Changes In Weather Patterns Research Articles

Unraveling atmospheric moisture transport linkages to extreme precipitation events and associated synoptic features over India

This study explores the physical mechanisms underlying extreme precipitation events linked to atmospheric moisture transport (IVT-P). It identifies regions where IVT influences extreme precipitation and investigates changes in synoptic-scale weather patterns over the Indian subcontinent. The study finds a strong association between daily IVT and precipitation over the core monsoon region and complex terrains of the Western Ghats and Himalayas. Event Coincidence Analysis reveals that extreme IVT can be used to forecast extreme precipitation in these regions. The dynamic component of moisture transport strongly influences daily and extreme precipitation over complex terrains, while the thermodynamic component influences precipitation over regions with abundant water vapor and weak horizontal winds. The study also identifies synoptic features and moisture transport ahead of IVT-P events and finds intense low-pressure anomalies, transition from ridge to trough patterns, and intense 700 hPa relative humidity in the specified regions. Overall, the study provides insights into the physical mechanisms underlying IVT linked extreme precipitation events.

Climate Change Awareness and Vulnerability among Farming Communities of Konkan Region, Maharashtra, India

This research paper presents an analysis of awareness and vulnerability to climate change among farming communities in a specific study area. The study focuses on understanding the level of awareness among respondents regarding climate change and its associated impacts. Additionally, it looks into the affecting socio economic factors of the level of awareness among farming communities. Furthermore, the study assesses the vulnerability of the farmers to climate change, considering indicators such as exposure to disasters and perceived extent of loss. Based on the analysis of data collected from 245 respondents, it was found that a significant majority of participants demonstrated awareness of changing weather patterns and the warming of the climate. However, a lower level of awareness was observed regarding the significance of addressing climate change as an important issue. In terms of vulnerability, the findings indicated that a considerable number of respondents had experienced various climate-related disasters, including unpredictable rain, floods, cyclones, and outbreaks of disease or pests. The perceived extent of loss varied among respondents, with agriculture and related aspects being most affected. Using a vulnerability categorization method, it was determined that a significant proportion of respondents fell into the low and very low vulnerability categories.

Sensitivity of the United States crop basis and distribution network to precipitation

AbstractWe investigate the influence of precipitation patterns on the differences between Missouri corn and soybean elevator prices and nearby Chicago Board of Trade futures prices, also referred to as basis. Basis reflects the crop transportation network costs, and we use basis data to estimate the sensitivity of this network to precipitation. The estimates show that corn and soybean basis differ in terms of the immediate effect of weekly local precipitation. The growing‐season precipitation exhibits a U‐shaped relationship for both crops, reflecting the role of growing‐season precipitation on yields and the sensitivity of transportation system stress to crop volumes. We also find that the basis is affected by river transportation disruptions proxied by regional precipitation, which indicates when water levels might be too high or too low for normal barge traffic. Given the climate projections, there are concerns regarding precipitation's influence on the infrastructure that links Missouri crops to export facilities, crop growing conditions, and collection point disruptions. Hence, this research speaks to both the state of this part of the food system now and the potential impacts of changing weather patterns on the US crop distribution network. [EconLit Citations: Q13, L90].

ANT COLONY OPTIMISATION COUPLED WITH CHAOTIC DATA MINING FOR ENHANCED WEATHER PREDICTION ANALYSIS

Meteorological predictions play a pivotal role in various sectors, from agriculture to disaster management. While traditional weather prediction models exhibit proficiency, challenges persist in accurately capturing the complex and dynamic nature of atmospheric phenomena. Conventional weather prediction models often struggle to adapt to the intricacies of climate patterns, leading to suboptimal forecasting accuracy. The need for more robust methodologies that can effectively extract patterns from vast datasets and optimize model parameters is evident. Existing literature lacks comprehensive studies that seamlessly integrate ACO and Data Mining for weather prediction. This research bridges the gap by proposing a novel framework that leverages ACO optimization capabilities to refine Data Mining models, thereby improving the precision of weather forecasts. The proposed method involves utilizing ACO to optimize the parameters of Data Mining algorithms, such as decision trees and neural networks. ACO ability to find optimal solutions is harnessed to fine-tune the model parameters, enhancing its capability to extract meaningful patterns from historical weather data. Experiments demonstrate promising results, with a significant improvement in the accuracy of weather predictions compared to traditional models. The integrated approach shows particular efficacy in handling non-linear relationships and abrupt changes in weather patterns.

Static Energy Deserves Greater Emphasis in the Meteorology Community

Abstract Potential temperature and static energy are both useful quantities for understanding our atmosphere, yet static energy receives much less attention in weather science relative to climate science. Bridging this conceptual gap is important, as there is a pressing need for our communities to work together to understand and predict changing weather patterns in a warming world. Here we provide evidence for this gap in usage in American Meteorological Society journal publications and in introductory textbooks. We then describe key benefits of static energy for explaining basic concepts in atmospheric science. We encourage scientists and educators unfamiliar with static energy to familiarize themselves with the concept and consider incorporating it into their science and teaching.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FOOD SECURITY

Climate change is often associated with the melting of polar ice caps or the potential extinction of certain species. However, its consequences are much more extensive and ominous than commonly understood. One of the critical implications of climate change is its detrimental effect on food production and supply, posing a significant threat to global food security. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, crop yields and productivity are increasingly compromised. This situation is exacerbated by the heightened likelihood and severity of adverse climate events and natural disasters. Furthermore, air pollution contributes to the decline in crop yields, particularly affecting staple foods like rice, soybeans, and wheat. Additionally, changing weather patterns intensify water scarcity, reduce livestock productivity, and impede food access and distribution. While short-term solutions can alleviate some of the pressure, a sustained global commitment is imperative to mitigate the effect of climate change on our food safety in the long run.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FOOD SECURITY

Climate change is often associated with the melting of polar ice caps or the potential extinction of certain species. However, its consequences are much more extensive and ominous than commonly understood. One of the critical implications of climate change is its detrimental effect on food production and supply, posing a significant threat to global food security. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, crop yields and productivity are increasingly compromised. This situation is exacerbated by the heightened likelihood and severity of adverse climate events and natural disasters. Furthermore, air pollution contributes to the decline in crop yields, particularly affecting staple foods like rice, soybeans, and wheat. Additionally, changing weather patterns intensify water scarcity, reduce livestock productivity, and impede food access and distribution. While short-term solutions can alleviate some of the pressure, a sustained global commitment is imperative to mitigate the effect of climate change on our food safety in the long run. Keywords: climate change, food security, forest ecosystem, agriculture, livestock

Pathology and Molecular Diagnosis of Respiratory Disease Outbreak due to PCV-2 in a Pig Farm in Goa, India

Background: Pig farming is an important source of income and nutrition for rural farmers in Goa. Pig production is threatened by many infectious diseases. The present study reports a respiratory disease outbreak in a total of 200 pigs including adults and piglets with 40% mortality in a pig herd of Large white Yorkshire and crossbreds in South Goa during the winter period in January 2022. Method: The farm was visited and recorded clinical signs and post mortem findings and and samples were collected for bacterial isolation, PCR confirmation of bacterial and viral pathogens and histopathology. Result: The affected pigs showed high fever, reduced feed intake, staggering gate, huddling, difficulty in breathing, cough, and brown to greenish diarrhea followed by death within a span of 3 weeks. Major gross lesions were non-collapsed lungs with severe congestion and localized areas of consolidation, severe congestion of viscera, and enlargement, and presence of multifocal areas of necrosis in the liver. Histopathology of lungs focal or diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia and the lymphoid organs showed lymphoid depletion. Pasteruella multocida could be isolated from heart blood and tissues from 3 cases and PCR of the tissue DNA confirmed the presence of P. multocida and Porcine Circo Virus-2 (PCV-2) infection. The study confirms the presence of PCV-2 infection in pig herds in Goa for the first time. The acute mortality can be attributed to the co-infection of the herd with PCV-2 and P. multocida and sudden change in weather patterns with prevailing severe cold conditions during time of outbreak. Sequencing and Phylogenetic analysis of the PCV-2 ORF-2gene showed the PCV-2 virus from Goa is more related to isolates from southern Indian states.

Climate Change and Crop Adaptation: Its Impacts and Opportunities for Crops Production

Climate change is the departure of a region's weather patterns from the norm or from conditions that have been historically documented as usual. The term "climate" refers to long-term weather patterns, whereas the term "climate change" refers to changes in weather patterns through time. Climate, which can refer to a county, state, continent, or the entire world, is simply the pattern of weather that prevails on average in a location. Despite rigorous analysis of weather data conducted, it is difficult to forecast the effects of climate change for a specific agricultural operation because of the numerous human and environmental elements influencing it as well as the increased variability in weather over time and across space. After more than a decade of disagreement, the scientific community has now come to the conclusion that climate change is one of the planet's most pressing environmental issues of this century. The issue has evolved from a scientific to a political and economic matter, with dire economic repercussions, according to conventional thinking. Climate change has numerous impacts on the production of crops. The productivity of crops is subjected to a variety of stress and potential yields are rarely achieved. In order to sustain crop production with present-day challenges, there have to be packages to manage stresses caused by climate change. If properly managed, some sectors such as the horticulture sector could be might benefit from the impact of climate change in terms of energy, productivity, and market advantages. This review paper, therefore, reviews the impact opportunity and challenges of climate change on the productivity of crops.

Evaluation of the prediction performance of air quality numerical forecast models in Shenzhen

As an economically intensive city within the greater bay area (GBA), Shenzhen has suffered from severe ozone pollution in recent years. Numerical modeling is an important tool in daily air quality prediction. However, a combination of factors, such as outdated emission inventories and the uncertainty of weather and numeric models, pose challenges for accurately forecasting pollution periods and levels. Therefore, systematic evaluation of the numerical model performance is crucial for better manual revised prediction of the daily MAD8h and air quality index (AQI). In this paper, a multimodel air quality forecast system, which was built in our public-owned monitoring center station, was evaluated to understand the possibilities of improvements. Based on the 2021 observed data of the national air monitoring station, we utilized a series of metrics to access the predicted air quality index (AQI) and pollution concentration levels from models (including WRF-CMAQ, NAQPMS, and WRF-CHEM) and compared them to the manual prediction. The results indicated that WRF-CMAQ performs outstandingly in comprehensive analysis, with a yearly 24 h (hour) forecast accuracy (A) exceeding 91%. The NAQPMS 24 h forecast presented the lowest accuracy (A = 71%) with a high overprediction rate. The forecast accuracy of WRF-CHEM and NAQPMS in the winter period was 100%. However, frequently changing weather patterns interfered with spring forecasting. Forecasters can accurately predict mild pollution cases (A = 81.8% for 24 h, A = 72.7% for 48 h), whereas numerical models (NAQPMS and WRF-CHEM) showed better sensitivity to moderate pollution cases. For fine particulate evaluation, CMAQ's low biases occurred in winter, and the manually revised air quality forecast (MRAQR) normally gave higher prediction values except in pollution cases. Model underestimation could be explained by missing the long-range dust transport contribution from the northern part of China. The ozone 24 h forecast part revealed that WRF-CMAQ exhibited the highest correlation coefficient (R = 0.70, 19.74% < RMSE < 42.7%), whereas NAQPMS showed relatively poor results with the highest ME (43 μg/m3) and MFE (41.92%). Close examination of synoptic information revealed that ozone pollution cases were subjected to the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) system, tropical cycle, and regional strong pollution transport. The NAQPMS ozone overprediction could be explained by the overestimation of troposphere transmission from the surroundings during nonconductive weather patterns. The study investigates a theoretical method for model optimization, which provides solid support for precise emission reduction and targeted pollution control.

Trend Analysis of Climatic Variables and their Possible Impact on the Health of People in Himachal Pradesh, India

Climate variability has significant implications for human health, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the two. The present study examines the trend analysis of climatic variables, and their possible impacts on health and identifies specific challenges faced by the people of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Mann-Kendall test, a non-parametric test, was used to examine temperature and rainfall trends. A survey was conducted to gauge public awareness regarding climate change and its health risks in the region. The study analysed weather patterns over 10 years, revealing fluctuating temperatures with the hottest years being 2012, 2015-17. Rainfall exhibited irregular patterns with less rainfall in 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2019. Trend analysis showed significant temperature trends in Dharamshala and Kangra. Weather-related incidents and fatalities peaked during 2012-14, while diseases, such as acute respiratory infections (ARI), asthma, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and vector and water-borne diseases saw an increase over the decade. The survey results showed that the people of this region suffered mostly from respiratory problems, water-borne diseases and mental health issues. This study contributes to the existing knowledge by establishing a possible relationship between climate variability and the health of the people. Furthermore, it also provides a health database, facilitating the formulation of targeted interventions to address health-related challenges arising from the observed changes in weather patterns.

Aeroallergen Avoidance: Updated Evidence and How to Advise Patients

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is highly prevalent in Canada, affecting approximately 20–25% of the population. Asthma is estimated to affect approximately three million Canadians, and between 12% and 25% of Canadian children. Approximately two-thirds of individuals with asthma are allergic to aeroallergens, and these allergens act as triggers for asthma exacerbations. Overall, approximately 7.7 million individuals were affected by aeroallergens in Canada in 2016. High concentrations of ambient aeroallergens, including tree pollen and fungal spores have been associated with increased risk of premature birth, myocardial infarction (MI) and asthma-related Emergency Department visits and hospitalizations in cities across Canada. This demonstrates that nation-wide aeroallergen counts are associated with severe signs and symptoms. Children exposed to various indoor allergens are placed at an increased risk of developing asthma in later life, with sensitization in these individuals being a strong predictor of disease morbidity. Common indoor exposures for infants include house dust mite, pet, cockroach, mould, and rodent allergens. Sensitization to at least one indoor allergen has been demonstrated to be present in nine of every ten children hospitalized with asthma. It has been noted that more than 90% of children worldwide breathe polluted air. While the impact of climate change on aeroallergen exposure is not fully understood, there is increasing evidence that it may have an impact on outdoor aeroallergens and, by extension, asthma control in children. Global warming has been projected to influence the duration and intensity of pollen seasons, and may lead to increased pollen production, prolonged pollen seasons, and increased pollen protein allergenicity. The changing weather patterns including rainfall and wind may cause pollen species to reach environments in which they had not previously been present, contributing to a shift in geographic pollen distributions.

Climate Variability Adaptation Strategies Used by Small-Scale Maize Farmers in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

The agricultural industry is threatened by climate variability due to its over-reliance on climatic conditions. Maize production faces similar threats due to its sensitivity to climate variations and changes in weather patterns, specifically rainfall and temperature. Increased temperatures, rainfall variability, and heightened frequency of climate extremes, such as long periods of drought, were found to have a significant impact on Kenya’s maize production. This study therefore sought to identify climate variability adaptation strategies used by small-scale maize farmers in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya, to curb the effects of climate variability on maize yield. The study adopted a descriptive survey design where questionnaires were administered to 394 household heads. The results show some farmers chose different adaptation strategies to lessen the impact of climate variability on maize yield, while others stuck to their original methods of farming. Changing crop varieties and changing planting dates were the highly opted-for adaptation strategies, while dry planting, irrigation farming, planting drought-tolerant crops and soil moisture conservation techniques were the least opted-for adaptation strategies. Socioeconomic factors such as land size, education level, age, gender and marital status had a strong influence on the choice of utilisation of various adaptation strategies. So as to curb the adverse outcomes of climate variability and empower small-scale maize farmers, the study recommended proper education on diverse adaptation methods, access to accurate climate data for proper adjustment to planting dates, sensitization on different crop varieties as well as access to financial resources to promote practices like irrigation farming

When drought meets heat - a plant omics perspective.

Changes in weather patterns with emerging drought risks and rising global temperature are widespread and negatively affect crop growth and productivity. In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, but most studies focus on individual stress conditions. However, the simultaneous occurrence of different stresses impacts plant growth and development differently than a single stress. Plants sense the different stress combinations in the same or in different tissues, which could induce specific systemic signalling and acclimation responses; impacting different stress-responsive transcripts, protein abundance and modifications, and metabolites. This mini-review focuses on the combination of drought and heat, two abiotic stress conditions that often occur together. Recent omics studies indicate common or independent regulators involved in heat or drought stress responses. Here, we summarize the current research results, highlight gaps in our knowledge, and flag potential future focus areas.

Variability of Extreme Events in Coastal and Inland Areas of South Korea during 1961–2020

The increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have led to global warming and an increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Such changes in weather patterns may have unexpected implications for everyday life and water resource management in coastal and inland areas; thus, it is critical to understand the pattern of the changes. This study investigated how extreme weather events have changed in inland and coastal South Korea in the past 60 years (1961–2020) at different temporal scales, from monthly to yearly. This study quantified extreme weather events using multiple meteorological indices such as consecutive dry days (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD), tropical nights, and icy and frosty days. The trends in the extreme weather indices were statistically tested using a non-parametric test. The results showed increases in the minimum and maximum air temperature and the frequency of warm and cold nights and days. The number of CDD and maximum five-day precipitation (RX5day) at the coastal and inland stations increased in the extreme precipitation-related index. The number of warm days and warm nights increased significantly at the majority of weather stations over the 60 year study period. The number of CWD increased during the selected period, but this was not statistically significant. In addition, we found that the temporal variations in the indices became greater over time, which implies the frequency and severity of extreme events such as drought and storm events may increase in the future. This study could help researchers determine the climatic areas at the selected stations that are critical for optimal water resource management planning and/or modeling.

AN EVALUATION OF THE GANGA RIVER’S CARBON FLOW AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA’S NUTRITIONAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE

&lt;p&gt;Changes in weather patterns and the global climate are a result of global warming, which has been linked to rising carbon dioxide concentrations. Understanding the mechanisms on earth that have an impact on atmospheric carbon concentrations and its cycling—collectively referred to as the "Carbon cycle"—is essential for estimating carbon budgets. Studies on carbon budgets have largely ignored the role of inland waterways in the carbon cycle, yet rivers play an active role by absorbing/releasing carbon into the atmosphere and transferring dissolved carbon into oceans. In tropical parts of the planet, it is anticipated that water bodies, like as rivers, would contribute to carbon emissions to a greater extent newline Although there are many studies on the impact of human activity on the Ganga River, there are very few that take an ecological viewpoint. In light of these facts, the following was designed as the study's hypothesis: newline The Ganga River has positive feedbacks as a result of human activity, which alters the environment at a level significantly greater than what has previously been projected.The current investigation was conducted in a significant tropical, non-perennial river of the Ganga. In order to calculate the carbon flow of the Ganga river newline, it is important to understand the interaction between geological processes and the concentration of different ions in groundwater and surface water.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Under the Surface: Climatic and Societal Challenges in Marine Spatial Planning in the Westfjords of Iceland

As the global climate is changing dramatically, the Westfjords of Iceland are facing a multitude of challenges, including changing weather patterns, sea level rise, and invasive species. In order to cope with the recent climatic changes—many of which present great uncertainties to livelihoods—strategies must be developed to plan and adapt for the future. Iceland has recently launched marine spatial planning (MSP) endeavours, and one of the first planning processes has been conducted in the Westfjords. MSP presents opportunities for authorities, stakeholders, and the public to come together to forge a sustainable path ahead for marine areas that are under increasing pressure from human activities. However, MSP comes with its own considerable challenges as it attempts to engage stakeholders and the general public in decisions about an ‘invisible’ space largely beneath the surface of the sea. In this paper, the uncertainties of the environmental changes will be explored in conjunction with the multitude of societal challenges to coastal and marine planning in the Westfjords to establish Iceland’s unique context for MSP and to make recommendations for its development. Data from the planning documents as well as from semi-structured interviews and a workshop conducted in the Westfjords will be analysed and discussed. The results show both an urgent environmental need to take action to adapt to ongoing climate change effects and a complex societal structure that favours those who already have power and influence over others. Our recommendations include reforming the Icelandic MSP process with a view to strengthening the public participatory channels as well as the transparency, trust, and accessibility of the process.

Health Needs Assessment for the double burden of malnutrition -a community-based study on nutrition facilitators and barriers in rural Tanzania.

The aim of this study is to explore nutrition-related health needs, the perceptions and beliefs regarding the double burden of malnutrition, as well as barriers and facilitators in accessing nutritious food among the local population in rural Tanzania. A qualitative study design using semi-structured individual interviews and Focus-group-discussions (FGD) was used. Basic socio-demographic information was obtained from all participants. The study was conducted in four villages within the catchment area of the Shirati KMT Hospital in Rorya district, in north-western Tanzania. Men and women in the reproductive age as well as Community Health Workers were included. In total, we performed 14 interviews (N=41), consisting of 4 FDGs, 1 dual and 9 individual interviews. The three most significant topics that were identified are the large knowledge gap concerning overweight and obesity as a health problem, changing weather patterns and its implications on food supply, and the socio- cultural drivers including gender roles and household dynamics. Environmental and sociocultural factors play a crucial role in the determinants for DBM, which underlines the importance of understanding the local context and the nutrition practices and beliefs of the communities. Future nutritional interventions should aim towards more inclusion of men in project implementation as well as support of women empowerment. CHW could play a key role in facilitating some of the suggested interventions, including nutritional counselling and increasing awareness on the drivers of the DBM.

Effectiveness of Crop Recommendation and Yield Prediction using Hybrid Moth Flame Optimization with Machine Learning

Agriculture is the main source of income, food, employment, and livelihood for most rural people in India. Several crops can be destroyed yearly due to a lack of technical skills and changing weather patterns such as rainfall, temperature, and other atmospheric parameters that play an enormous role in determining crop yield and profit. Therefore, selecting a suitable crop to increase crop yield is an essential aspect of improving real-life farming scenarios. Anticipating crop yield is one of the major concerns in agriculture and plays a critical role in global, regional, and field decision-making. Crop yield forecasting is based on crop parameters and meteorological, atmospheric, and soil conditions. This paper introduces a crop recommendation and yield prediction system using a Hybrid Moth Flame Optimization with Machine Learning (HMFO-ML) model. The presented HMFO-ML method effectively recommends crops and forecasts crop yield accurately and promptly. The proposed model used a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) for crop recommendation and the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) method for the crop yield forecasting process. The HMFO algorithm was used to improve the forecasting rate of the ELM approach. A wide-ranging simulation analysis was carried out to evaluate the HMFO-ML model, showing its advantages over other models, as it exhibited a maximum R2 score of 98.82% and an accuracy of 99.67%.

Influence of soil drying followed by flooding on micronutrient solubilization

AbstractFlooding is known to solubilize soil nutrients, particularly those associated with redox‐sensitive metals (Fe/Mn). Both soil flooding and drying are becoming more common due to climate change, but it is not clear how soil drying prior to flooding influences nutrient solubilization in soils, compared with flooding of already moist soils. This study was designed to examine how soil drying followed by extended flooding might influence solubilization of micronutrient metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn and Ni). A series of laboratory mesocosm experiments was carried out by flooding samples of two contrasting grassland soils, which had each been either dried (40°C for 10 days) or kept at field moisture conditions (25%, w/w). The flooding of dried soils generally resulted in higher concentrations of the micronutrients (Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) in the water columns relative to their moist‐flooded counterparts. The results demonstrate that the flooding‐induced variations in pH and redox potential influence solubilization of micronutrients in the soils. The mobilization of Co and Ni appeared to be controlled by redox‐driven reductive dissolution of Fe/Mn minerals. This was supported by significant (p &lt; .001) negative correlations between redox and metals: Co (r = −.712), Ni (r = −.784) and the positive correlations between Fe and metals: Co (r = .763) and Ni (r = .714) and between Mn and other metals: Co (r = .909) and Ni (r = .811). However, there were no significant correlations of Zn and Cu with Fe and Mn. The results suggest that soil drying followed by flooding has the potential to promote greater solubilization of soil micronutrients compared with flooding of moist soils, with potential implications for soil fertility and catchment water quality under future changes in weather patterns driven by climate change.