the response of adipokines to high-intensity interval training.The study aimed to assess effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma adipokines and cardiometabolic markers in normal and excess weight youth. Eighteen healthy young males (18.2 ± 1.06 yrs.) were divided in normal-weight group (NWG; body mass index (BMI), 20.5 ± 1.51 kg/m2; n = 9) and excess-weight group (EWG; BMI, 30.8 ± 4.56 kg/m2; n = 9). Participants performed an eight-week HIIT program without caloric restriction. Body composition, plasma leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin-1, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed before and after the HIIT program. The program resulted in significant increases in omentin levels (p < 0.01) in EWG (27%) and NWG (22%), but no changes in leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin in both groups. BMI (−1.62%; p = 0.015), body fat (−1.59%; p = 0.021), total cholesterol (−11.8%; p = 0.026), triglycerides (−21.3%; p = 0.023), and HOMA-IR (−31.5%; p = 0.043) decreased in EWG only. Repeated measures detected significant interaction “Time x Group” for body mass and BMI only. Eight-week HIIT program improved body composition, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in excess-weight individuals. It resulted in an increase in omentin levels in both normal- and excess-weight groups, but no changes in leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin. Body composition has not influenced the response of the four adipokines to HIIT.

Changes in adiponectin:leptin ratio among older adults with obesity following a 12-month exercise and diet intervention

BackgroundExcess adiposity is characterized by alterations in adipokine secretion such that circulating leptin concentrations are increased with reductions in adiponectin. An emerging biomarker for the assessment of this adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction is the adiponectin:leptin (AL) ratio. A low AL ratio may be suggestive of dysfunctional AT and, consequently, a heightened cardiometabolic disease risk. This ancillary study investigated the relationship between the AL ratio and cardiometabolic health among community-dwelling older adults with obesity, as well as the effects of a 12-month exercise and diet intervention on changes in the AL ratio.MethodsParticipants (n = 163, 70.2 ± 4.7 years, 38.0% male) were randomized to the exercise only group, exercise + nutrient-dense weight maintenance group (exercise + weight maintenance), or exercise + nutrient-dense caloric restriction of 500 kcal/d group (exercise + intentional weight loss) (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT00955903). Total and regional adiposity as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometrics, and cardiometabolic biomarkers were assessed at baseline and 12 months.ResultsThe AL ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) inversely correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, measures of adiposity, and insulin among all participants at baseline. Among females only, significant positive and inverse correlations were also observed between this ratio and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the inflammatory biomarkers high sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, respectively. While controlling for biological sex, a significant time by intervention group interaction effect (p < 0.05) was observed such that the AL ratio significantly increased from baseline to study completion among participants in the exercise + weight maintenance group and exercise + intentional weight loss group. Post hoc analysis revealed that the exercise + intentional weight loss group exhibited a significantly greater AL ratio at study completion compared to other groups (p < 0.05 all).ConclusionsResults are in support of the AL ratio as a measure of AT dysfunction among older adults. Furthermore, results suggest that a 12-month exercise and diet intervention with intentional weight loss assists in improving the AL ratio in this population.

803-P: Serum Adiponectin Level Is Reduced after Short-Term Intensive Insulin Therapy in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Short-term intensive insulin therapy (SIIT) can induce remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) , and the improvement of insulin sensitivity is considered essential. This study aimed to evaluate the role of adiponectin change during SIIT in patients with newly diagnosed T2D. Methods: SIIT was given to 42 patients with newly diagnosed T2D to normalize blood glucose (4.4-6.0 mmol/L for fasting blood glucose [FBG], 4.4-8.0 mmol/L for 2h-postprandial blood glucose [2hBG]) for two weeks. Serum lipids, adiponectin, and high-sensitive C reactive protein levels, insulin resistance and β-cell function were evaluated before and after SIIT. Results:After the therepy, FBG (11.8±2.9 mmol/L vs. 6.8±1.3mmol/L,P&amp;lt;0.001) and 2hPG (18.4mmol/L± 6.4mmol/L vs. 9.7±2.4mmol/L, P&amp;lt;0.001) were both significantly decreased, with β-cell function (measured by acute insulin response [AIR], HOM-B) and insulin sensitivity (measured by HOMA-IR) improved. Serum adiponectin raised from 2.9±1.2mg/L to 3.4±1.1mg/L (P&amp;lt;0.001) ,while serum triglyceride and LDL-C decreased significantly. Serum adiponectin after treatment was correlated with baseline triglyceride (r = -0.33, P = 0.04) , HDL-C (r = 0.34, P = 0.03) , LDL-C (r = -0.31, P = 0.05) and Hs-CRP (r = -0.33, P = 0.05) ; the change of adiponectin (Δadiponectin) after treatment were significantly correlated with the level of Δtriglyceride (r = 0.38, P = 0.03) . There was no notable correlation between adiponectin and β-cell function index or HOMA-IR. Adiponectin levels were similar between patients who obtained diabetes remission (defined as FBG&amp;lt; 7.0mmol/L, 2hBG&amp;lt;10.0mmol/L without hypoglycemic agents) and those who did not (baseline:3.0±1.5mg/L vs. 2.9±1.0 mg/L; after SIIT:3.4±1.0mg/L vs. 3.3±0.9 mg/L,both P&amp;gt;0.05) . Conclusion: Adiponectin level was significantly increased after SIIT in patients with newly diagnosed T2D. The change of adiponectin is related to the improvement of lipid metabolism and reduced inflammation. Disclosure L.Liu: None. W.Ke: n/a. J.Chen: None. Y.Li: None. Funding The National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2018YFC1314100) , the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B020230001) , the National Natural Science Fund of China (81800716) , the science and technology program of Guangzhou, 202002020053.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPAR GAMMA)-ACTIVATING PROPERTIES OF THE ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER TELMISARTAN IN PATIENTS

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of disorders including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Several studies have discovered that, in addition to its angiotensin receptor blocker activity, telmisartan is a partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma), which is a nuclear receptor involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Evidence also exists that activators of PPAR exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti proliferative effects on vascular walls. Therefore through PPAR gamma modulating activity, telmisartan can be a valuable agent for treating MetS. Design and method: The PubMed, EMBASE databases and Cochrane Central of Controlled Trials were searched through October 2021. We pooled data extracted from the included studies using the standardized mean difference (SMD). Study-specific estimates were combined using inverse variance-weighted averages of SMDs in both fixed- and random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q- and the I2-test. GRADE assess the study’s quality. All analyses were conducted using StatsDirect statistical software Version 2.8.0. Results: A total of 582 patients were enrolled in the 11 included randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The pooled analysis revealed significant reduction in the percent changes of homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA) (SMD = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.07; p = 0.0036), changes of fasting glucose (mg/dL) (SMD = -0.49; 95% CI: -0.94 to 0.05; p = 0.0283), insulin (mU/mL) (SMD = -0.21; 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.05; p = 0.0084), and a significant increase in percent changes of adiponectin (umg/mL) (SMD = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.92; p &lt; 0.0001),among patients with metabolic syndrome randomized to telmisartan versus control therapy. There was minimal trial heterogeneity in the analyses for HOMA index (I2 = 21.1%), insulin (I2 = 0%) and adiponectin levels (I2 = 0.1%). However, there was considerable heterogeneity in the analysis for fasting glucose (I2 = 83.6%). Conclusions: Our study suggests that the PPAR gamma modulating activity of telmisartan has the potential to be a valuable therapeutic agent for treating MetS.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS AND PPAR GAMMA-ACTIVATING PROPERTIES OF TELMISARTAN IN PATIENTS WITH THE HYPERTENSION’S ON METABOLIC SYNDROME: METANALYSIS OF RCT

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of disorders including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Several studies have discovered that, in addition to its angiotensin receptor blocker activity, telmisartan is a partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), which is a nuclear receptor involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Evidence also exists that activators of PPAR-gamma exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and antiproliferative effects on vascular walls. Therefore through PPAR-gamma modulating activity, telmisartan can be a valuable therapeutic agent for treating MetS. Design and method: he PubMed, EMBASE databases and Cochrane Central of Controlled Trials were searched through October 2021. We pooled data extracted from the included studies using the standardized mean difference (SMD). Study-specific estimates were combined using inverse variance-weighted averages of SMDs in both fixed- and random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q- and the I2-test. GRADE tool was used to assess the study’s quality. All analyses were conducted using StatsDirect statistical software Version 2.8.0. Results: A total of 582 patients were enrolled in the 11 included randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The pooled analysis revealed significant reduction in the percent changes of homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA) (SMD = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.07; p = 0.0036), changes of fasting glucose (mg/dL) (SMD = -0.49; 95% CI: -0.94 to 0.05; p = 0.0283), insulin (mU/mL) (SMD = -0.21; 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.05; p = 0.0084), and a significant increase in percent changes of adiponectin (umg/mL) (SMD = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.92; p &lt; 0.0001),among patients with metabolic syndrome randomized to telmisartan versus control therapy. There was minimal trial heterogeneity in the analyses for HOMA index (I2 = 21.1%), insulin (I2 = 0%) and adiponectin levels (I2 = 0.1%). However, there was considerable heterogeneity in the analysis for fasting glucose (I2 = 83.6%). Conclusions: Our study suggests that PPAR-gamma modulating activity of telmisartan therapy has the potential to be a valuable therapeutic agent for treating MetS.

Possible Nonneurological Health Benefits of Ketogenic Diet: Review of Scientific Reports over the Past Decade.

The ketogenic diet (KD) has been used since the 1920s as a therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy. Due to the beneficial effects of this diet on the nervous system and the proposed multifaceted effects of ketones on health and disease, researchers have evaluated its use in other nonneurological conditions. The objective of this review was to analyze the most recent papers, which is why meta-analyses were used in which 75% of the studies were from 2012 to 2022. Authors also cited single studies from the last decade that lasted longer than 12 months to assess the long-term benefits of KD. Reports from the past decade have highlighted several significant areas regarding the impact of KD. One of these is the use of very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) as an effective possibly safe and patient-motivating component of a long-term weight loss plan. Reports on the positive influence of KD on the health of obese individuals, and the possible resulting validity of its use, should be verified by patients' physical activity levels. A significant number of studies from the last decade evaluate the effect of KD on improving the health of individuals with type 2 diabetes as an effective tool in lowering glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) and required doses of hypoglycemic drugs. The long-term studies indicate a possible beneficial effect of KD on cardiovascular function due to improvement lipid profile, changes in apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, adiponectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).

AGE AND SEX RELATED CHANGES OF ADIPONECTIN AND GHRELIN IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

Obesity is a global health problem and considered an emerging epidemic of the 21st century. Adipose tissue is an active paracrine gland and secretes many hormone-like substances, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin, which significantly affect energy balance and metabolism. The aim of our study was to identify possible age-related changes of adiponectin and ghrelin and the risk factors affecting them in a healthy apparently population. The study examined 150 healthy individuals (ages 18-90). Plasma concentrations of adiponectin and ghrelin were determined in each individual using ELISA kits. Based on the study outcomes, adiponectin and ghrelin circulatory levels are associated inversely with weight only in men. Furthermore, age-related changes are also seen in men, whereas in women no statistically reliable connections were detected. Thus, based on the results of the study, it is possible to standardize adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations by gender for each age group.

Adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels in first-episode, drug-naïve patients with psychosis before and after short-term antipsychotic treatment

ObjectiveThere is increasing evidence that adiponectin, resistin and leptin may be implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The results of the studies so far remain controversial. Our aim was to compare serum adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels between drug-naïve, first -episode patients with psychosis and healthy controls and in the same group of patients after six weeks of antipsychotic treatment. MethodsForty first-episode patients with psychosis and 40 matched controls were included in the study. Serum levels of adiponectin, resistin and leptin were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in both groups. In the patient group, the same adipokines were also measured six weeks after the initiation of antipsychotic treatment. ResultsLog-transformed serum levels of adiponectin (mean difference = 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30 to 2.06, U = 157, p < 0.0001), resistin (0.48, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.59, t = 8.00, p < 0.0001) and leptin (0.66, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.80, U = 160, p < 0.0001) were significantly higher to the patient group compared to controls. Leptin levels were significantly decreased in the patient group six weeks after the initiation of antipsychotic treatment (mean change = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.59 to −0.21, W = 666; p < 0.0001) while those of adiponectin and resistin levels did not change significantly. ConclusionIn our study we found higher levels of adiponectin, leptin and resistin in drug-naïve, first-episode patients with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) compared to controls. After six weeks of antipsychotic treatment, there was no change in adiponectin and resistin levels, while leptin levels were reduced compared to baseline.

Similar effects of milk protein and blends of milk and plant-based protein on appetite-related hormones in 7- to 8-year-old healthy Danish children: secondary analyses from the PROGRO randomised trial.

The effect of different protein sources on the appetite-related hormones in children is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of milk protein versus blends of milk and rapeseed protein on plasma leptin and adiponectin in children. We included 88Danish 7- to 8-year-old children randomised to receive 35g protein/day for 4weeks in 2018 as either milk protein or blends of milk and rapeseed protein (ratio 54:46 or 30:70). Outcomes included absolute and fat mass-adjusted adiponectin and leptin measured at baseline, Weeks 1 and 4. There was no difference in changes in absolute and fat mass-adjusted adiponectin and leptin after 1 or 4weeks between the three groups (p≥0.100). Leptin increased within all groups (p≤0.046). Combining the three groups, leptin and fat mass-adjusted leptin increased by 23% (95% CI 11;35) and 17% (6.4;29) during the intervention respectively (both p≤0.001). Adiponectin variables did not change during the intervention period. There were no differences between milk protein and blends of milk and rapeseed protein on absolute and fat mass-adjusted leptin and adiponectin in healthy children with a habitual intake of milk. However, leptin increased within all three groups. Future studies should further investigate effect on appetite-related hormones of rapeseed protein alone.

Abstract P100: Changes In Adiponectin But Not Tnfα Predict Changes In Insulin Sensitivity Following Health Behavior Intervention Among Latino Youth

Background: Pediatric obesity is characterized by an imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammatory markers that are associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Adiponectin (Adpn), an anti-inflammatory marker, is associated with insulin sensitivity, while tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) has been associated with insulin resistance among youth with obesity. However, it is unknown whether longitudinal changes in Adpn or TNFα predict changes in insulin sensitivity among high-risk youth. Methods: A total of 73 Latino youth with obesity (age 13.3±1.4 y, Female 40.3%, BMIz 2.2±0.3) were enrolled in either a lifestyle intervention or usual care. Given that there were no between-group differences in changes in insulin sensitivity at 6-months, groups were combined for the present analysis. Fasting serum samples were used to measure high-molecular weight Adpn and TNFα before and after intervention. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by the whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) using insulin and glucose concentrations from a 75-g, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Baseline associations were analyzed using Pearson correlations. Linear regression was used to analyze whether changes in Adpn or TNFα predict changes in WBISI, adjusting for age, sex, and intervention assignment. Data from linear regressions are presented as betas (β) and standard errors (SE). Results: At baseline, WBISI was positively and significantly associated with Adpn (r=0.296, p=0.015) but not with TNFα (r=-0.171, p=0.168), adjusting for age and sex. Increases in Adpn were associated with increases in WBISI, whereby for every 1 μg/dL increase in Adpn, there was a 0.7 unit increase in WBISI (SE=0.3, p=0.027). Changes in TNFα did not significantly predict changes in WBISI (β=0.1, SE=0.5, p=0.915). Conclusion: Changes in Adpn but not TNFα were associated with changes in insulin sensitivity following intervention among Latino youth with obesity. Whether Adpn is the mechanism by which health behavior changes increase insulin sensitivity warrants further investigation among high-risk youth populations.

Serial Changes in Exercise Capacity, NT-proBNP, and Adiponectin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome before and after Phase II Rehabilitation as well as at the 12-Month Follow-Up.

Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) causes pathophysiological changes in exercise capacity, N-terminal part of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and adiponectin that impact the course of coronary artery disease and clinical outcomes after cardiac rehabilitation (CR). However, the serial changes and the relationship between the changes in these parameters for a prolonged term remain uninvestigated. Methods Eighty-one patients with ACS underwent a three- or four-week CR program after acute care and were followed up for 12 months. Exercise capacity on a cycle ergometer and blood levels of NT-proBNP and adiponectin were determined before and after CR as well as at the 12-month follow-up. Results Exercise capacity increased from 100 watts (in median) before CR to 138 watts after CR and 150 watts at 12 months. The NT-proBNP level (526 pg/ml before CR) remained almost unchanged after CR (557 pg/ml) and then decreased at 12 months (173 pg/ml). The adiponectin level (14.5 µg/ml before CR) increased after CR (16.0 µg/ml) and at 12 months (17.2 µg/ml). There was no significant correlation among the changes in these parameters at each observation time point. Conclusion During the observation period from before CR to the 12-month follow-up, exercise capacity, NT-proBNP, and adiponectin underwent significant changes; however, these changes were independent from each other and not correlated linearly, and they provide complementary information in clinical practice. Thus, all these parameters should be included and determined at different time points for a prolonged period of time.

Involvement of caveolae in hyperglycemia-induced changes in adiponectin and leptin expressions in vascular smooth muscle cells

Hyperglycemia exerts various harmful effects on the vasculature. Studies have shown an association between the levels of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin (APN) and vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms mediated by APN and leptin that are involved in hyperglycemia-induced vascular remodeling, especially at the level of oxidative stress and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Rat aorta organ culture was used to investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on APN and leptin protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Hyperglycemia lead to a significant increase in APN synthesis in VSMCs, mainly through caveolae, but this increase failed to provide vascular protection because of the decreased expression of APN receptors, especially AdipoR2, which was assessed by qPCR. In addition, hyperglycemia significantly upregulated leptin expression in VSMCs through caveolae and the RhoA/ROCK pathway. These variations lead to a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, and in NADPH oxidase type 4 (Nox4) expression. Moreover, Nox4 mediated the synthesis of APN in hyperglycemia in VSMCs. Finally, hyperglycemia activated the RhoA/ROCK pathway and subsequently induced the polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) into filamentous actin (F-actin), decreasing the G/F-actin ratio. Taken together, these data show that hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress and changes actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the aorta via caveolae, favoring vascular remodeling.

Effects of naringenin supplementation in overweight/obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: study protocol for a randomized double-blind clinical trial

IntroductionNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Flavonoids, a group of natural compounds, have garnered a great deal of attention in the management of NAFLD because of their profitable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress which are the pivotal pathophysiological pathways in NAFLD. Naringenin is a citrus-derived flavonoid with a broad spectrum of potential biological effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may exert protective effects against NAFLD. The present clinical trial aims to examine the efficacy of naringenin supplementation on plasma adiponectin and neurogulin-4 (NRG-4) concentrations, metabolic parameters, and liver function indices in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD.Methods and analysisThis is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study that will investigate the impacts of naringenin supplementation in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD. Liver ultrasonography will be applied to diagnose NAFLD. Forty-four eligible overweight/obese subjects with NAFLD will be selected and randomly assigned to receive naringenin capsules or identical placebo (each capsule contains 100 mg of naringenin or cellulose), twice daily for 4 weeks. Participants will be asked to remain on their usual diet and physical activity. Safety of naringenin supplementation was confirmed by the study pharmacist. The primary outcome of this study is changes in adiponectin circulating levels. The secondary outcomes include changes in NRG-4 levels, liver function indices, metabolic parameters, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, and hematological parameters. Statistical analysis will be conducted using the SPSS software (version 25), and P value less than 0.05 will be regarded as statistically significant.DiscussionWe hypothesize that naringenin administration may be useful for treating NAFLD by modulating energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation through different mechanisms. The current trial will exhibit the effects of naringenin, whether negative or positive, on NAFLD status.Ethical aspectsThe current trial received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IR.TUMS.MEDICNE.REC.1399.439).Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT201311250155336N12. Registered on 6 June 2020

Exposure to Zearalenone Leads to Metabolic Disruption and Changes in Circulating Adipokines Concentrations in Pigs.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin classified as an endocrine disruptor. Many endocrine disruptors are also metabolic disruptors able to modulate energy balance and inflammatory processes in a process often involving a family of protein hormones known as adipokines. The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of ZEN as metabolic disruptor in pigs by investigating the changes in energy balance and adipokines levels in response to different treatment diets. To this end, weaned piglets (n = 10/group) were exposed to either basal feed or feed contaminated with 680 and 1620 µg/kg ZEN for 28 days. Serum samples collected at days 7 and 21 were subjected to biochemistry analysis, followed by determination of adipokine levels using a combined approach of protein array and ELISA. Results indicate that ZEN has an impact on lipid and glucose metabolism that was different depending on the dose and time of exposure. In agreement with these changes, ZEN altered circulating adipokines concentrations, inducing significant changes in adiponectin, resistin, and fetuin B. Our results suggest that ZEN may function as a natural metabolism-disrupting chemical.

Plasma Lipocalin-2 and Adiponectin are Affected by Obesity Rather Than Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus per se.

PurposeChanges in plasma adipocytokines and inflammatory markers in type 2 DM remain controversial as to whether they are due to obesity or directly associated with the diabetic state. Our objective was to study the effect of obesity and diabetes on plasma lipocalin-2 (LCN2), adiponectin, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by comparing their levels in non-diabetic obese subjects and non-obese type 2 DM patients, as well as determining the association of these adipocytokines with metabolic syndrome factors and diabetic parameters.Patients and MethodsIn this study, 85 Yemeni male volunteers aged 30–60 years old were enrolled, 25 of whom were healthy subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m2 served as control; 30 non-diabetic obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and FBG < 6.1 mmol/l); and 30 non-obese type 2 DM patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2 and FBG > 7 mmol/l).ResultsLipocalin-2 and adiponectin were significantly (p = 0.043 and p = 0.034) lower in non-diabetic obese subjects by 16.2% and 29.7% with respect to control group, with no effect in the non-obese type 2 DM patients. Moreover, LCN2 was significantly (p = 0.04) lower in the non-diabetic obese subjects by 15.8% as compared with the non-obese type 2 DM patients, with no significant difference in adiponectin levels. In contrast, serum IL-1β was significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.003) higher in both non-diabetic obese subjects and the non-obese type 2 DM patients by 76.5% and 67.7% as compared to control group. The significant decrease in both LCN2 and adiponectin and the significant increase in IL-1β in the non-diabetic obese subjects disappeared upon adjustment for waist circumference (WC). In contrast, the significant increase in IL-1β in the non-obese Type 2 DM patients was not affected upon adjustment for WC.ConclusionPlasma LCN2 and adiponectin were not affected by diabetes per se, suggesting that the observed changes in LCN2 and adiponectin in type 2 DM may be due to obesity rather than the diabetic state, whereas IL-1β levels were affected by both obesity and diabetes.

The relation of fat tissue hormones and some galactopoietic hormones with milk yield in Holstein and Simmental cows

The present study was conducted to investigate the physiological changes in leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin hormones, which are effective in the regulation of energy metabolism, and the galactopoietic hormones including growth hormone (GH), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4 ) levels, which are also effective in the regulation of metabolic activities and their correlation with milk yield levels in Holstein and Simmental cows with low, medium, and high milk yield. Holstein (n = 30) and Simmental cows (n = 30) with low, medium, and high milk yield were used. Cows were divided into 6 groups with 10 animals in each group, and body condition scores (BCS) were determined. Serum GH, insulin, IGF-I, cortisol, TSH, T4 , leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels were measured. GH level increased in both breeds (p < 0.05). As a result, in cases when the energy requirement increases during lactation without reaching a critical point, the GH, cortisol, and ghrelin hormone levels increase, while the plasma T4 level decreases and insulin, IGF-I, TSH, leptin, and adiponectin levels remain unchanged. An interaction between leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin and galactopoietic hormones was noted.